Tanker Accidents Research Articles

O PAPEL DA ORGANIZAÇÃO MARÍTIMA INTERNACIONAL NA PROTEÇÃO DO MEIO AMBIENTE MARINHO

Tankers transport liquid cargoes in bulk across the globe, representing a crucial and highly lucrative mode of maritime transport. Given this context, the secure transport of crude oil, derivatives, petrochemicals, and liquefied gases, as well as cargo transfers between inshore, onshore, and offshore terminals, necessitates standardization and effective regulations. In response to a series of oil tanker accidents in 1976-1977, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) was established, which is the primary international framework for preventing marine pollution. This convention includes regulations aimed at preventing and mitigating pollution from ships, addressing both accidental discharges and routine operational emissions, and is currently supported by six technical annexes. Consequently, ensuring safe operations and environmental protection is a global priority for shipping companies. Researching and promoting this topic serves as a means of disseminating information to users.

Risk Analysis of Oil Tanker Accidents in Southeast Asia by using Data Driven Bayesian Network

Risk Analysis of Oil Tanker Accidents in Southeast Asia by using Data Driven Bayesian Network

A Review of Oil Spills on Marine Life and Associated Wildlife

Oil is an ancient fossil fuel used to power sectors like heat and electricity production. A wide range of fuels in automobiles and lubricants for mechanical machines have a significant role in our economy. Oil spills occur due to accidents, such as vessels crashing or being damaged, problems with oil platforms and drilling, and people making mistakes or equipment breaking down. Other causes include natural disasters like earthquakes, hurricanes, and volcanic activity underwater. Volcanic eruptions can release oil and gas stored beneath the seafloor. The intense heat and pressure can cause hydrocarbons to escape, forming oil slicks on the water's surface. We provide a summary literature review and overview framework to help communities systematically consider the factors and linkages that would influence the consequences of a potential oil spill. The focus is on spills from oil tanker accidents. Drawing primarily on empirical studies of previous oil spill disasters, we focused on several domains of interest: the oil spill, the physical marine environment, marine biology, human health, and policy

Learning to manage the unexpected: applying Weick and Sutcliffe’s HRO principles to oil tanker accidents

PurposeWeick and Sutcliffe identified five principles that enable high-reliability organizations (HROs) to address environmental complexity and manage unexpected events. The current study aims to adopt this sensemaking perspective to analyze accidents within a typical HRO sector, namely maritime transport.Design/methodology/approachThrough a retrospective case study analysis, this study focused on seven oil tanker accidents, using them as illustrative examples.FindingsFindings show how the five principles contributed to the accidents' occurrence, explaining how failures in sensemaking affected the crew's capability to both prevent errors and cope with their consequences, thus leading to disasters.Research limitations/implicationsOverall, the study offers an applicative contribution showing how this model may provide a reliable framework for analyzing the psychosocial factors affecting an accident. This approach deepens the understanding of how latent factors are enacted and how the prevention and error management phases interrelate within a comprehensive flow of the entire accident sequence. Furthermore, the study emphasizes consistent patterns that emerge across multiple accidents within the same sector, in order to learn valuable lessons to improve safety measures in the future.Originality/valueThis study constitutes an exemplary application in support of how Weick and Sutcliffe’s model is valuable for investigating HROs. It offers a second-order interpretative framework to understand accidents and underscores the interplay among these factors during the dynamic development of an accident.

Supporting Informed Public Reactions to Shipping Incidents with Oil Spill Potential: An Innovative Electronic Platform

The analysis of the 2002 Prestige tanker accident showed how public misinformation can worsen marine pollution incidents, rendering their management suboptimal as these evolve, thus raising the issue of appropriately informing and educating coastal and island populations who are at risk. Two decades later, developments in electronic platforms, including Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the Automatic Identification System (AIS) for ship signal transmission, and social media, provide a set of means for public monitoring of such incidents, creating the possibility to antagonise effectively erroneous or malevolent information, which can hinder efficient actions for containing marine pollution risks even without active training of the populations concerned. The authors, in the framework of the development of the Marine Coastal Observatory and Risk Management project “AEGIS+”, have developed E-S.A.V.E., an online innovative platform that (a) meets the needs of different users as revealed by a survey run across groups of them, (b) uses a suitable Geographic Information System (GIS) environment, (c) cooperates with public authorities, for the reliable update of automated systems, and (d) employs an artificial intelligence (AI)-supported tool for social media monitoring; the platform also provides educational resources and information on national and international resources on marine environmental protection and sustainable maritime logistics.

Ocean oil spill detection from SAR images based on multi-channel deep learning semantic segmentation

One of the major threats to marine ecosystems is pollution, particularly, that associated with the offshore oil and gas industry. Oil spills occur in the world's oceans every day, either as large-scale spews from drilling-rig or tanker accidents, or as smaller discharges from all sorts of sea-going vessels. In order to contribute to the timely detection and monitoring of oil spills over the oceans, we propose a new Multi-channel Deep Neural Network (M-DNN) segmentation model and a new and effective Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image dataset, that enable us to emit forewarnings in a prompt and reliable manner. Our proposed M-DNN is a pixel-level segmentation model intended to improve previous DNN oil-spill detection models, by taking into account multiple input channels, complex oil shapes at different scales (dimensions) and evolution in time, and look-alikes from low wind speed conditions. Our methodology consists of the following components: 1) New Multi-channel SAR Image Database Development; 2) Multi-Channel DNN Model based on U-net and ResNet; and 3) Multi-channel DNN Training and Transfer Learning. Due to the lack of public oil spill databases guaranteeing a correct learning process of the M-DNN, we developed our own database consisting of 16 ENVISAT-ASAR images acquired over the Gulf of Mexico during the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout, off the west coast of South Korea during the Hebei Spirit oil tanker collision, and over the Black Sea. These images were pre-processed to create a 3-channel input image IM = {IO, IW, IV}, to feed in and train our M-DNN. The first channel IO represents the radiometric values of the original SAR Images, the second and third channels are derived from IO; in particular, IW represents the output of the wind speed estimation using CMOD5 algorithm (Hersbach et al., 2003) and IV represents the variance of IO that incorporates texture information and at the same time encapsulates oil spill transition regions. IM channels were split and linearly transformed for data augmentation (rotation and reflection) to obtain a total of 80,772 sub-images of 224 × 224 pixels. From the entire database, 80 % of the sub-images were used in the DNN training process, the remaining (20 %) was used for testing our final architecture. Our experimental results show higher pixel-level classification accuracy when 2 or 3 channels are used in the M-DNN, reaching an accuracy of 98.56 % (the highest score reported in the literature for DNN models). Additionally, our M-DNN model provides fast training convergence rate (about 14 times better on the average than previous works), which proves the effectiveness of our proposed method. According to our knowledge, our work is the first multi-channel DNN based scheme for the classification of oil spills at different scales.

PRINSIP POLLUTER PAYS PADA PENCEMARAN LAUT AKIBAT TUMPAHAN MINYAK: HUKUM LINGKUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

When enforcing environmental laws, both preventive and punitive measures, the polluter pays approach is particularly beneficial. The problem is how the Polluter Pays principle is carried out by countries affected by oil spills in their territorial sea and whether the Polluter Pays principle is carried out by countries affected by sea pollution. This study discusses the implementation of the Polluter Pays principle due to marine pollution due to oil spills and the imposition of compensation. Normative research with literature reviews based on court records and facts that arise in cases of tanker accidents and oil rig leaks is used, data use descriptive analysis. The data sources used are primary and secondary legal materials. The results of the research and discussion illustrate the application of the Polluter Pays principle in cases that result in marine pollution by oil. Polluters also carry out compensation for affected countries by using prices prevailing in the market, taking certain actions and implementing restoration of environmental functions. It was concluded that the application of the Polluter Pays principle is quite effective in dealing with pollution at sea, so that the application of the Polluter Pays principle needs to be fully enforced in marine environmental disputes.

Chronology of PAH and PCB pollution using sediment core in the Golden Horn estuary (Sea of Marmara)

The sources and depositional history of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 18 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) congeners in the Golden Horn estuary (İstanbul) were investigated using a dated sediment core for the period between 1880 and 2012. The concentrations of PAHs and PCBs were calculated for every 4 cm slices of the sediment core and ranged from 1203.5 to 3441.4 ng/g and 5.4 to 41.4 ng/g, respectively. The diagnostic ratios indicated that the maximum PAH values correspondence to combustion after a crude oil-carrying Romanian tanker (Independenta) accident in the İstanbul Strait in 1979. The historical deposition of PAHs and PCBs in the Golden Horn was influenced by municipal effluent and heavy industrial dischargers approximately 50 years. When the Silahtarağa thermal power plant (TPP) was operating, PCB pollution rose; however, after a thorough rehabilitation effort and the outlawing of PCB use in the 1990s, pollution levels significantly tended to decrease.

The use of mixed reality scenarios for training crisis managers and emergency responders in an ADR tanker accident

The article focuses on the potential use of HoloLens 2 devices in educational and training processes in schools, as well as in the professional practice of training crisis managers and firefighters. The article is based on the Erasmus+ FightARs international project, which aims to develop specific educational and training scenarios for the needs of the participating partners involved, allowing to convey to students the possibility of situational understanding and situational awareness. This is made possible by four secondary scenarios focusing on road traffic emergencies, in which the student learns the methodological procedures for specific cases, and one primary scenario in which a road traffic accident involving an ADR tanker and an electric car with an injured driver is on the scene, where the student should apply the knowledge acquired from the four secondary scenarios.

Multi-Mission Satellite Detection and Tracking of October 2019 Sabiti Oil Spill in the Red Sea

A multi-mission satellite remote sensing (MSRS) approach is explored to detect and track leaked oil from the Sabiti oil tanker accident that occurred in the central Red Sea on 11 October 2019 (RSOS-2019). The spilled oil spread rapidly and reached the coastal land near Jeddah, the second largest city of KSA, on 17 October. Different oil spill detection algorithms were implemented on SAR and optical sensor-based satellite images to track the oil spill. Sentinel-1 SAR images were most efficient at detecting the spread and thickness of RSOS-2019, but their spatio-temporal coverage greatly limits their use for tracking the oil movement. The spread and propagation of oil were well captured by Sentinel-2 images up to three weeks after the accident day, in agreement with the SAR images. MODIS successfully detected the narrow patch of oil that was leaked on the incident day and the widespread oil patches two days after. Landsat-8 RGB composite and thermal infrared images captured the oil spill on 13 October. By filtering clouds from the Meteosat images through sequential analysis, the spread and movement of the oil patches were efficiently tracked on 13 October. PlanetScope images available between 12 and 17 October enabled tracking of the oil near the coastal waters. The inferred oil spill movements are consistent with the ocean currents as revealed by a high-resolution regional ocean reanalysis. Our results demonstrate the potential of the MSRS approach to detect and track oil spills in the open and coastal waters of the Red Sea in near real-time.

What if the Independenta or Nassia tanker accidents had happened in the Strait of Canakkale (Dardanelle)?

Turkey has great importance in global maritime transportation due to its straits. Çanakkale is one of the Turkish Straits which has never had many tanker accidents like Istanbul. Turkish Straits have become an essential natural waterway for global energy transportation, and high ship traffic density creates oil spill risk. Although many studies on pollution have been carried out in Canakkale, no similar study has been conducted, and accident simulation and pollution prediction have not been studied. The study is special. The study tries to explain how to simulate a Nassia or Independenta-size tanker accident in the selected sample region on the Strait of Canakkale and predict its possible consequences. Using the PISCES-II program, the simulated accident in the middle of the line determined between the Gallipoli-Çardak points, where maritime accidents are most frequently observed in the Strait of Canakkale, was determined to have spilled and spread 49,400 tons as a result of 27 h of monitoring. Since the program's features are more detailed than other similar programs, it is capable of giving the most realistic results, including the chemical properties of the spread. Outputs showed how the adverse effects of an oil spill accident could be mitigated in the area.

Ecological and Social Justice as Basis on Marine Environment Protection and Preservation in The System of Indonesian Law

This study aimed to determine ecological and social justice as the basis for protecting and preserving the marine environment in the Indonesian legal system. This research was empirical normative legal research. The subject of the study was the implementation of favourable legal provisions in every particular legal event that occurred in society to achieve the predetermined goals. If not careful in its application (still characterized by anthropocentrism), this political economy policy could conflict with the social ecology currently developing in Indonesia through the concept of a green economy and a blue economy. The characteristics of the socialism system in the political economy related to environmental justice after the amendment to the 45th Constitution began to shift in the era of globalization so that it began to respond to ecological modernization. However, due to colliding with the concept of socialism, the ecological justice system in the Indonesian legal system had the nuances of social-ecological justice. This concept would significantly affect the fairness of compensation for oil pollution by tanker accidents in Indonesia.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OF OIL SPILL IN SHENZHEN PORT

PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OF OIL SPILL IN SHENZHEN PORT

Compensation for Oil Pollution Due to Tanker Accidents in the Indonesian Legal System in a Justice Value Perspective

The sea potentially fulfills the interests of sea transportation; for example, the transportation of tankers. The Indonesian sea is included in the seas with the dense traffic of tankers causing the risk of oil pollution due to tanker accidents. For example, the three cases of oil contamination caused by tanker accidents occurred in the Cilacap Sea which is the largest oil refinery in Indonesia. This study aimed to find the value of justice for oil pollution losses due to tanker accidents considering that Indonesia has ratified the international convention of the civil liability of oil spill by tanker, Convention on Civil Liability 1969, and its amendment of Convention on Civil Liability 1992, along with its supplementary protocol. The international law principles (polluter pays principle, precautionary principle, and strict liability) for oil tanker losses caused by tankers have been applied to the national legal system. There were still overlapping authorities and the conflicts of authorities among the institutes in the period before 2015 before the establishment of the Coordinating Ministry of Marine Affairs. After the periodization of 2015 with the formation of the Coordinating Ministry of Marine Affairs, it is expected to resolve the loss of oil pollution as a result of tanker accidents using the right method of calculating the loss of natural resources, taking into account the willingness to pay and the willingness to accept between the insurance and victims.

Marine insurance claims analysis using the Weibull and log-normal models: Compensation for oil spill pollution due to tanker accidents

In marine insurance, the identification of the distribution of the claim size processes from given observations is of major importance. We evaluate the claim amounts due to accidental oil spill volume from tankers. Previous studies on oil spills were mainly concentrating on the relation between spill amounts and some accident factors. The trend of the spill claims is a major concern to the sustainability of insurance funds, tanker shipping and the whole oil industry. By analysing the real claim data series of IOPC (International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds), we identify the trends and reveal findings which enable policy-makers and insurers for the sufficient financial protection from oil spill damage. This study introduces the Weibull model and the log-normal model to the framework for oil spill claims. The Weibull model and the log-normal model are obtained with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation method. The statistical properties of oil spill claims are determined in the time series of oil spill claims. Moreover, the relations among claim properties of different settings are examined. The log-normal of 3 groups of gross tonnage is found the best fit according to R-squared statistics and the mean squared errors.

Study on the critical factors and hot spots of crude oil tanker accidents

The safety of crude oil tankers is always a focus under the rapid development of oil trade and maritime transportation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the critical factors that lead to crew casualties and address the hot spot distribution characteristics by reviewing accident data over the last 26 years. A Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB) regression model is introduced to evaluate the extent of eight selected factors on crew mortality. Three others regression models (Poisson, Negative Binomial, and Zero-Inflated Poisson regression model) are chosen for model comparison to demonstrate the superiority of the ZINB model. The results showed that the ZINB model outperforms the other regression models in terms of fitting performance. The leading contributors of the crude oil tanker accident casualties were found as foundered and fire/explosion, followed by war loss/hostilities, collision, weather conditions, classification society, hull/machinery damage, and ship size. Furthermore, the Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) methodology is adopted to identify hot spots and their trend evolution features of critical accident factors. Crude oil tanker accidents were observed more likely to occur in the waters around the United Kingdom, Gulf of Mexico, Strait of Malacca & Singapore Strait, Mediterranean Sea, China, Japan & Korea, and the Gulf Area, which may be due to the dense shipping routes, poor geographical conditions, and adverse weather conditions. The results of this study provide conducive suggestions for those policy-makers to develop appropriate and effective strategies for preventing crude oil tanker accidents.

INVESTIGATION OF OIL TANKER ACCIDENTS BY USING GIS

This study focuses on marine accident data regarding accidents that occurred between the years 1998-2010 for ships within the oil tanker category. Data in the study include accident reports, which are recorded in the Global Integrated Shipping Information System (GISIS) and country reports. Textual accident data in the GISIS database were tabulated, thus creating a systematic database. By using accident data from this database, a marine accidents map for oil tankers was developed via the ArcGIS 10 program, the areas with the highest accident incident rates were determined, and reasons for oil tanker accidents were revealed through the assessment of factors such as accident type, accident incident number, accident scope, ship tonnage, navigational sea area type, and accident’s impacts on the environment, economy and personnel. The study showed that very high risk areas for oil tanker marine accidents include the Singapore Strait and Oresund, and high risk areas are the Bristol Channel, Suez Channel, Strait of Hormuz, Great Belt, Piraeus, Hull, İstanbul Strait, and Amsterdam, respectively. The study also established that oil tanker accidents are related to ship tonnage and navigational sea area type.

LPG-truck tanker accident and consequence management during Covid-19 pandemic: A case from India

LPG-truck tanker accident and consequence management during Covid-19 pandemic: A case from India

Remediation of crude oil spill sites in Nigeria: Problems, technologies, and future prospects

Crude oil is the major source of income to the Nigerian economy, which accounts for about 70% of government revenue and more than 83% of the country's total export earnings. Crude oil spills are frequent events in Nigeria and in the past 50 years, it is estimated that 10–13 million tons of oil have been spilled into the environment and more than 77% of it have not been recovered. The spills are caused by sabotage, oil exploration activities, equipment failure, pipeline corrosion, and tanker accidents. In most cases, simple and cheap remediation methods are employed which do not adequately consider the complexity of the different polluted media. This study reviewed the different remediation technologies for polluted water, soil, and sediment media that are appropriate for the local Nigerian environmental conditions. The characteristics of the Nigerian crude oil have been discussed, and the basic factors to be considered in cleaning crude oil contamination were explored. Both full-scale and pilot-scale case studies were reviewed. Biostimulation was identified to have a high potential for cleaning polluted sediments in the Niger Delta, while ex- situ trenching and treatment are recommended for groundwater treatment and bioremediation is recommended for contaminated soils. The limitations of the methods/techniques are discussed, and the future technological prospects are highlighted in this review.

Modelling of possible tanker accident oil spills in the Istanbul Strait in order to demonstrate the dispersion and toxic effects of oil pollution.

Countries located on the Black Sea coast perform most of their sea trade through the Istanbul Strait (IS). Approximately 50,000 ships pass through the IS each year, with crude oil tankers making up the majority. Thus, the aim of the study is to determine the acute toxic effect of oil pollution that may occur as a result of crude oil tanker accidents in the IS. By utilising data related to accidents that have occurred in the IS, locations of concentrated tanker accidents, or "hot spots," were determined by Kernel Density Analysis. Subsequently, the distribution of potential leaks following an oil tanker accident, within these hot spots, is modelled with GNOME software. Finally, acute toxicity caused by oil pollution in the marine ecosystem is determined by Aliivibrio fischeri luminescent bacteria toxicity test. In this research, 5 hot spots are identified, where the maximum calculated amount of oil that can reach the coastline after 72h is 3096 metric tons. Similarly, oil pollution can affect a total coastline of 30-35km. Furthermore, it was determined that after the oil was diluted in seawater, at a ratio of 1:200,000, the toxic effects decrease (EC50 above 100mg/L), yet the chronic effects may still continue. The results of this study may serve as a reference for coastal state authorities to develop emergency response plans. Having this valuable knowledge of where high-risk accidents are most concentrated, where the accidents occur intensely, which areas can be affected by the pollution, the duration of the pollution effects, and the distance between the areas, will help determine the number of intervention stations to be installed, their locations, and equipment to be installed to the stations.