Tangible Objects Research Articles

TIPTAB: A tangible interactive projection tabletop for virtual experiments

AbstractVirtual experiments are a new way of doing experiments. A visible difference between virtual and real experiments is the interaction mode. Such a difference causes unfamiliarity and induces unnecessary cognitive load and inefficiency during learning. The objective of the research is to reduce the interactive operation difference between virtual and real experiments as much as possible. TIPTAB, a tangible interactive projection tabletop, is proposed for virtual experiments. A depth camera is used to detect tangible objects in the real environment. These objects are printed by three‐dimensional (3D) printers in advance and tracked in real‐time. The tracked 3D poses are then used as inputs for further experiments. Both object textures and scene contents are augmented by projectors, and thus the virtual presentation of digital space is seamlessly registered and fused with physical space. An infrared (IR) camera and an IR transmitter are used to detect finger touch operations on the tabletop. During experimental learning, students can interact without wearing any devices as they do in real experiments, which greatly reduces their interaction burdens. Experimental results show that the proposed method is more efficient compared with other representative interaction methods. Based on the cognitive load theory and the statistical data, TIPTAB has a low cognitive load for students during virtual experiments. Questionnaire survey results also indicate that TIPTAB offers a good learning experience.

Savoring and the experiential advantage: Savoring beliefs determine consumer happiness from experiential versus material purchases

Consumer research finds that people derive greater enduring happiness from discretionary spending on experiential purchases (events that they personally encounter or live through) than material purchases (tangible objects that can be obtained and kept in their possession). While research in this area has contributed to our understanding of this “experiential advantage” by examining the underlying psychology of this phenomenon, individual differences in the experiential advantage have received less attention. The present investigation examines whether individual differences in savoring capacity affect the subjective well-being that consumers derive from experiential vs. material purchases. This research finds that the self-rated ability to savor positive experiences significantly predicts comparative purchase happiness, and uncovers an attenuation or reversal of the experiential advantage among those of lower savoring capacity. These results suggest that savoring is an important component to the experiential advantage.

Семиотический подход к пониманию социокультурного ландшафта региона

The article deals with the phenomenon of sociocultural landscape, which in modern conditions integrates, along with social and cultural components, their semantic components. Based on the concept of sociocultural landscape of the region as a sign system, functioning on the model of the text, it is substantiated that the development of such a concept acquires semiotic character. It is emphasized that the development of the concept of semiotics of sociocultural landscape of the region is adequate to the general logic of the development of sociological knowledge. The object of research in this article is understood as a material space, which includes a sociocultural element in its territory, where huge intersecting dynamic structures, which we define as a sociocultural landscape, inevitably line up. This fluid, spatio-temporal structure is perceived as a system of landscapes composed of different communication flows. The aim of the study is to overcome the limitations of the concept of the regional urbanized landscape and demonstrate the integrative functions of the sign in the formation of social structure and processes in the regional sociocultural landscape. One of the main results of the article, is the conclusion that the sociocultural landscape of the Volgograd region is a frontier, frontier cultural landscape. In modern sociocultural landscapes, the old cultural heritage preserved in the form of tangible objects, traces of traditional human activities and signs of global culture and modern communication, may be dominant and determine the course of many social processes taking place in this territory. In this regard, to consider the specificity of the sociocultural landscape as a sociological object of knowledge and to penetrate into the essence of the specificity of the problem under study, it is necessary to use a semiotic approach.

Исследование информационного взаимодействия между различными подсистемами на основе стандартов CCSDS при идентификации материальных объектов

Due to the increasing complexity of information processes, there is a need to develop models and methods of interaction between various subsystems, segments and, in relation to them, to develop methods for identifying ob-jects. The object of research is the process of accounting for the movement of material objects between different segments of complex systems, for example, between different segments of the international space station, between different segments of the material flow system or other segments of the Earth-Space system. Instruments and instrument complexes were chosen as material objects. Based on the performed study of data structure complexity levels, the necessity of development of identification systems for different segments of the material flow transportation system was substantiated. A new method is proposed and the results of practical experiments on the identification of material objects on the basis of CCSDS standard (CCSDS RFID Tag-Encoding Yellow Book) are considered. The hardware platform for accounting of tangible objects and information collection was selected radio-frequency readers and on-board computer networks represented by CCSDS 881.1-B-1 (Spacecraft onboard interface services - RFID tag encoding specification). RFID tags are used to identify tangible objects. To solve the problem of transferring information about material objects the developed model of information exchange and method of identification of material objects are presented, necessary fields and tag's memory bank structure are presented. In the process of describing the identification of material objects it is proposed to use a special alphabet ECMA-113 for data representation in the identifiers placed in the RFID tags. As part of the study, the simulation of information exchange between different subsystems during the transfer of information about material objects was conducted. The results of the experiments are presented, confirming that the universality of the alphabet lies in the possibility of simultaneous use of Latin and Cyrillic coding. For an estimation of efficiency of the offered models and modelling of a situation of an exchange of the information on material objects in wireless on-board networks separate independent subprogrammes of coding, decoding of identifiers of material objects have been developed and practical modelling of transfer of the big information volume between two various agencies (segments) is spent. The programmes were developed by the participants independently 
 of each other. On the basis of fulfilled modeling of information interaction and information transfer on material objects it was found that the error of data recognition does not exceed 6-7% and it does not increase with the increasing number of objects. The development results allowed to formulate a conclusion about the success of the experiment on the application of object identifiers based on CCSDS for airborne wireless networks, for the use of radio-frequency identification systems.

Economic Networking as Implied in Property Law: Certain Aspects

The present paper outlines the current stage in the development of traditional approaches in the field of property law and the relevant legislation and practice in Russia. Some results and tendencies of adapting traditional approaches to the realities of the new time are introduced. The author shows a gradual shift from the concept of property form toward the concept of property regime based on the actual move away from the property holders themselves to the rights that such holders enjoy. The present paper highlights the economic reasons for this state of affairs. It has also been revealed that the method of appropriation of information leads to the changes in the area of property defined, given the parties involved, as state property concerns its definition as communal and public. As a result, a property network regime for information has been formed according to the information available in the network (from inaccessible and restricted to commercial or generally accessible). The author explains the reasons for more complicated property relations and evolving ownership rights for both tangible and digital objects. It has been established that the spare potential of property interpretation in terms of its regimes is significant; thus, it requires further analysis. It is worth highlighting those property regimes and forms as mobile and variable. This paper states that the ethical problem of justice that arises in the context of the effectiveness and the possibility of traditional forms of property, especially private property, contributes to the reassignment of property functions that fit property regimes. This paper provides up-to-date scientific information on Russian legislation and the doctrine/research works (books, articles, etc.), as well as other ideas in the relevant field; the paper contributes to the understanding of the practical and legislative gap (or its absence) in Russian and foreign research results and implications.

Physics and poetry

"The aim of science is to make difficult things understandable in a simpler way; the aim of poetry is to state simple things in an incomprehensible way. The two are incompatible.”11. H. S. Kragh, Dirac: A Scientific Biography, Cambridge U. Press (1990), p. 258.Paul Dirac’s assertion to J. Robert Oppenheimer strikes me more as a witty aphorism than a heartfelt manifesto. Still, given that physicists and poets both strive for brevity and universality, it’s worth exploring the similarities and differences of their respective vocations.One commonality is youthful talent. The psychologist Dean Simonton has correlated the productivity of people in various intellectual occupations with their ages. Physicists, poets, and chess players tend to produce their best work early in their careers; novelists, biologists, and historians take longer to peak. A plausible explanation for the finding is that everyone’s intellectual ability is at its highest in their twenties. Practicing physics, poetry, and chess entails following a small set of clear rules, which can be acquired before one’s peak is past. It takes longer to obtain biology’s greater body of knowledge and to become comfortable with its fuzzier principles. Novelists need to observe a wide variety of life before they convincingly fictionalize it.Another property that poets and physicists share is an appreciation for symmetry. The rhyme and meter of traditional poetry make lines symmetric and therefore delightful to digest. Symmetry is an important principle in physics, as David Gross observed in his feature article “Symmetry in physics: Wigner’s legacy” (Physics Today, December 1995, page 46). Dirac and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar argued that mathematically neat formulations of physics were more likely to be valid than untidy ones.22. S. Chandrasekhar, Truth and Beauty: Aesthetics and Motivations in Science, U. Chicago Press (1987). Richard Feynman shared Chandrasekhar’s appreciation for the beauty of mathematics—to a point. “If it disagrees with experiment it’s wrong,” he told students at his alma mater, Cornell University. “That is all there is to it.”33. R. Feynman, The Character of Physical Law, MIT Press (1967), p. 156.Favoring beautiful theories over ugly ones is, in my view, a prejudice. Conceivably, the theory of everything that unites the forces of nature could be, not a shapely, exotically dimensioned edifice, but a kludgy extension of the standard model of particle physics.To research this essay, I trawled the Poetry Foundation’s online collection of poems for instances in which physical phenomena are put to poetic use. I found barely a handful. Metaphors and similes work by tying an abstraction to a concrete image. To convey the pain of ingratitude, Shakespeare had King Lear say, “How sharper than a serpent’s tooth it is to have a thankless child!” Physics is abstraction. Its use for metaphor and simile is limited.The finest poem I found was “My Physics Teacher”44. D. Wagoner, Poetry, November 1980, p. 91. by David Wagoner (1926–2021), which was published in 1980. The first verse describes a comically clumsy teacher’s failed physics demonstrations. The second and final verse continues:He believed in a World of Laws, where problems had answers,Where tangible objects and intangible forcesActing thereon could be lettered, numbered, and crammedThrough our tough skulls for lifetimes of homework.But his only uncontestable demonstrationCame with our last class: he broke his chalkOn a formula, stooped to catch it, knocked his foreheadOn the eraser-gutter, staggered slewfoot, and stuckOne foot forever into the wastebasket.Wagoner’s poem recounts a futile attempt to teach physics to someone who became a professional poet. Are Physics for Poets courses also futile? Jon Miller, with the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research, and his collaborators have compared scientific literacy in the European Union, the US, and other countries.55. For a summary of Miller’s research, see A. Hobson, Phys. Teach. 46, 404 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1119/1.2981285 The US came second to Sweden, a high ranking that Miller attributes to compulsory science courses for nonscience majors.ReferencesSection:ChooseTop of pageReferences <<1. H. S. Kragh, Dirac: A Scientific Biography, Cambridge U. Press (1990), p. 258. Google Scholar2. S. Chandrasekhar, Truth and Beauty: Aesthetics and Motivations in Science, U. Chicago Press (1987). Google ScholarCrossref3. R. Feynman, The Character of Physical Law, MIT Press (1967), p. 156. Google Scholar4. D. Wagoner, Poetry, November 1980, p. 91. Google Scholar5. For a summary of Miller’s research, see A. Hobson, Phys. Teach. 46, 404 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1119/1.2981285, Google ScholarCrossref© 2022 American Institute of Physics.

The Brown Commons in the Time of Pandemic

The Brown Commons in the Time of Pandemic

INTERNET OF THINGS

This article will discuss the Internet of things, which is a completely new technology. Currently, the world's most talked about new electronics use Internet of Things technology. This technology includes Google, Yandex, YouTube and all our social networks. The current benefits of Internet of Things technology will be discussed, as well as its future position. What is the role of smart technologies in the development of robotics, new electronics and the impetus for new inventions? The Internet of Things is a new paradigm that transforms traditional lifestyles into high-tech lifestyles. Many important studies and researches have been conducted to improve the technology through IoT. The Internet of Things, or IoT, refers to the billions of physical devices around the world that are now connected to the internet, all collecting and sharing data. The main purpose of this review article is to provide a detailed discussion, both technologically and socially. It is not just about the connected devices but also about the hardware, software, connectivity and communication protocols, middleware and so much more to create Internet of Things solutions as mentioned. And it’s also about many processes and technologies. So, this is most important theme in our world. The article discusses various problems and key issues in IoT, architecture and important applications. The Internet of Things is an emerging paradigm that enables the communication between electronic devices and sensors through the internet in order to facilitate our lives. IoT has also demonstrated its importance and potential for economic and industrial growth in the developing region. It is also seen as a revolutionary step in the trading and stock markets. However, data and information security is an important concern and is highly desirable, which is a major challenge that needs to be addressed. The Internet, the biggest source of security threats and cyber attacks, has opened various doors for hackers, thereby discrediting information and data. IoT is committed to providing the best possible solutions to deal with data and information security issues. IoT's most important concern in trade and the economy is security. The IoT system consists of a large number of devices and sensors that communicate with each other. They can range from a Wi-Fi pet camera on your bookshelf to a medical device implanted in your body, like a pacemaker. As long as the device is able to connect to the internet and has sensors that transmit data, it can be considered an IoT device. As the IoT network grows and expands, the number of these sensors and devices is growing rapidly. These devices communicate with each other and transmit large amounts of information over the Internet. This information is very large and flows every second, and therefore deserves to be called great information. The IoT was initially most interesting to business and manufacturing, where its application is sometimes known as machine-to-machine (mean - M2M), but the emphasis is now on filling our homes and offices with smart devices, transforming it into something. Today, these IoT projects are evolving and rapidly spreading to all platforms. It is possible to find IoT projects for each topic. As mentioned earlier, IoT projects are designed to make life easier. These projects, created to help as many people as possible, will be the most important part of our future lives. It will be impossible to imagine our lives without the Internet of Things and smart projects. A smart city with sensors covering all its regions using diverse tangible gadgets and objects all over the community and connected with the help of internet. The continuous expansion of IoT-based networks poses complex challenges such as data management and collection, storage and processing, and analytics. This article sheds light on the existing literature and describes their contributions to various aspects of IoT. This article will help readers and researchers understand IoT and its application to the real world Keywords: arduino, sensors, security systems, robotics, intelligent technology.

Editor’s Note: The Persistence of Wallpaper

The dematerialization of the art object was a common goal shared by many avant-garde artists of diverse nations and media throughout the 1960s. Alexander Kusztyk notes that the theme of marble, a material most appropriate for tangible and permanent art objects, dominated several conceptual works by Yoko Ono during that period. In these pieces, the artist explores ways of evoking and then dissolving the idea of the crystalline stone through processes of “obliteration, obfuscation and coverage,” at the same time evoking the traditional Japanese karesansui, the dry rock-and-sand garden that paradoxically employs stones to guide us to a meditative state transcending the material world.

Can reviews predict reviewers’ numerical ratings? The underlying mechanisms of customers’ decisions to rate products using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA)

PurposeTwo valuable pieces of information – reviews and their corresponding numerical ratings – are accessible to potential customers before they make a purchasing decision. An extensive body of marketing literature has scrutinized the influence of customers’ reviews by linking such aspects as the volume and valance of reviews with product sales and customers’ purchase intention. The aim of this study, for which dual coding theory was used, was to understand the relationship between reviews and their corresponding numerical ratings.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used the latent Dirichlet allocation technique to categorize customers’ reviews. The present findings contribute to the literature by showing the underlying mechanisms that customers use to interpret reviews and associate them with numerical ratings.FindingsThe gradient boosted decision tree model demonstrates that non-abstract-dominant reviews (reviews mainly consist of tangible objects, actions, events or affective words) are significant predictors of their corresponding numerical ratings. However, abstract-dominant reviews (i.e. those consisting primarily of intangible objects, events or actions) cannot predict their associated numerical ratings.Originality/valueThe present findings contribute to the literature by showing the underlying mechanisms that customers use to interpret reviews and associate them with numerical ratings.

The Myth of Responsibility: Colonial Cruelties and Silence in German Political Discourse

Abstract Germany is considered a role model for dealing with past mass atrocities. In particular, the social reappraisal of the Holocaust is emblematic of this. However, when considering the genocide on the Herero and Nama in present-day Namibia, it is puzzling that an official recognition was only pronounced after almost 120 years, in May 2021. For a long time, silence surrounded this colonial cruelty in German political discourse. Although the discourse on German responsibility toward Namibia emerged after the end of World War II, it initially appeared detached from the genocide. That silence on colonial atrocities is to be considered a cruelty itself. Studies on silence have been expanding and becoming richer. Building on these works, the paper sets two goals: First, it advances the theorization of silence by producing a new typology, which is then integrated into discourse-bound identity theory. Second, it applies this theory to the analysis of the silencing and later acknowledging of the genocide on the Herero and Nama by German political elites. To this end, Bundestag debates, official documents, and statements by relevant political actors are analyzed in the period from 1980 to 2021. The results reveal the dynamics between hegemonic and counter-hegemonic discursive formations, how those are shifting in a period of 40 years, and what role silence plays in it. Beyond our emphasis on the genocide on the Herero and Nama, our findings might benefit future studies as the approach proposed in this paper can make silence a tangible research object for global studies.

Innovative Accounting and Audit of the Metaverse Resources

Active use of virtual electronic information environments – metaverses is the most perspective way of information and communication technologies development. In the meta-environment, traditional accounting objects undergo significant changes due to their intangible interpretation, which requires improving their accounting and auditing reflection. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to improve the methodology and organization of accounting and auditing in the metaverse in terms of identification, recognition, and reflection in the accounting system of non-current intangible assets, goodwill of IT companies, NFT (non-fungible tokens), cryptocurrencies, sales costs and other objects in the meta-environment. To implement the purpose of scientific research, systemic, innovative, and institutional approaches and economic and mathematical modelling, bibliographic and comparative analysis have been used. Given the significant public distrust and active threats in the digital business, the need to introduce an audit in the metaverse to ensure the reliability, integrity, and legitimacy of information flows is justified. The possibility of recognizing from the standpoint of accounting and auditing of all virtual tools and objects of work that carry out the cycle in the meta-environment in the form of NFT, assets due to: uniqueness and separation from other accounting objects; opportunities for free purchase (sale) in the meta space, potential economic value in the case of retention and accumulation; reliable determination of value based on costs, sales contract or expert (market) assessment. It is proposed to classify NFT according to the criterion of useful life on non-current and current assets with the appropriate reflection in the composition of non-current and current intangible assets. The prospects of personalized marketing promotion of products (goods, services) in the metaverse with separate accounting of costs for the sale of tangible and intangible objects to ensure the reliability, analytical, and comparability of accounting information have been defined. As a result, a conclusion was formed on the expediency of transforming the reporting structure of meta-environment enterprises in terms of increasing the share of intangible assets and the potential absence of any tangible assets in terms of the full transfer of financial and economic activities in a virtual environment. The order of structuring the reporting of the enterprises of the metaverse needs further research.

«Культурні цінності»: поняття та застосування відповідного терміна в законодавстві

The article examines the concept of «cultural values» and the use of the corresponding term in international legislation. The term «cultural values» is increasingly used in the research discourse, and at the same time is one of the categories of philosophy, culture, ethics, cultural studies, and, of course, law. At the same time, the term «cultural values» denotes a multifaceted concept, which covers a wide range of phenomena and objects of a spiritual and material nature. It was noted that in international legal documents the term «cultural values» occurs in two meanings. First, to denote tangible and intangible objects - objects, movable and immovable monuments, that is, elements of cultural heritage. The second value is a qualitative indicator of the importance, significance, value of the element of cultural heritage. The analysis of the texts of international documents shows that the terminology of legislation in the field of protection of cultural values has been developing for many years, gradually changing and clarifying. The author noticed that in the authentic texts of international acts, regulatory documents of foreign states and works of foreign researchers, in addition to the terms «cultural values», «cultural heritage», «cultural property», the following terms are also used: «cultural goods», «cultural resources», «cultural artifacts», «cultural items», «cultural products». This state of affairs is obviously related to the diversity of legal systems, different national approaches to the designation of the same legal phenomena and objects. It is obvious that the concepts of "cultural heritage" («cultural values») and «cultural property» reflect not so much different terminology, but different legal and social concepts. In general, today the terminology regarding the concepts of cultural values and cultural heritage is not unified. International documents are mostly based on the concept of «cultural values» given in the Convention of 1954. This is the broadest definition of the concept of "cultural values" as material objects. In some cases, the concepts of «cultural values» and «cultural heritage» are used interchangeably and are used as the same terms. It is concluded that when translating international documents, there are significant difficulties with the interpretation of terms. Obviously, the translation of such terms should be carried out in the context of the legal norms and legal systems of a particular state. Therefore, already at the stage of negotiations regarding the drafting of a bilingual international text, it is important for the authorized subjects to make sure that the different language versions not only convey the same content, but also take into account and express the relevant legal traditions.

Hierarchies of Value: The Medallist’s Work in Sixteenth-Century Art

Hierarchies of Value: The Medallist’s Work in Sixteenth-Century Art

Rękojmia za wady sprzedanych praw i dóbr niematerialnych w ujęciu historycznym i prawnoporównawczym

The paper deals with historical and comparative legal analysis of the subject of warranty for physical and legal defects. A brief review of European legal orders shows that they are generally oriented towards things (variously understood as tangible or intangible objects). However, modern trade is characterized by an increasing dematerialization of its components. It justifies the question of how the European legal orders and some model acts solved (in the past) and still solve the problem of seller’s responsibility for the sold rights and intangible objects. First, a historical analysis will be made of two issues – the concept of ‘thing’, as well as the object of property, and the object of the sale contract (and at the same time the regime of seller’s responsibility for defects). In the second part, the analysis from the comparative legal perspective will be made, covering selected legal orders in the field of the contract of sale of rights and liability of the seller for defects of these objects. The research has been based on the following legal systems: Austrian, French, German and Swiss. In addition, the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and the model law – the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) were analyzed.

김용익 소설에 나타난 기억의 장소: 「촛불이 꺼질 때까지」, 「밀수선」, 행복한 나날을 중심으로

Yong-ik Kim is one of the most highly esteemed first-generation Korean American novelists. He can be distinguished from the other Korean American writers, such as Youngjill Kang and Richard Kim because of his bilingual works as a full-time writer and local color of Korea especially of Tongyeong, his hometown. Specifically he usually sets up the background of his novels in his early days in a fishing village, Songwaji. Pierre Nora argues that established history cannot inspire oneness any longer with individuals who have fragmented memories. He emphasizes on gathering these memories on tangible and intangible objects as collective memory which can be shared with group members. Kim’s early stories, “Till the Candle Blew Out”, “Smuggler’s Boat” and The Happy Days, are full of the images based on his early day’s reminiscences. The very Korean family relationship, friends, custom, food and even the landscape are so well-organized in the background that they arouse his longing for the homeland which can not be found and shared as the other in the U.S at all. The images of the homeland are well harmonized with its landscape, family, custom and food peculiar to Korea as the site of memories in his early stories to inspire solidity and identity with the group which he aches with longing for.

THE COMPARISON OF LEGAL DAMAGES FOR COPYRIGHT &amp; BRAND INFRINGEMENT AMONG INDONESIA-CHINA LAWS

Intellectual Property Rights or what is often abbreviated as HAKI is a legal protection given by a certain country to a person or group of individuals who express their ideas in the form of works. This law is a state territory. This means that a work will only be protected by rights in the country where the work originated to obtain IPR. As stated in the Copyright Laws, Intellectual Property Rights are exclusive rights granted by a regulation to a person or group of people for their copyrighted works. This protected work is in the form of intangible objects such as copyrights, patents, and trademarks and tangible objects in the form of information, technology, literature, art, skills, science, and so on. The idea of compensation law for copyright and trademark infringement in Indonesia, of course, can imitate the copyright law and trademark law of the People's Republic of China in regulating more clearly the calculation of the value of losses for copyright and trademark infringement in order to be able to provide legal certainty for the owner / rights holders whose rights have been violated. The research use normative juridical approach. The purpose of writing is to analyze and explain the calculation of compensation by looking at the criteria, evidence, basis, form and formulation of calculating compensation for copyright and trademark infringement. The results of the study stated that the law for compensation that arises as a result of copyright and trademark infringement according to positive law in Indonesia still does not regulate in detail the calculation of the value of the loss of both copyrights and trademarks. Copyright Act No.28 of 2014 and Trademark Act No.20 of 2016 only gives rights to the right owner/right holder to file a claim for compensation, but the law does not regulate how to determine the value of the loss for a copyright infringement as well as brands.

The Proprium of Property Law

Abstract Classical property law is not only losing economic relevance with the progressing dephysicalization of economic processes but is also increasingly perceived as a static field of private law, pursued by specialized lawyers working with rather inaccessible national concepts and dogmas that seem to have no significant relevance for the development of a digital economy. The mostly codification-driven comparative research on property law continues in the tradition of national property law codifications primarily addressing tangible objects. The research on property law should not restrict itself to this rather pragmatic approach, because in the end this arbitrarily delimits the concept of property law and reinforces the impression of classical property law only dealing with tangibles. Comparative property law should look beyond issues of codification and address the question of what is the essence of property law. Property law deals with the erga omnes effects of rights. It therefore not only addresses full-fledged property rights over movables or immovables but also covers partially absolute rights over these assets on the threshold to contract law. Property law also addresses absolute rights with regard to intangibles. This awareness should on one hand demand from any discussion on creating new (partially) absolute property rights to take notice of the state of the art of current (comparative) property law. It should on the other hand incite classical property lawyers to take part in these debates and to question the traditional concepts and principles in light of the new developments. Classical institutions of property law should be reconsidered from this point of view.

Owning or Being? The Evolving Meaning of Luxury and COVID-19 Pandemic. Sociological Research of Polish Society

The global luxury market demonstrates a strong increase over the decades. Over the past years, luxury holdings started to move from the production of luxury goods to hospitality, leisure and travel. Luxury does not only mean perfected handcrafting but also lifestyle, values and memorable experiences. Especially younger generation is not so interested in the possession of goods. Rich consumers move from owning to being. They start to care much more about ethics, sustainability, spiritual development and self-actualization needs. For some customers, luxury means security, time for family, health and trust. For the others, luxury is a state of mind, migrating from concrete to abstract. People attend different aspects of what we call luxury. The authors surveyed respondents on one of the emerging luxury markets (Poland) before the coronavirus pandemic. The survey shows that the most important indicator of luxury in Poland is free time, less important are material assets and money. The most important intangible object considered in categories of luxury is love, followed by inner peace of mind, and children. Women attach more importance to the possession of luxury goods than men. The second survey was performed, when the coronavirus pandemic started. The same survey showed that generally, an important indicator of luxury for the respondents is now money and material asset. The most significant tangible object is again having a beautiful and healthy body and the most valid intangible objects are love and inner peace of mind, and children. We focus on this change of views on luxury and the importance of the criteria.

Cyber Operations against Civilian Data

Abstract Cyber operations are becoming an increasing part of armed conflict. This article assesses whether cyber operations against data during an armed conflict could amount to a war crime in the Statute of the International Criminal Court. It unpacks the plausibility of computer data being included in the categories of ‘object’ and ‘property’ in the Statute, showing there is no doctrinal and jurisprudential unanimity in either case. However, the Court can and should take a wide view of when tangible objects are affected in a legally relevant way by attacks on or through data. Considering this question forces us to reflect about the proper interpretation of the Statute in light of the principle of legality, and about whether and how the Statute will be able to ‘keep up’ with new forms of warfare.