Tank Diameter Research Articles

Dynamic performance of ground supported circular water tank using shaking table

One of the most important lifelines for the human population is the water tank, which needs to be able to continue operating as usual both during and after earthquakes. Due to inadequate design techniques, structures are mainly intended to support static loads. The impact of dynamic loading is not taken into account. When resonance occurs, the effect is even more severe. The main objective of this work is to perform shaking table tests and study the dynamic performance of circular water tanks resting on the ground during shaking. For this investigation, three tanks with different height-to-diameter ratios have been taken into consideration. For various combinations of frequency, amplitude and water height in the tank, the hydrodynamic pressure at various places and the height of the sloshing wave during shaking have been measured experimentally. In comparison to the static water pressure on the container, it is discovered that dynamic pressure increases by 20%–50% during shaking. Resonant frequency drops with increasing tank diameter for a given water head at constant amplitudes.

Critical diameter for a single-tank molten salt storage – Parametric study on structural tank design

Molten salt thermal energy storage (TES) is a cost-effective option for grid-connected storage in both concentrating solar power (CSP) plants and retrofitted thermal power plants in a multimegawatt scale. Current systems use two tanks (hot and cold), but future systems may use a single tank with a transient temperature profile (hot in the top and cold in the bottom) to reduce costs and space. However, the structural and mechanical design of large-scale molten salt single-tank storages at 560 °C has not been fully explored, and the impact of increasing the operating temperature to 620 °C is still uncertain. The challenge presented by a single tank is the existence of a temperature profile that results in a varying thermal expansion of the tank shell along its height. In the case of larger tanks, this discrepancy can reach a magnitude of centimeters, which in turn gives rise to bending moments. To the best of our knowledge, this study addresses the issue of bending stresses in large-sized high-temperature tanks with thermal stratification for the first time. The modelling approach is applied to single-tank CSP TES systems as a case study to evaluate the constraints imposed by tank size and wall thickness.With the help of experimentally validated numerical methods, it is revealed that a low thermocline thickness can be a limiting factor for large tank diameters. It is shown that the temperature has a major influence on maximum possible tank size: if the operating temperature is raised from 560 °C to 620 °C, the permitted tank diameter is significantly reduced when using the same tank wall material. A possible approach is to use a more heat resistant steel for 620 °C. Results of the parametric study show that designing a single tank below a critical diameter only requires a moderate increase of the wall thickness compared to the two-tank system with constant temperature profiles. Based on this parametric study a formula for the critical tank diameter is developed and presented in this work. The paper concludes with recommendations on how increased wall stresses can be addressed by an appropriate design.

Interpretable machine learning-based analysis of coal fly ash flotation by conditioning process intensification

ABSTRACT Conditioning process intensification is necessary for improving the fly ash flotation effect. Understanding the relationship between conditioning parameters and flotation results is crucial for optimizing the conditioning-flotation process. This study developed a machine learning framework for predicting the yield, loss on ignition, and removal rate of unburned carbon using data from conditioning-flotation experiments. Feature variables of conditioning speed, impeller type, stirred tank diameter, collector dosage, and frother dosage were employed to develop five machine learning models. After tuning the hyper-parameters with GridSearchCV technique, it was found that Random Forest Regression model, eXtreme Gradient Boosting Regression model, and Gradient Boosting Regression model demonstrated good agreements between the predicted data and test data for the yield, loss on ignition, and removal rate of unburned carbon. The maximum R2 values were 0.9184, 0.8339, and 0.9434, respectively, while the minimum MSE values were 3.30, 5.82, and 20.59, respectively. The interpretable analysis using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method indicated that conditioning speed was the most significant feature variable affecting the yield, loss on ignition, and removal rate of unburned carbon, while impeller type had a secondary impact. This investigation is expected to reveal the important role of conditioning process intensification in optimizing fly ash flotation.

Scaling study of miniaturised continuous stirred tank reactors via residence time distribution analysis and application in the production of iron oxide nanoparticles

Magnetically agitated miniaturised continuous stirred tank reactors (mCSTRs) are an attractive platform for the intensification of chemical reactions involving solids by combining active stirring and intensified heat and mass transfer due to their small dimensions. This work investigated the operation of mCSTRs at flowrates up to 60 ml/min (space time of 3 s per tank) as a means of increasing the throughput of fast reactions. Investigation of the residence time distribution under varying operational (flowrate, stirrer rotational speed) and reactor geometrical (stirred volume, stir bar size) parameters, showed deviation from the ideal CSTR behaviour at increasing flowrates, which could be mitigated by keeping the stir bar length close to the tank diameter, increasing stirrer rotational speed, and using larger tank sizes. Assembling mCSTRs into cascades did not amplify non-ideal behaviour and allowed narrowing the residence time distribution at high throughput. Various configurations of mCSTR cascades were evaluated for the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) via iron chloride co-precipitation with NaOH, demonstrating the importance of residence time distribution (RTD) control when increasing the throughput of nanoparticle production. Using a 5 × 3 ml mCSTR cascade for the core formation followed by a 5 × 3 ml mCSTR cascade for deagglomeration/stabilisation, the IONP flow synthesis was scaled successfully, producing high quality nanoparticles (7.3 ± 2 nm) at 60.5 ml/min (l/h scale).

Parametric study for a structured thermal energy storage system for concentrated solar power plants

The objective of this paper is to study and optimise thermal energy storage systems of structured thermocline type. The system consists of a solid filler material made from waste ceramic products and a set of channels through which the heat transfer fluid flows. A well-verified and validated unsteady and one-dimensional computational model was developed for this study. The investigation is carried out considering three main output values: outlet temperature, thermocline thickness and discharged exergy. The behaviour of several parameters, such as the flow velocity and cut-off temperature difference, the height and the diameter of the tank, together with the void fraction and the diameter of the channels, were studied. The results suggest that increasing the cut-off temperature, tank diameter and height, and/or void fraction reduces the thermocline thickness. Similarly, decreasing the flow velocity and/or channel diameter leads to a reduction in thermocline thickness. In order to increase the discharged exergy, it is necessary to reduce the cut-off temperature, flow velocity, or channel diameter while increasing the void fraction, as well as the diameter and height of the unit. This work outlines design guidelines aimed at optimising operational and geometrical parameters to achieve improved efficiency for structured thermocline systems.

Heat transfer coefficient evaluated for a designed jacketed vessel for parameter optimization in coal water slurry preparation using dual impellers

ABSTRACT This study examines the heat transfer coefficient during coal water slurry preparation in a jacketed vessel, focusing on key parameters influencing heat transfer. A dual impeller system is utilized to enhance mixing and heat transmission capacity. Using the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) method, the equipment is designed, comprising a cylindrical flat-bottom tank with an impeller diameter of 0.079 m, a height of 0.3 m, and four uniformly positioned detachable flat baffles around the vessel’s perimeter. Experiments are conducted using the L27 orthogonal array at three different levels, varying impeller speed, clearance height to tank diameter ratio, slurry height to tank diameter ratio, and distance between the two impellers. Two categories of dual impeller experiments, propeller and Rushton, are examined. Statistical analysis indicates that impeller speed and Z/T ratio significantly influence heat transfer coefficient, while C/T ratio and distance between impellers have a lesser impact. In both propeller and Rushton experiments, impeller speed and Z/T ratio have the most substantial effect on heat transfer coefficient, contributing 62.907% and 59.47%, respectively, in propeller and Rushton experiments. These findings underscore the importance of impeller speed and Z/T ratio in enhancing heat transfer coefficient during coal water slurry preparation in a jacketed vessel.

Effect of Tank Diameter on Solid Suspension in Industrial Reactor Vessels

Effect of Tank Diameter on Solid Suspension in Industrial Reactor Vessels

Manure temperature prediction for slurry storage in Sweden: Model validation including effects of shading, snow cover and mixing

Measuring and modelling manure temperatures are crucial for estimating greenhouse gas emissions from liquid manure storage. The manure temperature was recorded at various depths in two swine slurry storage tanks situated in Vallentuna (VA) and Örsundsbro (OR) in Sweden. These data were used to assess the effectiveness of a revised mechanistic model for estimating manure temperatures, which incorporates the effects of wall shading, snow cover, and manure input mixing. The average manure temperatures were higher than air temperatures in the summer and fall. This indicated that using air temperature would result in an underestimation of methane emissions when applying the 2019 IPCC Refinement methodology. The revised model estimated manure temperatures for spring, summer, fall, and winter as 4.8, 16.1, 7.8, and 2.6 °C at the VA tank and 11.6, 17.1, 9.5, and 3.6 °C at the OR tank. The root mean square errors between daily simulated and observed temperatures in the summer decreased in both tanks due to incorporating shadow effect into the revised model. Fall estimates did not improve, possibly because of uncertainties from slurry removal and higher precipitation inputs. Sensitivity analysis indicated that solar radiative heat input was reduced with higher tank walls and smaller tank diameters when applying the revised model. Wall shading may influence manure temperatures in tanks with small diameters at high-latitude locations. This study offers insights into understanding the relationship between manure temperatures and its thermal balance influenced by latitude, storage design, snow cover and mixing, and its implications for accurately estimating methane emissions.

Design and Manufacturing of Solar Operated Automatic Fish Feeder System

One of the most significant aqua cultural endeavors to date is fish farming. Traditionally, the majority of fish feeding is done by hand, requiring the transportation of people to the feeding location. Fish feeding by hand requires more work, money, and time. Following an extensive survey of farmers across various regions regarding their approaches to fish farming, the Auto Switch Food Feeder, which utilizes new technologies to replace traditional farming methods, will automate farming practices. The design of the solar-powered fish feeder will be based on certain parameters, such as the capacity of the culture tank, stocking density, fish biomass, and feed diameter. Additionally, a user-friendly interface that is compact and convenient for farming will be designed. In the current project, user interface design and timing controls are applied to automate feeding methods, which will significantly save labor costs and efforts while improving the quality of fish feeding. Key Words: Fish Farming, Automatic feeding, automation etc.

Density affects rearing performance of juvenile landlocked fall Chinook Salmon

AbstractObjectiveDensity‐related information for landlocked fall Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha shortly after first feeding is poorly understood. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of a range of rearing densities (low, intermediate, and high) on rearing performance and survival of newly feed‐trained juvenile landlocked fall Chinook Salmon.MethodsThe fish were reared for 66 days in 1.8‐m (diameter) tanks with approximate volume of 2036 L at one of three loadings of approximately 2500, 5000, or 10,000 fish/tank.ResultThe initial and final densities for each of the three loadings were 0.73 and 8.93, 1.45 and 16.41, and 2.90 and 26.86 kg/m3, respectively. At the end of the study, the specific growth rates were significantly lower, total lengths were significantly shorter, and feed conversion ratios were significantly greater in the fish from the highest‐density treatment relative to the fish in the other treatments. Percentage of weight gain, final weights, and condition factor were significantly reduced in fish from the highest‐density treatment relative those at the lowest density. There were no significant differences in any growth metrics between fish that were reared at the lowest and intermediate densities. The intermediate density (5000 fish/tank) produced intermediate results that did not significantly differ from either the highest or lowest densities. Mortality was not significantly different among the density treatments.ConclusionAn initial loading of 5000 fish in 1.8‐m (diameter) circular tanks, corresponding to initial and final densities of 1.45 and 16.41 kg/m3, respectively, is recommended to minimize the detrimental effects of density on newly feeding Chinook Salmon while maximizing their production in often limited hatchery space.

Supernova model discrimination with a kilotonne-scale Gd-H2O Cherenkov detector

Abstract The supernova model discrimination capabilities of the WATCHMAN detector concept are explored. This cylindrical kilotonne-scale water Cherenkov detector design has been developed to detect reactor antineutrinos through inverse β-decay for non-proliferation applications but also has the ability to observe antineutrino bursts of core-collapse supernovae within our galaxy. Detector configurations with sizes ranging from 16 m to 22 m tank diameter and 10% to 20% PMT coverage are used to compare the expected observable antineutrino spectra based on the Nakazato, Vartanyan and Warren supernova models. These spectra are then compared to each other with a fixed event count of 100 observed inverse β-decay events and a benchmark supernova at 10 kpc distance from Earth. By comparing the expected spectra, each detector configuration's ability to distinguish is evaluated. This analysis then demonstrates that the detector design is capable of meaningful event discrimination (90+% accuracy) with 100 observed supernova antineutrino events in most configurations. Furthermore, a larger tank configuration can maintain this performance at 10 kpc distance and above, indicating that overall target mass is the main factor for such a detector's discrimination capabilities. Finally, it is estimated that the detector design can provide early warning capability for supernova bursts for the entire Milky Way in all configurations.

Mechanical Behavior of Large Symmetric Fiber Reinforced Polymer-Reactive Powder Concrete Composite Tanks with Floating Tops

In order to investigate the mechanical behavior of FRP-reactive powder concrete composite tanks with floating tops (FRPCTs) subjected to gravity, twenty-two full-scale FRPCTs were designed with varying parameters for the inner diameter of the storage tank (D) and the thickness of the reactive powder concrete (tc). Based on nonlinear constitutive models and the contact of the materials, and considering tank–liquid coupling, three-dimensional finite element refined models of FRPCTs were established under gravity with ADINA8.5 finite element software, and finite element models of FRPCTs under gravity were verified based on theoretical frequency formulae and existing static tests. Then, the influence of the regularity of different parameters on the equivalent stress, hoop stress, radial stress, and axial stress of the FRPCTs was obtained, and the stress distributions of FRPCTs were clearly described. The results show that the natural frequency of FRPCTs increases gradually with an increase in the height of the tank liquid (Hw); however, the natural frequency of FRPCTs reduces with an increase in D. The equivalent stress, hoop stress, radial stress, and axial stress of the FRP plate and RPC decrease slowly with an increase in tc. The axial stress of the inner RPC increases with an increase in D. The equivalent stress of the inner FRP plate subjected to gravity is distributed in a W shape, the hoop stress, and the axial stress of the FRPCTs are distributed in a U shape, and the radial stress of the inner FRP plate is distributed in an I shape. The maximum displacement occurs in the middle of the FRPCTs, and the bonding between the FRP plate and the concrete is better. Finally, a calculation formula for the variation in the regularity of the tc is developed with different D, and design and construction suggestions for FRPCTs are given, which can provide technical support for the application of the FRPCTs in practical engineering.

Force model in the penetration by impact into confined granular media

We study analytically the influence of lateral confinement on the penetration depth of a sphere into a granular medium by impact. The granular medium is contained in a cylindrical tank of diameter D and a sphere of diameter d plunges along its axis. The presence of side walls, parametrized by the distance between the walls and the sphere, influences the penetration depth. Here, we deploy a continuous analytical model to account for the presence of side walls. After solving and calibrating this model for an infinite medium , we show that it is possible to extend this model without any additional parameters to account for lateral confinement. The influence of side walls is modelled by an exponential effect, which modifies the sphere's penetration dynamics. The solution of the model is shown to be in agreement with experimental results.

Design and Non-Linear Modeling of New Wind Girder Used for Bolted Tanks

Large-capacity bolted cylindrical tanks for liquid storage are used in many applications. The tanks are made of thin steel sheets that are connected by bolts. A common problem associated with tanks is deforming under extreme loads. Adding wind girders to the tank increases the tank’s buckling capacity, which is defined as the limit load at which the structure loses stability. The girders are usually placed in the horizontal joints of the tank wall. The girders are bent from standard or non-standard steel bars with a uniform cross-section. This type of design is difficult to produce, especially with large profiles or large curvatures, to avoid distortion of the cross-section during bending. Furthermore, the girders are customized to the given openings and curvature for various tank diameters. The resulting solution is then uneconomical and more complicated to store. This paper deals with the design and non-linear modeling of a new shape of wind girder for bolted tanks that eliminates the above-mentioned disadvantages. To analyze the new shape of the girder, a non-linear numerical model of an open-topped tank with various dimensions is designed to study its buckling capacity.

Influence of coiling behavior on axial stress in steel wires of submarine power cables: A numerical study

Coiling processes that are commonly employed to lay submarine power cables to static tanks on ships cause twisting and bending deformations of the cables, potentially affecting the integrity and safety. This study investigates the mechanical behavior of submarine power cables subjected to combined torsional and bending loads using analytical models and finite element method-based software. The objective of the numerical analysis was to evaluate compressive stresses generated within the armor wires of submarine power cables. Additionally, the investigation was extended to assess the potential risk of wire buckling, i.e., bird-caging. The influence of wire pitch length and tank diameter on the magnitude of compressive stress was examined, and the findings revealed a decrease in the likelihood of wire buckling with longer pitch lengths and larger tank diameters. The results of this study will offer valuable insights into the cross-sectional design and the mechanical behavior of submarine power cables subjected to coiling operation.

Simulation of the Gas Distribution Law and Operational Risk Analysis of a Vertical Gas Tank in a Ventilation State

As a type of airtight equipment, vertical gas tanks are prone to accumulations of toxic and harmful gases due to their poor ventilation and narrow space. This poses many safety hazards. Therefore, we conducted a FLUENT simulation for vertical gas tanks with different diameters. The results indicated that the larger the diameter, the longer the required ventilation time. It was necessary to monitor the gas concentration after ventilation for at least 6 h when the tank diameter was 2.6 m, after ventilation for at least 24 h when the tank diameter was 5.2 m, and after ventilation for at least 80 h when the tank diameter was 7.8 m. To ensure comprehensive monitoring, at least one monitoring point was required to be placed at the upper and lower ends of the vertical gas tank, respectively. Monitoring was initiated after these requirements were reached. A theoretical numerical analysis and an experimental verification analysis were conducted on the simulation results. The variation trend of the simulation value, the theoretical value, and the experimental test value were the same. The measured value of the ventilation duration was greater than the theoretical value of the ventilation duration and the simulation value of the ventilation duration. Therefore, the simulation results and theoretical analysis could be used for a risk analysis of gas tanks. The determination of ventilation characteristics via a simulation of vertical gas tanks has a practical significance when guiding on-site operations.

Experimental study of the burning behavior and key parameters of gasoline pool fires with different ullage heights

Pool fires with different ullage heights are a common type of fire accident. A series of gasoline pool fire experiments with two sizes (D = 40 cm, 60 cm) and six ullage heights (h = 0, 0.2D, 0.4D, 0.6D, 0.8D, 1.0D) are conducted. The burning process, axial temperature profile, radiative heat feedback, and burning rate are measured and analyzed. The result shows that the fuel vapor layer and the down-reaching flame layer are distinguished based on the axial temperature profile for the steady burning stage. Meanwhile, the down-reaching flame length (Ldown) increases more profoundly for large tank diameters under the same ullage height. Subsequently, the dimensionless down-reaching flame length (Ldown* = Ldown/D) increases exponentially with the dimensionless ullage heights (h* = h/D). Finally, based on the classical burning rate model for the low ullage height and the heat transfer process from the flame to the fuel surface, a correlation with different ullage heights is established to calculate the burning rate, which is then validated against the experimental data in the paper and literature values. The results are of importance to understand the burning rate and the radiative heat feedback to the fuel surface for pool fires with different ullage heights.

Elimination of Air-Core Vortex in a Cylindrical Tank By Dual Ports

The liquid drain from a cylindrical tank subjected to rotation forms a depression on the free surface of the liquid. This depression transforms into an air-core vortex which subsequently enters the drain port. The reduced cross-sectional area of the drain port thus lowers the discharge of the fluid. This phenomenon is of practical interest, especially in the case of space vehicles as similar flow patterns exists in the storage tank during draining of liquid propellants. The current study focuses to extirpate such vortex generation using dual port cylindrical tank. In the present work, the effect of initial rotation and center to center distance between the ports on the air-core vortex is studied by keeping the initial height of liquid layer, drain port diameter and tank diameter are constant.It may be noted that complete suppression of vortex with reduced drain time is the remarkable feature of this analysis.

Optimal insulation of underground spherical tanks for seasonal thermal energy storage applications

The literature deals specifically with compressed gas characteristics, solar radiation, storage volume and heat load fluctuation in aboveground storage and thermal energy storage (TES) applications. To prevent their negative effects, the use of underground insulated spherical tanks in the storage process has been overlooked. This study details the physical and economic aspects of using insulation in underground spherical tanks for seasonal TES systems. In determining the storage heat load, the degree-time method is recommended for the heat transfer mechanism between soil and storage temperature degrees. Using life cycle cost analysis, the insulation thickness, energy saving and payback period in the underground spherical tank are discussed in detail for hot and cold storage capacities. The results of the study indicated that the degree-hour method can be used in the design of hot and cold TES systems despite the temperature fluctuation. Insulation can be taken care of in hot fluid storage instead of cold alternative. With insulation in the underground spherical tank, it is observed than about 200 % energy savings is possible with approximately 50 % shorter payback period. For the hot fluid storage with insulation, as the storage fluid temperature, soil thermal conductivity and tank diameter rise and the depth falls, but the optimum insulation thickness value increases. As a result, this study is expected to be a guide for further seasonal TES applications using insulation in underground spherical tanks.

Design and implementation of microcirculation cooling device for microelectronic devices based on electrostatic force

This paper presents the design of a cooling device for microelectronic device applications. The proposed device uses parallel plate capacitor electrical bias to generate an electrostatic force that acts on the coolant to enable control of the coolant flow in the radiator. Through a combination of the structural design of the device and the application of an electrical bias on both sides of multiple parallel plate capacitor electrodes, the generation of a radiator coolant eddy current is realized, and the functions of cooling and heat transfer are realized for microelectronic devices placed on the surface of the base platform. Based on this principle, a finite element multi-physical field simulation was used to simulate the flow heat transfer function of the coolant in the device under the action of the electrostatic force and the effects of the channel diameter, channel spacing, voltage, and liquid storage tank depth on the peak coolant velocity were studied. In addition, 3D printing technology was used to fabricate the heat dissipation device. The heat dissipation device was tested by charging, with a basic realization of the function of controlling the cooling liquid flow in the heat dissipation device demonstrated. The device realizes radiator coolant flow rate control through voltage control and has characteristics that include low energy consumption and a convenient and compact structure.