Evaporation Tank Research Articles

Coupled CFD modeling and thermal analysis of multi-layered insulation structures in liquid hydrogen storage tanks for various vapor-cooled shields

The present study aims to propose a coupled numerical model for analyzing the influence of the configuration of the vapor-cooled shield tubes on insulation performance. The numerical model is developed to calculate the effective thermal conductivity of multi-layer insulation (MLI) and rigorously evaluated. Specifically, the tank evaporation simulation software BoilFAST is manually coupled with the CFD commercial software of ANSYS FLUENT (2020 R2) to accurately determine the mass flow rate and temperature of boil-off gas in a tank, which is then used as inputs for the CFD simulations. This coupling methodology can be used for reliable calculations of boil-off losses for liquid hydrogen and heat transfer inside the MLI structures. Results demonstrate that the estimated effective thermal conductivity agrees with the earlier published data and that increasing the diameter and number of tubes enhances heat exchange between the VCS tubes and MLI structures. Also, the heat flux into the tank is relatively reduced by 32.04 % by increasing the diameter of the tube and 49.14 % by adding the number of tubes. Moreover, the maximum temperature difference of the VCS is estimated to be less than 1 K, indicating nearly uniform distributions of the VCS.

Determining Consumptive Water Use for Corn Cultivation at High Altitudes: A Comparative Study of Three Methods

A desirable water supply in agriculture requires quantitative methods to determine crop requirements. De-termination of hydric request of maize Var INIAP 102 is promising, mainly at altitudes over 2000 meters above sea level. This study analyzed three methods (lysimeter, evaporimeter tank, and empiric formula FAO) to determine Chimborazo province's hydric requirements for Var INIAP 102. Vegetative and yield variables were recorded, and the effect of different water films on the vegetative growth of maize was de-termined. When water was more available in the soil, the vegetative growth, yield, and pod weight per plant of maize Var INIAP 102 were higher. This study is of great importance because determining the hydric requirement of maize Var INIAP 102 was done for the first time in Chimborazo province and will support farmers in better water use for irrigation. Keywords: irrigation sheet, lysimeter, sweet corn, water requirements, evaporation tank

Determining Consumptive Water Use for Corn Cultivation at High Altitudes: A Comparative Study of Three Methods.

A desirable water supply in agriculture requires quantitative methods to determine crop requirements. De-termination of hydric request of maize Var INIAP 102 is promising, mainly at altitudes over 2000 meters above sea level. This study analyzed three methods (lysimeter, evaporimeter tank, and empiric formula FAO) to determine Chimborazo province's hydric requirements for Var INIAP 102. Vegetative and yield variables were recorded, and the effect of different water films on the vegetative growth of maize was de-termined. When water was more available in the soil, the vegetative growth, yield, and pod weight per plant of maize Var INIAP 102 were higher. This study is of great importance because determining the hydric requirement of maize Var INIAP 102 was done for the first time in Chimborazo province and will support farmers in better water use for irrigation. Keywords: irrigation sheet, lysimeter, sweet corn, water requirements, evaporation tank

Performance Analysis of Open Steam Power Cycle Powered by Concentrated Solar Energy

This study aims to develop a concentrated solar receiver designed to directly generate steam for driving a steam turbine within the steam power cycle of a carbon-free system. The solar power system consists of parabolic dishes, evaporation tanks, and a steam turbine, and the experimental setup was tested on different days, analyzing the measured parameters with the EES software. Results from the investigation indicate that, under the optimal conditions with a maximum recorded temperature and pressure of 143 ℃ and 2.5 bar, respectively, and a vaporized water mass of 100 grams, the manufactured turbine achieved a maximum isentropic efficiency of 92.48% and a power of 1.76 W. Notably, the evaporation tank and the mini steam turbine demonstrated the capability to generate steam and mechanical power, respectively, without relying on conventional energy.

A STUDY ON THE CONTINUOUS USAGE OF ORGANIC,INORGANIC PERSISTENT PESTICIDES IN THE AGRICULTURALFIELDS IN AND AROUND SIRUMALAI AREA WITH A SPECIALREFERENCE TO THE IMPACT ON GROUND WATER AND SOIL

In the present study the impact of pesticide pollution due to the discharge of pesticide waste water from the agricultural field in the Sirumalai agro lands was studied. In order to evaluate the physical and chemical parameters of water, the pond water samples, and the ground water samplesall the sides were collected and analyzed for various water quality parameters and soil parameters. The pond water is the main source of water for the bore wells located in and around the agricultural land. During the rainy season the pond water percolates into wells and bore wells. Now water is completely polluted due to percolation of pesticide waste waters which are potentially harmful, accumulation of various pesticides chemical residues in water reaches the ground water source. Bio – accumulation and bio-concentration of the pesticide waste water causes high degree of pollution. The bore wells in and around the northern side of the pond polluted with very high TDS and it is beyond redemption due to the higher limits of TDS, hardness, phosphate, ammonia and nitrate. All the water samples taken in and around the agriland are notchemically portable. The presence study reveals that the physico-chemical analysis of pond water in the pond as well as ground waters are above the permissible limit. The dissolved oxygen is analyzed and found to be deteriorated. It is due to utilization of dissolved oxygen in the water byorganic matter and by the pesticides. The investigator observed that the solar evaporation tank made of black body tank, function more effectively during summer with very high evaporationrate. The investigator found that during the normal operation period, the colour of the effluent varies and becomes clear after treatment with alum, which favours the penetration of solar energy easily and hence the efficiency of the evaporation tank increases than the normal cement slab. The advantage of utilizing the black body natural kadappa tanks for evaporation is very strong and it can absorb very high degree of solar radiation which is converted into thermal energy. The investigator observed that the solar evaporation tank made of black body tank function more effectively during summer with very high evaporation rate. The solar evaporation tank is blessed in principle of black body surface which can absorb solar radiation more effectively than ordinary cement slab.

INVESTIGATION OF SOYBEAN PROCESSING BY FORCING – EXTRACTION METHOD

The study of the influence of physicochemical parameters of different sorts of soybean on the extraction of oil in soybean processing, as were as determining the quality of soybean products – petal, meal and oil. Soybean seed samples of three sorts were selected for the study: Mriya, Skelya and Ukrainka, of different humidity and degree of contamination. The Perten DA 7250 infrared analyzer and physicochemical methods in accordance with DSTU were used to determine the quality indicators of soybean seeds. Skelya sort was noted as more oily (20.36%), and Ukrainka sort as more protein (38.49%), the mass fraction of fiber in the samples is from 5.9 to 6.5%. The scheme of soybean processing by the method of forcing – extraction with hexane at the enterprise of «Tavria Agroinvest» was used. Soybean oil is extracted according to the technological regime of the enterprise. After the process of extraction and distillation of the solvent in the evaporator tank, unrefined soybean oil and soybean meal are obtained. According to the scheme of the extraction process, the quality of the final product will depend on the degree of grinding of raw materials and the quality of the petal. Organoleptic and physicochemical parameters of unrefined soybean oil and soybean meal obtained at «Tavria Agroinvest» from three sorts of soybean seeds were determined. It is shown that from moist materials (18.5%) is obtained oil with higher acid and peroxide numbers. The iodine number and cloud point of soybean oil of this sample are also higher than those obtained for dry seeds. The quality indicators of soybean meal for the studied soybean seed sorts were obtained. Mass fraction of crude protein in terms of absolute dry matter is the largest for the Skelya sort and is 46.2%. Soybean meal sort Mriya is less purified from moisture and crude fat, and its high acid number can shorten the shelf life.

Algal biomass harvesting using low-grade waste heat: the effect of waste heat temperature and air speed on dewatering algal suspension

This study investigated the feasibility of evaporating water from heated algal biomass in an evaporation tank. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis was performed with Ansys Fluent, and the results were verified with experiments. The results of CFD analysis showed a positive effect on the evaporation rate. As the speed of the air stream increased from 0 to 3 m/s, the evaporation rate increased from 9 to 200 mL/h. It was also observed that the temperature of the mixture of air and water vapor decreases more rapidly, but the temperature of the liquid decreases more slowly, as the speed of the air stream increases. The liquid flow is more disturbed as the speed of the air stream increases while the air streamlines are more parallel at higher speeds. Finally, as the speed of the air stream increased from 0 to 3 m/s, the liquid pressure at the bottom of the tank decreased from 270 to 140 pa. The experimental results were compared with the calculation based on the stagnant film theory and showed excellent agreement. The CFD results underestimated the evaporation rate by 10% compared with the experimental results.

Algal Biomass Harvesting Using Low-Grade Waste Heat: Investigation of Dewatering Algal Suspension by Evaporation

Abstract This study investigated the feasibility of harvesting algae biomass using an original and novel method that uses low-grade waste heat with an integrated heat exchanger, evaporation tank, and reservoir system. Several experiments were conducted. The experimental results showed good agreement with theoretical results estimated with a stagnant-film model. As the inlet gas temperature increased from 175 to 245 °C, the evaporation rate increased by 100%, while an 85% increase was achieved as the air speed increased from 0 to 3.5 m/s. It was also observed that the evaporation rate slightly decreased when doubling the volume of the reservoir while it is independent of the duration of experiment. The amount of lipid extracted from centrifuged algae was slightly higher than algae harvested by evaporation. However, the total amount of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) was significantly higher, by 24%, for the algae harvested by evaporation compared with centrifugation. The FAMEs profiles were the same for both methods and about 98% of FAMEs were C-16 and C-18 carbon chains which are the main components of the algal biodiesel. The method has a potential to be developed into a cost-effective and energy efficient algal biomass dewatering method. It uses low-grade waste heat, which is cheap and readily available, and has simple and inexpensive structure. It was also demonstrated that modifying the proposed system, by adding a second heat exchanger in series, improved the water evaporation rate by 58–121%, depending on the operating conditions.

A new preliminary system design of using geothermal well brine heater for desalination/nanofiltration process

In this work, a novel system design of using geothermal well energy acting as a brine heater for desalination purposes has been numerically developed and investigated. The system contains a pumping unit, nanofiltration, flash evaporation unit, and end condenser for condensation and freshwater production. The system aimed to pump the pre-treatment brine flow into the geothermal well (abandoned oil well) benefiting from its energy considering the well as an underground brine heater. It is anticipated by the geothermal well to increase the brine temperature up to an optimized value (40–50 °C). A Flash evaporation tank has been used as a steam generator. The brine blowdown will be dumped into the sea. To prevent corrosion and tubes deterioration, the Nanofiltration system has been used as a pre-stage before pumping the saline flow into the geothermal well. Reducing the salinity gradient was considered an important issue during this study. The salt-free steam will be directly flowing towards the condenser unit for condensation and freshwater production. It is expected to produce an amount of freshwater in the range of 500 to 1500m 3 /day. Results reveal that the total hourly costs are 1.185$/h and total water price was in the range of 0.12$/m 3 to 1.2$/m 3 depending on the performance and salinity concentration of the Nanofiltration system.

Energy and exergy analysis of a spray-evaporation multi-effect distillation desalination system

The saline, thermal, and chemical pollution associated with the direct discharge of concentrated brine from various desalination processes are the main negative environmental impacts of seawater desalination. Thus, a novel spray-evaporation multi-effect distillation (SE-MED) desalination system is proposed to eliminate wastewater discharges and achieve zero liquid discharge, in which the spray evaporation technology was adopted for the recovery of freshwater and salts from the brine concentrate disposal. A three-level energy recovery process was adopted in the SE-MED desalination system to improve the thermal efficiency and freshwater productivity. A comprehensive thermodynamic study for the integrated system was carried out to investigate its parametric sensitivity. A three-effect SE-MED desalination system with effects temperature difference of 4.5 °C and heat source temperature of 500 °C was prove suitable for the integrated SE-MED system to balance the system performance, capital cost, and system reliability. Exergy analysis was also conducted for a better understanding of the SE-MED system. The highest exergy destruction (67.76%) occurred in the spray evaporation tank. The useful exergy efficiency was 1.13% and a large amount of surplus exergy is wasted in the process of achieving ZLD.

Study on a novel spray-evaporation multi-effect distillation desalination system

As the negative environmental impacts associated with disposal of brine concentrate become increasingly recognized and attracting public attention, zero liquid discharge (ZLD) is emerging as a technique for desalination plants to minimize waste and recover resources. In this study, an innovative concept of a spray-evaporation multi-effect distillation (SE-MED) system is proposed to achieve ZLD, in which a spray evaporation tank (SET) is used to fully split brine disposal for water and salts. A steady-state mathematical model for the SE-MED process is developed under several simplification assumptions. A five-effect forward SE-MED system with a bleed fraction of 20% is designed based on the mathematical model. A simplified vaporization model is also developed to describe the motion and evaporation behavior of a single water droplet in the SET. The calculated trajectories of the droplet provide guidance to the SET design. Two-phase simulations are performed to provide further insight into spray evaporation performance inside the SET. Results indicate that a high evaporation efficiency of 99.86% is achievable by the modified SET. In addition, the application of the Reaction Engineering Approach in the hindered spray evaporation simulation is discussed and validated for future study.

Water potential in cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) plants subjected to different irrigation treatments and doses of calcium

To determine whether the management of irrigation andnutrition in cape gooseberry crops with calcium to reduce thecracking of fruits affects the water potential of the plants, thepresent study was carried out using a randomized block designwith 12 treatments in a 4×3 factorial arrangement. The blockswere the irrigation frequencies (4, 9 and 14 days apart). Thefirst factor was the irrigation coefficient (0.7, 0.9, 1.1 and 1.3 ofthe evaporation tank of class A), and the second factor was thecalcium dose (0, 50 and 100 kg ha-1), representing 36 experimental units. Seed propagated cape gooseberries were transplanted in 20 L pots using peat moss as substrate. The water potential in the leaves (ψleaf) and stems (ψstem) was measured as well as the water consumption and irrigation water-use efficiency (WUEi) of the plants. The ψleaf and ψstem of the cape gooseberry plants presented a sinusoidal trend throughout the day. The water frequency of 4 days with an irrigation coefficient of 1.1 showed the highest values of ψleaf and ψstem. The ψstem and ψleaf reached the highest values at predawn (4 am) as a result of the low vapor pressure deficit (VPD) levels that occurred at that time and reached their lowest point in the midday hours. The irrigation coefficient of 1.1 had the second largest WUEi and, thus, represented the water level most suitable for growing cape gooseberry since it generated the largest number of big fruits and the smallest percentage of cracked fruits.

Enhanced solar still condensation by using a radiative cooling system and phase change material

In this study, an experimental investigation of using the radiative cooling potential in a solar still was studied. Instead of using an auxiliary radiative panel, an integrated collector was utilized for both processes of absorption of solar radiations and emission of infrared radiations for radiative cooling. At night-time, the coldness was stored in the PCM inside the PCM-condenser. While during the day, the water was evaporated in an evaporation tank, the produced vapor was directed to the PCM-condenser and the air cooled-condenser. Different condenser configurations were tested to evaluate the effect of radiative cooling on daily yield and solar still efficiency. The lower temperature of PCM compared to the ambient air caused the condensation to start sooner. Therefore, the radiative cooling enhanced the condensation in the solar still and increased its daily yield by about 31.2%. The daily yield of the system was 2.139 kg/m2 without radiative cooling with an efficiency of 23.9%. Using the radiative cooling at night to store coldness in the PCM-condenser increased the daily yield and efficiency to 2.805 kg/m2 day and 30.7%, respectively. Because of the limited cooling capacity of radiative cooling, utilizing an air-condenser beside the PCM-condenser was necessary to condense all produced vapor.

GOAT MANURE FERTILIZATION AND IRRIGATION ON PRODUCTION COMPONENTS OF SUNFLOWER

ABSTRACT Sunflower can be an economically viable crop in the Northeast region of Brazil depending on the use of appropriate irrigation and fertilization managements. The objective of this work was to evaluate production components of sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L.) of the BRS-324 cultivar subjected to different organic fertilizer rates (goat manure) and irrigation water depths in two crop cycles (November 2014 to February 2015; and August to November 2015). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with a split-split-plot arrangement, consisting of five organic fertilizer rates (OFR) (0, 300, 600, 900, and 1.200 mL plant-1 week-1) and five irrigation water depths (IWD) (33; 66; 100; 133, and 166% of the class A tank evaporation), with three blocks. The highest achene yield (1,220.78 kg ha-1) in the first cycle was found using OFR of 1,200 mL plant-1 week-1 and IWD of 134.9% (524.9 mm); and the highest yield (882.07 kg ha-1) in the second crop cycle was found using the highest OFR combined with IWD of 166% (843.0 mm). The use of goat manure as organic fertilizer had no effect on the sunflower oil content; however, this variable was affected by the irrigation water depths used. Protein content was higher in the second crop cycle (14%) when using IWD of 100% and OFR of 536 mL plant-1 week-1.

Development of analytical model of evaporation behavior of working medium in constant temperature evaporation tank

Development of analytical model of evaporation behavior of working medium in constant temperature evaporation tank

Método del Cenirrómetro como alternativa de programación de riego por aspersión en el cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao)

En una finca cacaotera de la costa ecuatoriana se evalúo la metodología del Cenirrómetro desarrollada por el Centro de Investigación de la Caña de Azúcar de Colombia (Cenicaña) como una alternativa de programación del riego en el cultivo de cacao y se comparó con una programación a partir del tanque de evaporación clase A y tensiómetros. Para el efecto se utilizó una plantación de cacao CCN – 51 con instalación de riego por aspersión subfoliar. Se evaluaron dos módulos de riego seleccionando 16 aspersores en cada uno, para establecer la precipitación promedio. En el suelo se determinaron los componentes texturales y los contenidos de materia orgánica para obtener indirectamente las constantes físicas de capacidad de campo, punto de marchitez permanente y densidad aparente, utilizando para ello el modelo Soil Water Characteristics del USDA. Para las mediciones de evaporación se utilizaron dos recipientes plásticos, uno para la metodología del Cenirrómetro y el otro, para cumplir la función del tanque clase A. Se consideraron una profundidad radicular efectiva de 300 mm y un umbral de riego de 0.25, lo que junto a un coeficiente de cultivo (Kc) de 1.10, permitió establecer una lámina constante para el Cenirrómetro de 16 mm (marca en el recipiente). Se midieron el número de frutos/planta, el diámetro y la longitud de frutos, y el rendimiento de granos secos seleccionando 15 plantas en cada metodología. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando la prueba ‘t’ de Student. Los resultados de producción avalan la metodología del Cenirrómetro, por tanto, puede considerarse como una alternativa de programación de riego por aspersión en el cultivo de cacao.

Irrigation and organic and mineral fertilization in sunflower crop

The amount of available water to certain crops can play a direct influence on the expected effect of the application of fertilizers, whether mineral or organic origin. Thus, this work was performed in order to evaluate the effects of the application of different irrigation depths and organic and mineral fertilizers in the development and production of sunflower plants in Ceará state, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in full sun in pots containing Alfisol, in a completely randomized experimental design with a 5 x 3 factorial, five irrigation depths (L1 = 50%, L2 = 75%, L3 = 100%, L4 and L5 = 125% = 150% of the Class-A Tank evaporation ECA) and three fertilizations (F1 = organic, using aerobic fermentation of Bovine biofertilizer, F2 = mineral fertilizers, NPK-based and F3 = control without an addition of fertilizers with five replications. At 65 days after sowing (DAS), the following characteristics were analyzed: number of leaves, stem diameter, and plant height. In the maximum development of achenes (about 90 DAS), the plants were harvested to determine the head diameter, dry mass of 1000 seeds, dry mass of sunflower head, seed dry mass and crop yield. The different depths applied causing a significant effect in all the sunflower crop yield parameters being as low as the effect of the applied lower depth. The application of biofertilizers in plants provided increments similar to those provided by the application of mineral fertilizers in stem diameter, dry mass of the sunflower head, the head diameter and seed dry mass under different irrigation depths. Since most applied irrigation depth (150% of the ECA), combined with the mineral fertilizer and bovine biofertilizer provided higher results in sunflower production.

Investigation of the component exergy efficiencies of a two stage vapour compression cycle

The exergy efficiencies of the components (compressor I and II, condenser, evaporator and flash tank) of a two stage vapour compression refrigeration cycle were analysed with respect to evaporator and condenser temperatures for various refrigerants such a R1234ze, R1234yf, R236fa, R227ea and R134a. In the analysis, a computer program was developed by means of engineering equation solver (EES). The exergy efficiencies of components such as the evaporator, condenser, flash tank and compressor I increased while the exergy efficiency of compressor II decreased for the refrigerants used in the cycle for the evaporator temperatures ranging between -30°C to 0°C. The exergy efficiencies of the components such as compressor I and II increased while the exergy efficiency of condenser decreased, and the exergy efficiency of the evaporator stayed almost constant for the refrigerants used in the cycle for the condenser temperatures ranging between 40°C and 55°C. For all refrigerants, the highest exergy efficiencies (around 0.99) were obtained in the flash tank of the cycle while the lowest ones (around 0.15) were obtained in the condenser.

Characterization of non-methane hydrocarbons and their sources in an industrialized coastal city, Yangtze River Delta, China

Ningbo is a highly industrialized city in the coastal area of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), China. Large emissions and transport of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) may contribute to regional ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM) pollution; however, the concentrations and sources of ambient NMHCs have not yet been investigated in Ningbo. In this study, ambient NMHCs were measured at two residential (SZ and CX) and two industrial (ZH and BL) sites and one suburban (XS) site over ten consecutive days in each season (10–20 December 2012 in winter, 14–23 April 2013 in spring, 15–24 July 2013 in summer, 22–31 October 2013, in autumn). A positive matrix factorization (PMF) model using multiple site data was deployed to explore the source contributions and their spatial and seasonal characteristics. The measurement results showed obvious seasonal variations in ambient NMHC concentrations (ranging from 17.89–28.48ppbv); chemical compositions were similar among the five sampling sites. PMF analysis showed that the petrochemical industry was the largest contributor (an average of 35.64%) to ambient NMHCs, while contributions of smaller sources (i.e., chemical and paint industries [14.34%], fuel and tank evaporation [16.02%], and residential solvent usage [7.24%]) showed spatial variations. Liquefied petroleum gas and fuel and tank evaporation contributed more in summer and autumn, while the contribution of the chemical and paint industries was greater in spring and winter. An evaluation of the ozone formation potential and secondary organic aerosol potential suggested that petrochemical and solvent-related sources were key parameters in mitigation of secondary pollutant formation. Seasonal variations in source contributions should be considered when formulating an effective NMHC abatement strategy.

Comparison of different operation modes of a single effect thermal desalination plant using waste heat from m-CHP units

This work is an in-depth analysis of the performance behavior of a small scale single effect thermal desalination plant. The prototype, which refers to the distributed micro cogeneration field, consists of a 1 kWe Stirling engine coupled with a single effect thermal desalination plant for the simultaneous production of electricity and >150 L/day of fresh water.The prototype was able to work in two different operation modes: batch operation and continuous operation. In the former, the evaporator tank is initially filled with the salt water up to its maximum and the evaporation process ends as the salt water level reaches the top of the coil. In the latter, concentrate is continuously extracted and salt water is fed inside the evaporator tank in order to maintain brine salinity almost constant.In a previous work authors investigated the plant performance in batch operation mode finding a good agreement with the predicted results. In this work, plant performance is evaluated in continuous operation and compared to the batch operation mode. In both cases, fresh water production reached a maximum of about 7 L/h in the best operating conditions. However, despite the higher complexity of the plant, performance is worse in the continuous operation mode due to the negative effect of the continuous seawater flow. Indeed, the lower the salt content of the treated water, the lower the fresh water production due to process limits which will be extensively discussed in the paper. More precisely, the plant's average productivities were about 1.3 L/kWh and 1.16 L/kWh of thermal energy input in batch and continuous operation modes respectively.In any case, the apparatus exhibited a very good response to varying thermal power input thus confirming the opportunity to feed the desalination plant also with different forms of waste heat.Hence the proposed solution, studied for a coupling with a 1 kWe Stirling engine, can be easily applied also to the other micro-CHP technologies.