Tank Heat Research Articles

Adaptive Fuzzy-PID Controller for Liquid Flow Control in theHeating Tank System

Liquid flow control systems are often used in some industrial processes. One of theproblems is the existence of disturbance that can cause the flow response to become unstable. Thus, it is necessary to re-tuning the controller when the disturbance occurs. This study aims to design and implement an Adaptive Fuzzy-PID (AF-PID) controller for the liquid flow control in the heating tank system. We develop an industrial plant prototype of a heating tank process to test the designed controller on a laboratory scale. AF-PID controller is used to controlling the flow rate when the disturbance occurs. This controller was chosen because it has the ability to adapt PID parameters when a disturbance occurs based on fuzzy logic.The nominal PID controller constants will adjust by additional PID parameters when there is a disturbance based on the Mamdani type fuzzy logic rule. The hardware experimental result shows that the designed controller can maintain the stability of the liquid flow when given 50% and 100% pipe leakages with maximum undershot by 3.33% and 24% respectively

Adaptive Fuzzy-PID Controller for Liquid Flow Control in theHeating Tank System

Liquid flow control systems are often used in some industrial processes. One of theproblems is the existence of disturbance that can cause the flow response to become unstable. Thus, it is necessary to re-tuning the controller when the disturbance occurs. This study aims to design and implement an Adaptive Fuzzy-PID (AF-PID) controller for the liquid flow control in the heating tank system. We develop an industrial plant prototype of a heating tank process to test the designed controller on a laboratory scale. AF-PID controller is used to controlling the flow rate when the disturbance occurs. This controller was chosen because it has the ability to adapt PID parameters when a disturbance occurs based on fuzzy logic.The nominal PID controller constants will adjust by additional PID parameters when there is a disturbance based on the Mamdani type fuzzy logic rule. The hardware experimental result shows that the designed controller can maintain the stability of the liquid flow when given 50% and 100% pipe leakages with maximum undershot by 3.33% and 24% respectively.

Semi-supervised LSTM ladder autoencoder for chemical process fault diagnosis and localization

Deep learning is attracting widespread attention in the field of chemical process fault diagnosis recently. However, most deep learning methods are based on supervised learning and heavily rely on labeled data, with massive unlabeled data underutilized. Moreover, these supervised deep learning methods are uninterpretable and cannot facilitate fault localization, which is necessary for supervising the process back to normal. In this study, long short-term memory (LSTM) is used to extract temporal features and ladder autoencoder (LAE) is adopted for semi-supervised learning. Combining LSTM and LAE, LSTM-LAE is innovatively proposed to effectively utilize unlabeled data, with fault diagnosis performance largely improved. Moreover, LSTM-LAE achieves the interpretability to extract fault-relevant process variables with its elaborately designed internal features. When applied on a continuous stirred tank heater and the benchmark Tennessee Eastman process, LSTM-LAE exhibited a state-of-the-art fault diagnosis performance and localized faults to their relevant variables correctly.

Analisa karakteristik aliran pada fenomena sirkulasi alam fasa-tunggal di Untai FASSIP-01 Mod.2

FASSIP-01 rectangular loop is a facility which owned by PTKRN-BATAN that used for observe the phenomenon of natural circulation in large-scale. This natural circulation phenomenon will be applied as a passive cooling system in nuclear power plant that will be built up in Indonesia. Some FASSIP-01 experiments have done before, but those experiments show that the fluid flow in FASSIP-01 is not in optimal conditions because there are some errors happened and causes some losses. The second modification of FASSIP-01 rectangular loop has purpose to minimize losses happened in previous modification of FASSIP-01. The purpose of this research is to know the characteristics of flow and the trend of the data from the flow in FASSIP-01 mod.2 rectangular loop before do experiments. Simulations is done by using 2-dimensional images and varying the heating temperature at 353,15 K and 363,15 K and the cooler at temperatures of 278.15 K, 283.15 K, 288.15 K and 293.15 K. Based on the simulation results it is known that the velocity flow rate will increase if the temperature in the heating tank is increased, but will decrease if the temperature in the cooling tank is increased. The results of the calculation of the Reynold Number and Nusselt Number based on the velocity flow rate are 2973,668 the lowest and 5775,356 the highest and for the Nusselt number obtained 17,36 and the highest is 28,091.

Improving the modelling efficiency of Hammerstein system using Kalman filter and its parameters optimised using social mimic algorithm: Application to heating and cascade water tanks

Identification of Hammerstein systems finds extensive applications in solving the stability and design issues of non-linear dynamic systems. Hence, in this paper, a first attempt is made to solve the parameter estimation problem of Hammerstein non-linear systems by using the evolutionary optimisation algorithm (EOA) coupled Kalman filter (KF). The standard KF produces the best possible optimal states for the particular state estimation problem based on its properly tuned parameters θ^0−, P0−, φ, Q and R termed as initial state, initial error covariance, state transition, process noise covariance and measurement noise covariance, respectively. These parameters must be concurrently tuned to achieve a stable filtering operation. The manual and existing adaptive tuning methods do not guarantee optimality, convergence and also require a large amount of data. Moreover, the adaptive methods tune only a few statistics (Q and R) simultaneously. To defeat these foreknown problems, in the proposed method, initially, a recently established EOA named social mimic optimisation (SMO) algorithm is employed to get the global optimised KF parameters along with an efficient cost function that has been derived based on the model output for the concurrent achievement of all the KF parameters. Finally, the standard KF technique identifies the estimated parameters of the Hammerstein model with those optimised KF parameters. Various numerical and experimental test results demonstrate that the proposed SMO-based KF approach offers high accuracy in estimating the parameters along with the good convergence speed compared to the standard KF, other presented EOA-based KF approaches and recently reported techniques.

Modeling of heat leak effect in round trip efficiency for Brayton pumped heat energy storage with liquid media, by cooling and heating of the reservoirs tanks

For a pumped heat energy storage technology with commercial solar salt and a cold fluid such as methanol, the performance in long times of the Brayton like model associated to the losses of the four tanks (two high temperature units and two low temperature units) was studied. A round trip efficiency evaluation model linked with the heat leak coefficient was proposed for the sensible storage tanks, considering the losses for each face exposed to the environment. The different energy leaks and temperatures in the tanks were calculated for hourly climatic fluctuations during a reference year for a reference city. A zero-dimensional model was developed where radiation (direct and diffuse), convection and conduction effects were considered. The obtained results showed that for long periods, time and insulation thickness have a significant influence on the performance of the technology for long periods. For Brayton pumped heat energy storage technology with solar salts the round trip efficiency, which can be reduced daily by 0.4% even for a considerable insulation thickness of around 10% of the tank diameter. Winter–summer climatic conditions do not show a significant difference for tanks at higher temperatures, but as the temperature decreases, the effect becomes more visible but not decisive for the performance of the technology. The relatively high crystallization point of solar salt represents a significant solidification risk that limits the operation of the PHES technology during waiting periods for a surplus power to charge the system.

Investigation and evaluation of building energy flexibility with energy storage system in hot summer and cold winter zones

The dramatically increasing energy demand of building air-conditioning in hot summer and cold winter zones fluctuates greatly, especially during the period of cooling and heating in summer and winter, which exerts strict operation burden and challenge on power-grid system stability. In order to realize building energy flexibility, this paper proposes a type of energy utilization system including electricity chiller, gas-boiler, electricity heater, cold and thermal energy storage tank (case II), on the basis of electricity chiller and gas-boiler for cooling and heating demand (case I), which is commonly used as cold and heat source in hot summer and cold winter zones. The total cost of the whole life period and annual carbon emission of energy systems are served as objective function is optimized. Furthermore, the system capacity confirmation and load demand management control are analyzed and discussed, the characteristics of energy-flexibility with and without energy storage are presented, the load coefficient is introduced to evaluate the impact of case II on building energy flexibility. Compared with case I, with the deployment of cold and thermal energy storage, the cost-effectiveness of case II is 16.5% and carbon emission is reduced by 30.9% compared with case I .In case II, the load coefficient of electricity chiller and electricity heater is 83.34% and 30.65% respectively, which means that energy storage system enables to promote building energy flexibility improvement and grid-friendliness enhancement. This paper provides methods and theoretical guidance for the planning-operation of building energy system and building energy flexibility in hot summer and cold winter zones.

Study on the Effect of Two-Step Saturated Steam Heat Treatment Process on the Properties of Reconstituted Bamboo

With the aim of utilizing reconstituted bamboo as a carbon cycle-oriented material, the improvement of physical and mechanical properties has been actively studied to solve using problems. The saturated steam heat treatment process has been widely used in worldwide. With the development and exploration of this technology, two-step saturated steam heat treatment process appears in some practical production, that is, after a period of saturated steam heat treatment at a lower temperature, the bamboo bundles are taken out and seasoned for a period of time, and then put back into the heat tank again, and heated at a higher temperature for another period of time. During the two-step saturated steam heat treatment, the physical and mechanical properties of bamboo changed. However, the mechanism of two-step saturated steam heat treatment has not been thoroughly discussed. For purpose that this paper all discuss and find out the mechanism of two-step saturated steam heat treatment on the change of physical and mechanical properties of reconstituted bamboo. In this work, the one and two-step saturated steam heat treatments were carried out according to the actual production parameters, and the physical and mechanical properties of the reconstituted bamboo board made of treated bamboo bundles were analyzed, including the color change, the thickness swelling (TS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and shear strength. The results indicate that two-step saturated steam heat treatment is better than one-step. Based on the detailed study of the chemical composition, crystallinity and micro-morphological characteristics of the heated bamboo bundles, it is further revealed that during two-step saturated steam heat treatment, oxygen air is added to the reaction system between the two heat treatment processes to further catalyze the oxidation of hemicellulose and enhance the crystallinity of cellulose, so as to improve the properties of the final products. Our work has optimized the saturated steam heat treatment process which is widely used in industry, pointing out a new idea in the experimental and theoretical basis for the development of recombinant bamboo manufacturing industry.

Analisis pasar expanded perlite Indonesia

The availability of perlite is always associated with volcanic activities, so perlite has a huge potential in Indonesia. The use of perlite abroad has developed for various applications, but is still limited in Indonesia. One of the perlite development efforts in Indonesia is an analysis to seek market of the expanded perlite. The purpose of this market analysis is to find out the characteristics and opportunities of the expanded perlite market both domestically and export. Methods of data collection were carried out through direct survey and non-survey, while the processing model and technical analysis used descriptive statistical approaches, trend analysis, and economic analysis models. Expanded perlite is most widely used as a construction raw material, filler, and filter. Domestic market opportunities include insulation or heat in cryogenic tanks, cement in drilling, lightweight brick, mortar, refractory aggregate, plaster, and planting media. The results of this study are expected to be use as an input for the government and stakeholders in formulating their policies so that the potential of perlite can be developed on a prospective basis.

Intermittent Sensor Faults Detection Based on Fractional-Order Transient Chaotic System

Safety and reliability are the most important issues for modern automation systems, fast, precise, and reliable fault detection (FD) is a feasible and easy-implemented method for preventing property loss and casualties. Considering the importance of sensors in modern systems and the characteristics of intermittent faults, the problem of intermittent sensor FD under unknown disturbance and strong noise is the focus of this article. Oriented by the problem, a kind of intermittent sensor faults detection scheme is proposed. The fractional-order transient chaotic system is adopted for the processing of the residual signal and the calculating of the detection threshold. A continuous stirred tank heater (CSTH) model is adopted for the simulation experiment, a simplified F-16 aircraft vertical dynamic model is used for the comparison experiment, and a real-world liquefied natural gas (LNG) filling process is provided for actual experiment. The experiment results show that the proposed intermittent faults detection (IFD) scheme can achieve the purpose of IFD under unknown disturbance and strong noise and performs well. The detectability of the intermittent sensor faults within the proposed IFD scheme is explored.

Cyber-physical production system for energy-flexible control of production machines

Since the share of renewable energy continues to grow, the resulting fluctuations of energy supply in the electricity grid must be balanced. Electricity consumers can help achieving this by reacting to fluctuations in supply and adjusting their demand (demand response). As one of the largest electricity consumers, industry should embrace this opportunity by implementing energy flexibility measures for demand response. In an energy-flexible production, machines have multiple objectives: First they must meet the traditional production targets: high quality, low cost, and short production time. Additionally, they should react to electricity price signals or to external power change requests and adjust their electrical consumption, for example by interrupting an active process. Forecasts of future machine behavior including energy consumption and the state of machine components help to improve the effectiveness of a proposed energy-flexible controller that enables machines to achieve these objectives. In addition, the machine and the controller must communicate with each other and external sources. Therefore, we propose the implementation of a cyber-physical production system (CPPS) for energy-flexible operation of production machines. Our CPPS consists of a simulation model for forecasting, an automation data model for controlling production machines via OPC UA and of a software framework, which is based on co-simulation, to provide the environment for controlling and optimizing the production machine in an energy-flexible manner. We show that co-simulation can be used to achieve energy-flexible operation of production machines and avoid unsafe states of the system. We apply the framework to an aqueous component cleaning machine performing a batch process. The operation of the electric tank heating element and the start times of cleaning process steps are optimized. With this work we show the successful development of the CPPS and the corresponding software framework, which will be transferred to other machines and more complex controllers in the future.

Control of ship tank heating systems to increase their energy efficiency

An important problem in the operation of icebreakers and Arctic ships is to prevent excessive icing of ballast tanks above the waterline. Uncontrolled ice formation can damage ballast systems and lead to malfunctions of ballast systems during cargo operations. This paper presents an analysis of the dynamics of water temperature in a ballast tank when the heating system is turned on and off. Recommendations on the control algorithm for the heating system that provides maximum energy efficiency are proposed.

Broad Learning Aided Model Predictive Control With Application to Continuous Stirred Tank Heater

This paper presents a data-driven predictive controller based on the broad learning algorithm without any prior knowledge of the system model. The predictive controller is realized by regressing the predictive model using online process data and the incremental broad learning algorithm. The proposed model predictive control (MPC) approach requires less online computational load compared to other neural network based MPC approaches. More importantly, the precision of the predictive model is enhanced with reduced computational load by operating an appropriate approximation of the predictive model. The approximation is proved to have no influence on the convergence of the predictive control algorithm. Compared with the partial form dynamic linearization aided model free control (PFDL-MFC), the control performance of the proposed predictive controller is illustrated through the continuous stirred tank heater (CSTH) benchmark.

Corrosion Behavior Research on Austenitic stainless steel in Dynamic Molten Salt

In order to identify the corrosion properties of three kinds of austenitic stainless steel used in solar power plant, experiments were conducted to test the weight loss after dynamic immersing in molten salt, the corrosion thickness rates per year was obtained, and the surface morphology by SEM and component of corrosive product by EDS were analyzed. The test result showed that the corrosion resistance of 316L and 347H are outstanding, much better than 304. The corrosion resistance order of the three material is 304 <316L< 347H. 304 and 316L can be considered as the candidate materials of low-temperature molten salt storage tank, and 347H can be used as the materials of high-temperature molten salt storage tank and molten salt heat exchanger.

Model-Based Observer Design Considering Unequal Measurement Delays

State observers are essential components of a modern control system. It is often designed based on a mathematical model of the process, thus requiring detailed process knowledge. However, in the existing state estimation methods, equal delays are commonly assumed for all communication lines, which is unrealistic and poses problems such as instability and a degraded performance of observers when unequal time delays exist. In this paper, a design of observers considering the measurement delays is presented. To deal with this problem, a chain-based observer has been proposed in which each chain deals with one output delay, performs prediction for the unavailable output value, and passes it to the next chain. Convergence of each chain observer as well as overall state estimation were proven. To illustrate the performance of the proposed scheme, simulation studies were performed on a benchmark continuous stirred tank heater (CSTH) process.

Diagnostics of a Domestic Hot Water Storage Tank under Operating Conditions

This paper presents a new method for the diagnostics of a hot water storage tank under operating conditions. Depending on the operating point of the tank, the method enables determination of thermal conductivity coefficients of the coil heat exchanger, which allows us to determine the intensity of heat transfer between the transfer medium and water in the tank as well as of tank walls, which consequently enables determination of heat losses to the environment. Furthermore, the dynamic properties of the tank may also be determined by applying this method. The advantage of this method is possibility of analyzing changes in the material constants of the coil heat exchanger, tank walls, and dynamic properties of the tank as a function of mass flow of the medium supplying the coil heat exchanger. The possibility of determining coefficients of thermal conductivity as well as the inertia of tank and exchanger, based on temperature measurements acquired in operating conditions is a novelty in this paper. Knowing the variability of material constants and of dynamic properties of the tank as a function of medium flow rate allows multicriteria optimization to be performed which, with a conventional design of the tank, results in a reduction of up to 10% in the time taken to prepare domestic hot water.

Research on Application of Trap Valve in Oil Tank Heating

The steam trap plays the role in steam blocking and drainage.The appropriate trap can make the steam heating equipment to achieve the highest efficiency. To achieve the best results, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the performance and characteristics of various types of traps. This paper mainly introduces the types, principles, application occasions and characteristics of drain valves, and analyzes the types of drain valves that should be selected in the process of oil tank heating and the problems that should be paid attention to in use

Impact of water volume on the energy saving potential of air source heat pump systems

Among the factors that affect the energy efficiency of the air source heat pump system, water volume influences efficiency by determining the unit's ONOFF time under partial load, especially in the low thermal inertia heating systems in the applications of northern China. The water volume in relation to cycling losses is extremely important. In order to strip out the multiple influence factors and clarify the impact of water volume on system efficiency through the actual heating system, an analytical model, presenting of the effect of system water volume on energy efficiency is established firstly. It is identified total water volume, including water volume in the buffer tank, terminals and pipelines by means of the proposed analytical model and the actual monitoring data of 6 fixed speed air source heat pump systems. Considering buffer tank heat loss and partial load loss caused by overmatching household air source heat pump systems, and combining with the efficiency and economy optimization, a recommended allocation index of total water volume 30~40 L/kW under nominal heating capacity for rural houses in northern China is put forward.

Design, development, and evaluation of paneer‐making machine

AbstractPaneer is an acid‐set dairy product having rising demand in the Indian subcontinent. A low‐cost machine was developed at the Department of Food Plant Operations, College of Food and Dairy Technology, India to mechanize the paneer production. The designed machine consisted of a milk heating tank, coagulation tank, pressing unit, and controller unit. The machine was evaluated for its performance in terms of yield (%), moisture content (% w.b.), acidity (%), and organoleptic properties at different levels of factors such as pressure applied (0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 MPa), coagulant (vinegar and citric acid), and coagulation temperature (70, 80, and 90°C). In comparison, a maximum yield of 16.74% and hardness, adhesiveness, and chewiness values of 25723.03 g, −21.90 g·s, and 8998.93, respectively, were obtained when vinegar was used as coagulant at the coagulation temperature of 80°C at 0.5 MPa of applied pressure. The corresponding treatment recorded a moisture content of 51.35% (w.b.). The working capacity of the developed machine was 40 L/hr. The operational cost of the automatic paneer‐making machine was Rs. 2.11 per liter ($0.028 per liter), whereas it was estimated to be Rs. 2.56 per liter ($0.034 per liter) in the manual method. Thus, the developed machine proved to be economically feasible when compared to the manual method.Practical ApplicationsThe current manual practice followed for the production of paneer is tedious, time‐consuming, and laborious. Technology was developed toward the mechanization of unit operations involved in paneer processing for the benefit of the cottage industry. The research findings will reduce human drudgery, unhygienic handling, and hence quality paneer can be manufactured at low cost. This research would make a way to find automated paneer production techniques.

Exergy Analysis of Phase-Change Heat-Storage Coupled Solar Heat Pump Heating System.

With the rapid development of industrialization, the excessive use of fossil fuels has caused problems such as increased greenhouse gas emissions and energy shortages. The development and use of renewable energy has attracted increased attention. In recent years, solar heat pump heating technology that uses clean solar energy combined with high-efficiency heat pump units is the development direction of clean heating in winter in northern regions. However, the use of solar energy is intermittent and unstable. The low-valley electricity policy is a night-time electricity price policy. Heat pump heating has problems such as frosting and low efficiencies in cold northern regions. To solve these problems, an exergy analysis model of each component of a phase-change heat-storage coupled solar heat pump heating system was established. Exergy analysis was performed on each component of the system to determine the direction of optimization and improvement of the phase-change heat-storage coupled solar heat pump heating system. The results showed that optimizing the heating-end heat exchanger of the system can reduce the exergy loss of the system. When the phase-change heat-storage tank meets the heating demand, its volume should be reduced to lower the exergy loss of the tank heat dissipation. Air-type solar collectors can increase the income exergies of solar collectors.