Performance Of Tank Research Articles

Numerical analysis of thermal and hydrodynamic characteristics in aquaculture tanks with different tank structures

Improving hydrodynamic performance by changing the geometries of aquaculture tanks can facilitate salmon growth. Thus, this study proposed to redesign the aquaculture tank by varying the tank shape, numbers of inlets, and nozzle angles. The hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics of an aquaculture tank were numerically investigated via computational fluid dynamics simulations. The results indicated that the circular tanks mixed better than the octagonal tanks. Secondary vortices were more extensive in a two-inlet than a one-inlet tank. The vortex column in a two-inlet tank was smaller than that in the one-inlet tank. Therefore, the mixing performance of the two-inlet tank was better than that of the one-inlet tank. Further, the flow uniformity could be improved by optimizing the nozzle angle. Consequently, the mixing performance of the radial nozzle tank was better than that of the tangential nozzle tank because the secondary vortices were prominent and vortex column was smaller. A comparison of all the cases revealed the flow uniformity of the radial nozzle case was the highest. The volume percentages corresponding to the suitable velocity for salmon growth and velocity uniformity were 52.27% and 0.878, respectively. Furthermore, the vortex size was reduced and the velocity uniformity was increased by 2.23% by changing the nozzle angle to a radial angle. Therefore, changing the nozzle angle along the radial direction better improved the hydrodynamic characteristics.

Optimization design of solid-state hydrogen storage device for fuel cell forklift

Solid-state hydrogen storage device using metal hydride have enormous advantages for fuel cell forklifts. In addition to high volume hydrogen storage density, the solid-state hydrogen storage device can also be used as a counterweight for the forklift. At the same time, the solid-state storage device has low hydrogen storage pressure and safety, and the fuel (H2) refueling is convenient and low-cost. In this paper, a two-dimensional heat and mass transfer numerical model has been developed to predicting the performance of the metal hydride tank filled with Ti0.9Zr0.1Cr0.35Mn1.4V0.2Fe0.05 alloy. The validity of this numerical model was tested by comparison with the experimental data of the metal hydride hydrogen storage tank with a hydrogen capacity of 1 kg, achieving a good agreement between all the data. And a solid-state hydrogen storage device with an effective hydrogen capacity of 1.5 kg is optimally designed for 3.5 T fuel cell forklift. The completion rate of hydrogen refueling in the solid-state hydrogen storage device will reach 97.6 % within 30 min, and continuously discharging over 1.5 kg H2 under flow rates of 150 SL/min and 250 SL/min. The optimized solid-state hydrogen storage device was integrated in a power module for 3.5 T fuel cell forklift which allows uninterrupted operation for at least 6 h 8 min under rated operation.

Latent Thermal Energy Storage for Solar Industrial Drying Applications

Solar heat is an attractive alternative in industrial processes. However, the intermittent and stochastic nature of solar energy necessitates the use of heat storage systems to bridge the gap between heat production and demand. This study introduces a validated numerical analysis approach to investigate the performance of latent storage tanks filled with spherical phase-change materials. A 1D thermal model is developed to describe the charging processes of adipic acid as PCM. The study examines the performance characteristics of latent heat storage in terms of stored energy and duration through parametric investigations. For mass flow rates ranging from 600 to 1000 kg/h, storage durations were found to vary from 440 to 582 min. The storage duration decreased significantly from approximately 1150 min at a charging temperature of 160 °C to 470 min at a charging temperature of 240 °C. The bed porosity affected the storage process, with a porosity of 0.5 achieving a thermal energy storage of around 344 MJ but requiring a longer charging time of about 610 min. Higher heating rates allowed for lower storage durations, with storage durations of approximately 460 min for a heating rate of 3 °C/min, compared to 660 min, for a heating rate of 0.5 °C/min.

Effects of EPCM particle properties on creep damage of the molten salt packed-bed thermal energy storage system

One of the concerned aspects in the design of molten salt packed-bed thermal energy storage (TES) tank with encapsulated phase change materials (EPCMs) is to evaluate the creep damage because of molten salt tanks have to withstand elevated temperature and stress level in charging and discharging processes. This paper aims at estimating the creep damage and investigating the effects of EPCM particle properties on creep damage performance of EPCM-TES tank. First, a commercial scale molten salt EPCM-TES tank applied in 50MWe tower plant is designed. Second, a method to evaluate the creep damage of packed-bed tank in service life is developed based on the integration model coupling FVM and FEM. Then, the effects of particle diameter and melting temperature of EPCMs on creep damage are discussed. Finally, a novel diameter-changed and melting temperature-changed two-layered EPCMs packed-bed structure with lower creep damage is proposed. The results are concluded as follows. (1) The creep damage of bottom wallboard is more significant than that of other wallboards in operation. (2) The EPCMs with smaller particle diameter or higher melting temperature is helpful to reduce the creep damage of tank. When particle diameter decreases from 42 mm to 20 mm or melting point rise from 365 °C to 395 °C, the creep damage of bottom wallboard can be reduced by 4.8 times and 58 %, respectively. (3) The creep damage of novel two-layered EPCM-TES configuration with lower creep damage time and stress is weaker than single-layered form. Compared with single-layered form filling with higher particle diameter and melting temperature of EPCMs, the creep damage of bottom wallboard in two-layered structure can be reduced by 53 %. This work can provide insights on the optimization design of the EPCM packed-bed TES configuration for lower creep damage in service life.

A simplified method for exergy assessment of thermal energy storage tanks: Comparative performance of tanks containing a phase-change material and water

The integration of thermal energy storage (TES) units into thermal systems can be strategic to increase the renewable energy contribution and overall system performance as a result of the greater operational flexibility provided. On the other hand, the integration of a TES unit also involves an intermediary step between the heat source and sink that adds some irreversibility to the system operation for a number of reasons, such as the increased heat losses to surroundings and the pressure drop, the influence of inner heat exchangers (thus, involving a finite temperature difference), or associated fluid mixing. To properly model these complex phenomena, designers should incorporate a Second-Law approach in their designs to assess the exergy losses (degraded useful work) that a TES unit integration entails. This work assesses the entropy generated by four different TES units: three different water tanks (most typical configurations) and an experimentally validated TES tank containing a phase-change material (PCM), when they undergo a complete heat storage and recovery cycle, using a simplified and computationally efficient method in the TRNSYS simulation program to quantify the entropies generated. The TRNSYS simulation results revealed that the greater temperature difference required between the fluid and the PCM, due to its low thermal conductivity, was the main reason for the entropy generation of the PCM tank, while heat losses to the surroundings represented no less than one-half of the total entropy generated by all water tank configurations.

Comparison study on operation and mechanical characteristics of liquid sodium thermoclinic heat storage tank using different solid filling materials

This study evaluates and compares the effects of five actual solid filling materials (SFMs) on the operation and mechanical characteristics of liquid sodium thermoclinic heat storage (THS) tank, including the quartzite, high-temperature concrete, copper foam, silicon carbide and alumina ceramics. By utilizing the computational fluid dynamics method, the charging, discharging and mechanical performances of the THS tank using different SFMs as well as with no SFM are compared. The results demonstrate that the introduction of SFM can enhance the charging and discharging performances of the THS tank. The high-temperature concrete can lead to the maximum average discharging power of 4.93×105 J/s and the second maximum total discharging quantity of 7.55×109 J, and the alumina ceramics could bring the maximum total discharging quantity of 8.59×109 J and the second maximum average discharging power of 4.77×105 J/s. The THS tank using high-temperature concrete has the largest discharging efficiency of 90.14% as well as the smallest peak maximum mechanical stress of the THS tank wall (42.4 MPa). The THS tank with no SFM has the smallest total charging quantity and lowest discharging efficiency, which are 4.62×109 J and 77.84%. In general, the THS tanks using alumina ceramics and high-temperature concrete both have better operation performances, and the high-temperature concrete can bring the best mechanical performance of the THS tank.

Analysis of Macro-Environmental Influence on Performance of Plastic Tank Manufacturers in Kenya: A Case of Nairobi County

Purpose: This study sought to investigate the influence of the macro environment on the performance plastic tank manufacturing firms in Nairobi’s industrial area.
 Methodology: Respondents were four department managers who were the finance manager, the marketing manager, the production manager, and the supply chain manager who responded to each performance parameter respectively. The sample was a census sample considering there were only 18 plastic tank manufactures in this area. This yielded 72 respondents. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires administered to the various respondents. Once collected, the questionnaires were edited for completeness before being entered into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Computer Package for Analysis. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were obtained and used. Expected outcomes were the different weights that each environmental factor exerted on each performance parameter
 Findings: Energy cost had a negative and significant relationship with the performance of performance of plastic tanks manufacturing companies in Kenya. Exchange rates, interest rates and income distribution had a negative but insignificant relationship whereas transport costs had an insignificant positive relationship. Ethics was also found to have a positive and significant relationship with performance of plastics tanks manufacturing firms in Kenya. Purchasing power had an insignificant relationship with firm performance. Result further established that new production technologies, new distribution technologies and new marketing technologies was positively and significantly related to performance of plastics tanks manufacturing firms in Keny.:This study concluded that stakeholders in the matters of security should come with measures to ensure that is favourable for functioning of manufacturing companies in Kenya. The study concluded that stakeholders should keenly study the economic environment such exchange rates, interest rates, energy and transports costs to ensure they come counter measures to mitigate their influence on the performance of the companies.
 Unique Contributions to Theory, Policy and Practice:The study recommended that manufacturing sectors stakeholders should work closely with the ministry of internal security and other relevant authority to provide a secure environment which will enhance their performance. The stakeholders in the manufacturing sector should also come up with measures that will enable them to mitigate the effects of macro-economic factors. The study finally recommended that manufacturing companies in Kenya must adopt latest technology in production, marketing and distribution of their products if they are to perform highly

On the nonlinear dynamic analysis of annular baffled steel containers isolated by bearings

This paper focuses on numerically scrutinizing the simultaneous influences of the base-isolator devices and annular baffles on the dynamic behavior of a three-dimensional (3D) cylindrical water storage tank, considering anirrotationaland inviscidfluidundergoing smallvibrations. A coupled acoustic-structure finite element formulationis developed for the analysis of the nonlinear dynamic behavior of the thin-walleddeformable cylindrical tanksunder real ground excitations. The established FEM procedure is competent in assaying the precise three-dimensional behavior of the isolated ground-supported annular baffled containers, including the performance of laminated rubber-bearing isolation devices in frequency and time domains. Vibration characteristics of water sloshing inside the benchmark tank are investigated under five different earthquakes with long and short-period contents. Furthermore, the dynamic response components of the base shear force, base moment, hydrodynamic pressure, and bearing deformation of the isolation devices regarding some system parameters comprising lateral isolation and locations of baffle devices are quantified efficaciously. In conclusion, the numerical simulations in the time-domain revealed that satisfactory performance of the baffled liquid tanks might not be achieved by only relying on the first convective mode frequency of the tanks due to an unwanted increase of sloshing amplitudes in exceptional cases of liquid tank geometry and baffles; the baffles with smaller effects on the first convective modes were more effective on decreasing the sloshing wave amplitudes. Hence, in the case of slender tanks, it is recommended that a baffle geometry be selected for each earthquake frequency content and analyzed over time to obtain the best performance from the baffles, but for the broad tanks, a baffle selection independent of the earthquake frequency content might be acceptable. Also, the results indicate that in the board tanks, top-mounted baffles amplify the seismic response of the system; thus, remarkable attention would be required in using baffles in such tanks; therefore, it has been recommended to use mid-mounted baffles in these tanks.

3D Effective stress analyses of dynamic LNG tank performance on liquefiable soils improved with stone columns

The seismic performance of an LNG tank on liquefiable soil improved with stone columns is assessed through 3D effective stress time history analyses. The numerical methodology, which is validated against centrifuge tests, uses the Ta-Ger model to capture the complex sand response under earthquake loading while it simultaneously accounts for Soil-Foundation-Structure interaction by incorporating tank inertial response and both convective and impulsive hydrodynamic actions through a system of properly calibrated oscillators. The methodology introduces a novel technique for incorporating the "improvement" effect of the stone columns by means of "equivalent" soil properties calibrated through separate analyses of a representative remediated 3D soil "cell" explicitly simulating the stone columns within the soil. The analyses show that the presence of the stone columns substantially reduces shear deformations in the improved soil. During shaking, tank settlements accumulate through a rocking, downwards ratcheting, mechanism, which is however constrained by the formation of a stable, nonliquefied soil zone below the tank. Post-seismic, reconsolidation settlements, primarily originating from unimproved zones below the stone columns, are also assessed. Once the complex soil behavior- and dynamic load- mechanisms are comprehensively addressed, differential settlements remain well below allowable limits, demonstrating adequate structure performance even under the high design shaking levels.

Seismic Performance and Control of Elevated Liquid Storage Tanks with Negative Stiffness and Inerter-Based Dampers

Seismic Performance and Control of Elevated Liquid Storage Tanks with Negative Stiffness and Inerter-Based Dampers

Performance evaluation and optimization for a novel supersonic precooled engine based on hydrogen production technology from ammonia cracking

Precooling technology is a widely used method for increasing the flight speed of turbojet engines. To solve the problems of oversized fuel tank and engine performance degradation caused by the low density of hydrogen fuel, a new precooled engine cycle based on hydrogen production technology from ammonia cracking is proposed. To evaluate the engine performances, a thermodynamic model and a test platform are established. The study shows that the test heat sink of ammonia is 4.12 MJ at 620.5 °C, and the upper boundaries of heat sink and hydrogen production rate of ammonia are higher than other chemical fuels. Besides, the optimized fuel ratio is set to 2.0, and the best compressor pressure ratio could be obtained at the point with the highest engine performances Further, the maximum flight Mach number of precooled engine is Ma4.69, and compared with GE90 and J-58 engines, the carbon emission of precooled engine could be reduced by 94.15% and 72.95% respectively. Moreover, by increasing the cold storage degree, the engine performance can be further improved especially at high pressure ratio. Overall, the research of this paper is hopeful to provide a new idea and necessary theoretical support for the development of high-performance supersonic aero-engine.

Explosion free in fire self-venting (TPRD-less) composite tanks: Performance during fire intervention

This paper describes the performance of explosion free in fire self-venting (TPRD-less) composite tanks in fires of realistic specific heat release rate (HRR/A), i.e., total fire HRR over the source area, A, of HRR/A = 1 MW/m2, during fire intervention. This breakthrough safety technology does not require thermally activated pressure relief devices (TPRD). It provides microleaks-no-burst (μLNB) performance of hydrogen storage tanks in fire. The study investigated two fire intervention strategies, i.e., removal of vehicle with μLNB tank from the fire, and extinction of fire by water. One carbon-carbon and one carbon-basalt double-composite wall tanks were assessed in the removal from fire scenario. Four carbon-basalt prototypes were studied in fire extinction scenarios. All six prototypes of 7.5 L and nominal working pressure of 70 MPa have demonstrated safe release of hydrogen through microchannels of the wall after the liner melting. The μLNB technology allows to apply standard intervention strategies and tactics.

A one- and three-dimensional coupled model and simulation investigation for the large-scale oil-heating type Mg-based hydrogen storage tank

A large-scale oil-heating type Mg-based hydrogen storage tank is the key device for the high-efficiency and high-safety Mg-based solid hydrogen storage and transportation. However, the complicated heat and mass transfer in the Mg alloy bed and oil tube during the hydrogen desorption process impede the design of high-performance hydrogen storage tanks. In this work, a one- and three-dimensional coupled model considering the impact of oil velocity and temperature on the internal heat and mass transfer was developed to simulate the hydrogen desorption process of large-scale oil-heating type Mg-based hydrogen storage tanks. This model was then solved by the finite element method, and the simulation results agreed well with the experimental data obtained from an Mg-based hydrogen storage tank. Moreover, simulation results indicate that the oil velocity has a considerable impact on the hydrogen desorption performance of the Mg-based hydrogen storage tank, and a recommended oil velocity of 4 m s−1 was identified. In addition, high oil temperature and low hydrogen desorption pressure benefit the hydrogen desorption performance, thus should be determined by the application scenarios. Besides, the complete hydrogen desorption time was barely affected by the initial bed temperature, which is suggested as ≥ 573 K to meet the high rate requirement of hydrogen supply, otherwise as room temperature to reduce energy costs. The model and simulation results presented in this work provided a foundation for the design of high performance large-scale oil-heating type Mg-based hydrogen storage tanks that can be applied practically in the field of hydrogen energy.

Quantitative comparison of the performance of vapor compression cycles with compressor vapor or liquid injection

Increasing the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of vapor compression cycles has been a major focus for decades. Significant improvements can be brought by modifying multistage compressor to flooded single-stage compressor to approach isothermal compression. This work presents the comparative analysis of the cycle performance of a flash tank economized system (FTES), multiple refrigerant injection system (MRIS) and an oil flooded system (OFS). Thermodynamic models of each of these systems using ideal mixing models of refrigerants with the flooding agents are presented. Additionally, mixing effectiveness is introduced as a metric to evaluate the non-ideal mixing of the OFS. Results show that in MRIS, an increase in the number of injection ports significantly increases the COP of the cycle between 18% and 51% for air conditioning and refrigeration applications. The OFS shows that increasing the oil mass flow rate increases the COP significantly above the baseline cycle, benefiting higher temperature lift applications. At evaporating temperature of -40 ℃, relative COP for MRIS with 2 injection points is 7.5% higher than FTES and 5.0% higher than OFS. Further, quantification of the influence of the non-ideal mixing model for OFS showed that a mixing effectiveness of 80% results in 21% degradation of system COP suggesting the ideal mixing assumption has significant influence on the potential for an OFS.

A Review on the Modelling Techniques of Liquid Storage Tanks Considering Fluid–Structure–Soil Interaction Effects with a Focus on the Mitigation of Seismic Effects through Base Isolation Techniques

Globally, tanks play a major part in the provision of access to clean drinking water to the human population. Beyond aiding in the supply of fresh water, tanks are also essential for ensuring good sanitary conditions for people and for livestock. Many countries have realized that a robust water supply and a robust sanitation infrastructure are necessary for sustainable growth. Therefore, there is large demand for the construction of storage tanks. Further, liquid storage tanks are crucial structures which must continue to be operational even after a catastrophic natural event, such as an earthquake, to support rehabilitation efforts. From an engineering point of view, the various forces acting on the tanks and the behaviour of the tanks under various loads are important issues which need to be addressed for a safe design. Analyses of the tanks are challenging due to the interaction between the fluid and tank wall. Thus, researchers have conducted several investigations to understand the performance of storage tanks subjected to earthquakes by considering this interaction. This paper discusses the historical development of various modelling techniques of storage tanks. The interaction with the soil also influences the behaviour of the tanks, and hence, in this paper, various modelling approaches for soil structure interaction are also reviewed. Further, a brief history of various systems of base isolation and modelling approaches of base-isolated structures are also discussed in this article.

A Review on the Cost Analysis of Hydrogen Gas Storage Tanks for Fuel Cell Vehicles

The most practical way of storing hydrogen gas for fuel cell vehicles is to use a composite overwrapped pressure vessel. Depending on the driving distance range and power requirement of the vehicles, there can be various operational pressure and volume capacity of the tanks, ranging from passenger vehicles to heavy-duty trucks. The current commercial hydrogen storage method for vehicles involves storing compressed hydrogen gas in high-pressure tanks at pressures of 700 bar for passenger vehicles and 350 bar to 700 bar for heavy-duty trucks. In particular, hydrogen is stored in rapidly refillable onboard tanks, meeting the driving range needs of heavy-duty applications, such as regional and line-haul trucking. One of the most important factors for fuel cell vehicles to be successful is their cost-effectiveness. So, in this review, the cost analysis including the process analysis, raw materials, and manufacturing processes is reviewed. It aims to contribute to the optimization of both the cost and performance of compressed hydrogen storage tanks for various applications.

Seismic Analysis and Design of Elevated Circular Water Tank for Variation of H/D Ratio and Bracing Patterns

Abstract: Seismic analysis and design of elevated circular water tanks play a crucial role in ensuring the structural integrity and safety of these essential infrastructure components. This study focuses on investigating the effects of varying the height-todiameter (H/D) ratio and different bracing patterns on the seismic performance of such tanks. The analysis procedure includes a comprehensive numerical investigation using finite element analysis (FEA) software. The elevated circular water tank models are subjected to various seismic loading conditions to evaluate their dynamic response. Different H/D ratios are considered to assess their influence on the tank's behavior under seismic excitation. Additionally, the study explores the impact of different bracing patterns on the tank's seismic resistance. Various bracing configurations, such as radial, circumferential, and combined patterns, are investigated to identify the most effective design approach for mitigating seismic forces.

State-of-the-Art Review on the Seismic Performance Assessment of On-Ground Steel Cylindrical Tanks

Steel cylindrical tanks are vital structures for storing various types of liquid in industrial plants or as a component in a water distributing system. As they sometimes are used to store toxic, flammable, and explosive material, their inapt performance during an earthquake may lead to catastrophic consequences. Therefore, practicing engineers, researchers, and industry owners are concerned about their structural safety. Meanwhile, the seismic performance of liquid storage tanks is rather complex. Thus, this subject has garnered many researchers’ interest in the past decades. This paper aims to briefly review the most significant studies on the seismic performance of on-ground steel cylindrical tanks. It focuses on analytical approaches and does not include experimental and on-site ones. Finally, the new horizons for the seismic performance assessment of such structures are presented herein.

Multi-objective optimization of a metal hydride reactor coupled with phase change materials for fast hydrogen sorption time

Recently, the utilization of phase change materials (PCM) for the heat storage/recovery of the metal hydride's reaction heat has received increasing attention. However, the poor heat management process makes hydrogen sorption very slow during heat recycling. In this work, the H2 charging/discharging performance of a metal hydride tank (MHT) filled with LaNi5 and equipped with a paraffin-based (RT35) PCM finned jacket as a passive heat management medium is numerically investigated. Using a two-dimensional mathematical model validated with our in-house experiments, the effects of design parameters such as PCM thermophysical properties and the fin size on hydrogen charging/discharging times of the MHT are investigated systematically. The results showed that the PCM's melting point and apparent heat capacity have a conflicting impact on the hydrogen sorption times, i.e., the low melting point and high specific heat capacity reduce the H2 charging time. In contrast, the hydrogen discharging time follows the opposite trend. As a result, a multi-objective optimization was conducted to simultaneously minimize the H2 charging/discharging times using the thermal properties and size of the PCM. The optimum solutions selected from the Pareto front show that the PCM melting point should be around 42–43 °C for fixed hydrogen ab/desorption pressures of 10/1.5 bar. Moreover, the comparison between the MHT-PCM using the optimized PCM and reference PCM showed that the former reduced the hydrogen charging/discharging times by 48.6 % and 4 %, respectively. At the same time, the hydrogen storage efficiency of the optimal design is 100 % as compared to 96 % for the reference design. Besides, among the practical PCMs, inorganic PCMs (salt hydrates and eutectics) display favorable hydrogen charging time below 3000 s at the expense of hydrogen discharging time (above 7000 s) in our case study.

Preliminary Analysis of Factors Affecting Communities in Management of Stool at Sources in the Jakarta Communal Wastewater Treatment Service Area

This study examines the public perception of several Jakarta communities served by communal WWTPs on in situ management or wastewater sources and the relationship between factors. This research used a questionnaire and random sampling technic. The questionnaire is based on study indicators. This study uses nine domestic wastewater indicators. The corrected Item-Total correlation indicates that the variable is invalid and does not need to be continued to the reliability test. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett's Test showed that factor analysis is appropriate. This study groups indicators into four dimensions. Factor 1 includes septic tank draining, sewage treatment, subscribing to sewage treatment, feces sludge management, and sewage sludge disposal. Second, septic tank performance and draining. Third, open defecation and septic tank owner are factors 2 and 4. Fourth, delete indicators with the same variable but different dimensions.