Tangential Sections Research Articles

Impact of Monocular Retinal Lesions on Blob Size in Adult Human V1.

We studied the attributes of cytochrome c oxidase (CytOx)-rich blobs and ocular dominance columns (OD) in human V1 associated with monocular retinal lesions. Interblob distance, blob cross-sectional area, OD width, and OD arrangement pattern were analyzed in CytOx-reacted tangential sections of flat-mounted V1 preparations. Monocular deprivation induces differential expression of CytOx in the corresponding ODs in V1. We were thereby able to identify the V1 regions associated with the lesioned area in the retina, assign which OD was associated with each eye, and assign the corresponding blob in Layer III as deprived or nondeprived of visual input. We found that nondeprived blobs are more conspicuously stained than blobs outside the lesioned area. Notably, we found a selective expansion of blobs associated with the nonlesioned eye, whereas blobs associated with the deprived eye showed no significant change in size. Blob size in the latter condition was similar to the one observed in normal participants. These effects were present throughout the representation of the lesion in V1, suggesting that the underlying plasticity mechanisms do not depend on eccentricity. Retinal lesion caused no change in interblob distance, which was comparable to the normal brain (i.e., participants with no retinal lesion). This indicates that blob center is a stable hallmark of cortical organization. Finally, the width of ODs associated with the nonlesioned eye tended to be larger compared with ODs of the lesioned eye. However, this effect did not reach statistical significance. The stability of ODs thereby contrasts with blob plasticity, suggesting that the retinal lesion-triggered imbalance in the thalamocortical projection to Layer IVc has a limited impact on OD CytOx reactivity. On the other hand, we argue that ocular imbalance supports intracortical lateral competition that increases CytOx reactivity in the periblob region associated with the nonlesioned eye, accounting for the blob expansion we observe.

Deep Learning Method of Precious Wood Image Classification Based on Microscopic Computed Tomography

Correctly identifying precious wood species is crucial for import and export trade and furniture material identification. This study utilizes nondestructive testing (Microscopic Computed Tomography, Micro-CT) to capture microscopic images of the transverse, radial, and tangential sections of 24 precious wood species, creating a comprehensive dataset. The SLConNet deep learning model is developed, enhancing recognition accuracy through multi-scale convolution and an improved residual block structure. The experiment results show that the classification accuracy of the transverse, radial and tangential sections is 98.72, 96.75 and 95.36 % respectively when the gain value is 0.8. The model outperforms traditional models like Alexnet, ResNet50, Inception-V3, and Xception. This research highlights the efficiency of nondestructive testing in obtaining a large number of microscopic wood images, compared to traditional anatomical methods. The SLConNet model showcases high accuracy in precision, recall, and specificity, suggesting its potential for widespread applications in wood classification.

Mucosal epithelial homeostasis: Reference intervals for skin, gill lamellae and filament for Atlantic salmon and other fish species.

Mucosal barriers are gatekeepers of health and exhibit homeostatic variation in relation to habitat and disease. Mucosal Mapping technology provides an in-depth examination of the dynamic mucous cells (MCs) in fish mucosal barriers on tangential sections, about 90° from the view of traditional histology. The method was originally developed and standardized in academia prior to the establishment of QuantiDoc AS to apply mucosal mapping, now trademarked as Veribarr™ for the analysis of skin, gills and gastrointestinal tracts. Veribarr™ uses design-based stereology for the selection and measurement of cell area (size) (μm2), the volumetric density of MCs in the epithelium (MCD, amount of the epithelia occupied by MCs, in %) and the calculated abundance of the MCs (barrier status or defence activity). MC production was mapped across the skin and gill epithelia in 12 species, discovering that gills consistently have two distinct groups of MCs, one on the lamellae where MCs are few and small and one on the filament where MCs are larger and more abundant. MCs were usually much larger in the skin than in the gills, with the latter requiring fewer and smaller cells for adequate respiration. The difference observed between MCs in gill lamella and gill filament is likely a result of functional demands. In addition, our findings also highlight a variation in the mucosal parameters between the species skin, which cannot be explained by the weight differences, and a potential link between MC distribution and species-specific lifestyles in the gill lamella. This diversity necessitates the development of species and tissue site-specific reference intervals for mucosal health evaluation. Mucosal bivariate reference intervals were developed for MC production, including size (trophy) and calculated defence activity (plasia) in the skin and gills of Atlantic salmon, to contrast new measurements against historical data patterns. The application of mucosal reference intervals demonstrates that stress from parasites and treatments can manifest as changes in mucosal architecture, as evidenced by MC hypertrophy and hyperplasia within the gill lamellae. These reference intervals also facilitate comparisons with wild Atlantic salmon, revealing a somewhat higher MC level in farmed salmon gill lamellae. These findings suggest that MC hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the gills are stress/environmental responses in aquaculture. They also advocate for developing specific mucosal bivariate homeostatic reference intervals in aquaculture to improve fish health and welfare across all farmed species.

THE GENUS ORBITOLINA D’ORBIGNY, 1850 (LARGER BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA) AND ITS CONSTITUENT SPECIES: NOTES ON IDENTITY AND STRATIGRAPHIC RANGES

Following a literature review of the species of Orbitolina and its allies, the identity criteria and stratigraphic ranges of the six potential constituent species of the commonly encountered mid-Cretaceous foraminiferal genus Orbitolina d’Orbigny, 1850 (sensu stricto) are reviewed based on published material. It is noted that correct taxonomic assignment of Orbitolina species requires observation and measurement of both the embryonic apparatus in centred axial thin-sections and of the chamber passage shape in tangential sections. As a consequence, many illustrations purportedly of Orbitolina sensu stricto in the published literature cannot confidently be identified to species level, and such specimens (including new material) should be described or re-described as Orbitolina spp. The genus Orbitolina has a range of late Albian – middle Cenomanian. Species of Orbitolina, when identifiable, have shorter ranges. Orbitolina concava (Lamarck 1816) is restricted to the early – middle Cenomanian, and its inception thus forms a potential proxy for the base of the Cenomanian in carbonate platform settings, but care needs to be taken in its identification and separation from other species of Orbitolina that have at least partial late Albian ranges.

Non-planar parallel sections: A new approach in digital image analysis of CT volume datasets to improve the assessment of pottery-forming methods

The paper presents a newly developed technique for displaying sections of CT reconstructions of pottery fragments. Currently, planar tangential sections are the primary way to show a view perpendicular to the surface of the pottery fragment. This section is essential as it displays structural phenomena critical to interpreting pottery-forming methods. However, the planar tangential sections in curved vessel walls show only a limited area of the wall and, even in this area, the sections cannot display structural phenomena at a constant depth of the wall. Consequently, we designed the construction of a non-planar section that follows the vessel’s shape and can be embedded at a defined depth from the surface so that it maps structural phenomena in defined subsurface layers coaxial with the vessel surface. The newly designed imaging technique was applied to the selection of archaeological pottery from the Czech Republic dated to the La Tène period. We demonstrate the usefulness of the non-planar sections for visual inspection of the diagnostic features related to pottery forming as well as for more accurate calculation of the orientation of the components of the ceramic body.

COMPARATIVE WOOD ANATOMY OF FOUR Vernonia delile SPECIES (ASTERACEAE) IN SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA.

Wood anatomy of four Vernonia Delile species in Southwestern States of Nigeria was investigated with a view to identifying the anatomical features of the genus that could be used to delimit the taxa. Plant samples were collected from Oyo, Ekiti, Osun and Ondo States. Transverse, tangential and radial longitudinal sections were made from the wood of the species of Vernonia using Reichert sliding microtome at 10μm thickness. The woods were also macerated with Schultze's uid to separate the tissues and cells. The macerates and cut sections were stained with Safranine O reagent to reveal the differences in tissue arrangements, shapes and cell inclusions. The four species showed common anatomical features: pore shape at transverse plane are oval, round, rectangular circular to cylindrical, simple pitting of vessel elements and presence of - uniseriate, biseriate and multiseriate rays. The wood characteristics that can be used to distinguish the taxa are absent and presence of : tylose, bre length and percentage of solitary vessel, axial parenchyma type and its absence. These features conferred signicant taxonomic difference in the species and members were categorized into three major groups. These ndings serve as baseline for further research such as molecular studies.

Opening the black box: explainable deep-learning classification of wood microscopic image of endangered tree species

BackgroundTraditional method of wood species identification involves the use of hand lens by wood anatomists, which is a time-consuming method that usually identifies only at the genetic level. Computer vision method can achieve "species" level identification but cannot provide an explanation on what features are used for the identification. Thus, in this study, we used computer vision methods coupled with deep learning to reveal interspecific differences between closely related tree species.ResultA total of 850 images were collected from the cross and tangential sections of 15 wood species. These images were used to construct a deep-learning model to discriminate wood species, and a classification accuracy of 99.3% was obtained. The key features between species in machine identification were targeted by feature visualization methods, mainly the axial parenchyma arrangements and vessel in cross section and the wood ray in tangential section. Moreover, the degree of importance of the vessels of different tree species in the cross-section images was determined by the manual feature labeling method. The results showed that vessels play an important role in the identification of Dalbergia, Pterocarpus, Swartzia, Carapa, and Cedrela, but exhibited limited resolutions on discriminating Swietenia species.ConclusionThe research results provide a computer-assisted tool for identifying endangered tree species in laboratory scenarios, which can be used to combat illegal logging and related trade and contribute to the implementation of CITES convention and the conservation of global biodiversity.

The Anterolateral Barrel Subfield Differs from the Posteromedial Barrel Subfield in the Morphology and Cell Density of Parvalbumin-Positive GABAergic Interneurons.

Layer 4 of the rodent somatosensory cortex has unitary structures called barrels that receive tactile information from individual vibrissae. Barrels in the anterolateral barrel subfield (ALBSF) are much smaller and have gained less attention than larger barrels in the posteromedial barrel subfield (PMBSF), though the former outnumber the latter. We compared the morphological features of barrels between the ALBSF and PMBSF in male mice using deformation-free tangential sections and confocal optical slice-based, precise reconstructions of barrels. The average volume of a single barrel in the ALBSF was 34.7% of that in the PMBSF, but the numerical density of parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneurons in the former was 1.49 times higher than that in the latter. Moreover, PV neuron density in septa was 2.08 times higher in the ALBSF than that in the PMBSF. The proportions of PV neuron number to both all neuron number and all GABAergic neuron number in the ALBSF were also higher than those in the PMBSF. Somata of PV neurons in barrels and septa in the ALBSF received 1.64 and 1.50 times more vesicular glutamate transporter Type 2-labeled boutons than those in the PMBSF, suggesting more potent feedforward inhibitory circuits in the ALBSF. The mode of connectivity through dendritic gap junctions among PV neurons also differed between the ALBSF and PMBSF. Clusters of smaller unitary structures containing a higher density of representative GABAergic interneurons with differential morphological features in the ALBSF suggest a division of functional roles in the two vibrissa-barrel systems, as has been demonstrated by behavioral studies.

Experimental evaluation of combustion performance in the three main anatomical sections of poplar wood

ABSTRACT The interrelationship and organization between the axial and transversal systems gives rise to three main views, namely cross, radial and tangential sections. This study investigated the differences in combustion properties of the three main anatomical sections of poplar wood and explains the reasons for the differences regarding wood microstructure, pore structure, heat conduction, and microstructure after heat treatment. The thermal conductivity of poplar wood in the cross-section (Wood-CS) was 0.1864 W/m. K, exceeding those of the radial (Wood-RS) and tangential sections (Wood-TS) by 47% and 38%, respectively. In the cone calorimeter test (CC), the peak heat-release rate (pHRR) of Wood-CS samples was 92% and 73% higher than those of the Wood-RS and Wood-TS samples, respectively. This is attributed to the differences in microstructures and the occurrence of macropores in different anatomical sections. This study explored the combustion performance and mechanisms of wood samples in the three main sections, providing crucial theoretical insights for flame retardant impregnation levels in treating wood and aiding in the selection of fire-resistant wood-based building materials.

Anatomical Study for Wood Identification of Shorea Species in Sri Lanka

Wood anatomy is a rapid method for identifying different timber species. Shorea is a diverse genus of trees in the subfamily Dipterocarpaceae and encompasses a group of some 470 tree species that dominate much of the tropical forests of South and Southeast Asia. Many of these are valued commercially for their hardwoods. However, the anatomical identification of Shorea sp. in Sri Lanka has not been fully studied yet. Six Shorea species available in the lowland wet agroecological zone in Ratnapura District, in Sri Lanka, were selected for this study. The study was conducted in the wood Science laboratory of the State Timber Corporation, Sri Lanka. Six Shorea species, including Beraliya dun (S. disticha), Navada dun (S. stupularis), Dun (S. zeylanica), Yakahalu dun (S. trapezifolia), Yakal dun (S. astylosa) and Thiniya dun (S. congestiflora) were used to identify the variation of wood anatomical features to differentiate the species. As a reference, the Publication List of the International Association of Wood Anatomists on anatomical characteristics was used. To determine the microscopic features, six wood sections (Radial, Tangential, and Transverse sections of the wood) representing each species were employed. The anatomical characteristics of the timber were examined using Micrometrics SE Premium 4 software. According to the results, Yakahal Dun species showed the highest number of vessels and Navada represented the lowest number of vessels. The highest value for the vessel diameter showed the Thiniya species and the lowest for the Dun. Beraliya species showed the highest no of rays and the lowest number of rays showed in Yakahalu dun. A Dichotomous key was developed for the exact identification of Shorea species based on the anatomical characteristics.
 
 Keywords: Dichotomous key, IAWA features, Identification, Shore sp., Wood anatomy

Anisotropic structural carbon skeleton decorated with Co nanoparticles towards oxygen evolution reaction

Hierarchical carbon skeletons derived from natural wood can be employed as the substrates to fabricate self-supported catalysts. The typically three sections (cross section, radial section, and tangential section) of wood would significantly affect the electrocatalytic performance. Therefore, the correlations between anisotropy structure of wood derived hierarchical carbon skeletons and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performances was systematically investigated. The cross-sectional wood-derived carbon decorated with Co nanoparticles requires an overpotential of 370 mV to deliver 50 mA cm−2 superior to those of radial-sectional and tangential-sectional counterparts. The cross-section of wood derived carbon skeleton possesses higher content of Co nanoparticles, which is accounted for the enhanced OER catalytic activity. This work highlights the critical contribution of anisotropy of carbon skeletons in promoting the OER properties and provides a new paradigm for designing advanced electrocatalysts.

Organization of Somatosensory Cortex in the South American Rodent Paca (Cuniculus paca)

Introduction: The study of non-laboratory species has been part of a broader effort to establish the basic organization of the mammalian neocortex, as these species may provide unique insights relevant to cortical organization, function, and evolution. Methods: In the present study, the organization of three somatosensory cortical areas of the medium-sized (5–11 kg body mass) Amazonian rodent, the paca (Cuniculus paca), was determined using a combination of electrophysiological microelectrode mapping and histochemical techniques (cytochrome oxidase and NADPH diaphorase) in tangential sections. Results: Electrophysiological mapping revealed a somatotopically organized primary somatosensory cortical area (S1) located in the rostral parietal cortex with a characteristic foot-medial/head-lateral contralateral body surface representation similar to that found in other species. S1 was bordered laterally by two regions housing neurons responsive to tactile stimuli, presumably the secondary somatosensory (S2) and parietal ventral (PV) cortical areas that evinced a mirror-reversal representation (relative to S1) of the contralateral body surface. The limits of the putative primary visual (V1) and primary auditory (A1) cortical areas, as well as the complete representation of the contralateral body surface in S1, were determined indirectly by the histochemical stains. Like the barrel field described in small rodents, we identified a modular arrangement located in the face representation of S1. Conclusions: The relative location, somatotopic organization, and pattern of neuropil histochemical reactivity in the three paca somatosensory cortical areas investigated are similar to those described in other mammalian species, providing additional evidence of a common plan of organization for the somatosensory cortex in the rostral parietal cortex of mammals.

Comparison of nail-holding performance of Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata dimension lumber based on round steel nails

In this study, the influence of the diameter of round steel nails, the guiding bores, and the wood sections on the nail holding performance of Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata dimension lumber was explored. The results showed that the nail-holding power of round steel nails mainly came from their friction with wood fibers, while the radial and tangential sections were also affected by the shearing action of wood fibers. The tangential section reached the largest nail-holding power, followed by the radial section and cross section. Greater wood density was associated with higher nail holding power. Under a large nail diameter, however, high-density wood was prone to plastic cracking, which influenced the nail holding power greatly. Prefabricated guiding bores could prevent plastic cracking in wood to some extent and improve the nail holding power of Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata dimension lumber when diameter of round steel nails was more than 3.0 mm. For Cunninghamia lanceolata characterized by low density and rigidity, the wood fiber was in close contact with the round steel nail and internal cracking could not be easily generated under a large diameter of round steel nails.

Minimum invasive sampling method using hollow punch for tropical wood identification on Indonesian cultural heritage

The collection of wood samples is an important step, especially for the identification of wood in cultural heritage. Furthermore, in wood sampling, it is preferable to avoid any damage to minimize destruction to the objects. This study aimed to observe the effectiveness of the minimally invasive sampling method using a hollow punch for wood identification on wooden cultural heritage, such as the Panji mask (Java).The materials used as a testing model were three tropical wood species. Sampling was conducted with various diameters of hollow punch at transverse, tangential, and radial sections. The anatomical structures were compared to the features according to the IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification. The result showed that the most effective method was to take samples using a 1.5 mm diameter of hollow punch at the tangential section of wood.

Microfibril Angles and Crystalline Properties of Reaction Woods in Agathis and Sumatran Pine Woods

The microfibril angles (MFAs), relative crystallinity index (RC), and crystallite width (CrW) of compression wood (CPW), lateral wood (LTW), and opposite wood (OPW) in Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) and Sumatran Pine (Pinus merkusii) stem wood were observed and compared to obtain valuable information on wood quality for effective utilization. The iodine staining method and optical microscopy were applied to measure the MFA in the tangential section. RC and CrW were analyzed with an X-ray diffraction technique. CPW had the largest MFA and the smallest RC in both species. In Agathis, LTW and OPW had comparable MFA, RC, and CrW, whereas the CrW of CPW was the smallest. In Sumatran pine, there was a significant difference in MFA and RC between LTW and OPW. CPW, LTW, and OPW showed comparable CrW. The MFA decreased and RC increased from near the pith to bark in both species. The CrW increased from near the pith to the bark of Sumatran pine, whereas it was constant in Agathis. In conclusion, MFA and RC could be used to identify CPW, LTW, and OPW in both species. There were distinctive MFA and RC properties between reaction wood in both species. Keywords: Agathis loranthifolia, crystalline properties, microfibril angles, Pinus merkusii, reaction wood

Cork cellular and chemical features underlying bark environmental protection in the miombo species Parinari curatellifolia

Parinari curatellifolia is an important evergreen tree from the Miombo woodland of south-central and eastern Africa. The bark is corky, suggesting an increased protection against the ecosystem high temperatures and drought conditions as well as against wild fires. The cork in the bark rhytidome of P. curatellifolia was analyzed here for the first time with a focus on chemical and cellular features. P. curatellifolia cork has the cellular characteristics of cork tissues, with typical honeycomb structure in the tangential section and a brick-wall layer in the transverse and radial sections, without intercellular voids. Chemically P. curatellifolia cork has 8.4 % extractives, 33.9 % suberin, 31.9 % lignin and 25.2 % polysaccharides of the cork. The hemicelluloses are mostly xylans, with a substantial proportion of arabinose and galactose. Suberin showed a proportion of long chain lipids to glycerol (LCLip:Gly, mass ratio) of 8.5, and the long chain monomeric composition included a similar proportion of α,ω-diacids and ω-hydroxy acids (35.4 % and 31.5 % of long chain monomers) with a substantial proportion of monoacids (19.4 % of long chain monomers). Lignin is a guaiacyl-syringyl lignin with S/G of 0.32 and H:G:S of 1:14.1:4.5. The rhytidome composition and the cellular and chemical features of its cork are in line with environment-targeted protective features namely as a transpiration and insulation barrier, and as an increased fire protection.

The anatomical structure of the root, stem, and branch of Gyrinops versteegii trees from different growing sites

Abstract. Adimahavira A, Lukmandaru G, Pujiharti R, Prastiwi FW, Nugroho WD. 2023. The anatomical structure of the root, stem, and branch of Gyrinops versteegii trees from different growing sites. Biodiversitas 24: 4590-4598. Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg) Domke is an agarwood (Gaharu)-producing species with a unique color and very expensive fragrance. Even so, studies on the effects of growing sites on the wood anatomical structure of several parts of G. versteegii have not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the anatomical structure of G. versteegii on the tree's root, stem, and branch at two different growing sites. Three five-year-old G. versteegii trees from Pacitan and Klaten Districts (Indonesia) were used for the experiment and were harvested from the root, stem, and branch. The wood samples were then put in a glutaraldehyde solution for 24 hours and later in an alcohol solution. The samples were sliced in microtome (15-20 µm) and observed in the transverse, tangential, and radial sections. The results showed that the anatomical characteristics, such as vessel diameter, ray height, ray frequency, interxylary phloem proportion, and frequency differed significantly between growing sites. Furthermore, fiber length, vessel diameter, ray height, ray frequency, and interxylary phloem proportion significantly differed among plant parts. In addition, the branch part has the highest interxylary phloem value, indicating the possibility of a high agarwood resin deposit when agarwood stimulation is applied.

Effect of Hot-Air Drying Conditions on the Drying Efficiency and Performance of a Waterborne Coating on Pine Wood

In this study, we investigated the drying behavior of a waterborne wood coating (WWC) on pine wood using hot air drying. An analysis of variance of the experimental data revealed that both temperature and humidity exerted significant effects on the surface drying time. An analysis of the structure and wettability indicated a faster moisture migration rate through the cross section than through the tangential section of porous wood. We also determined that temperature, humidity and their interactions significantly affected the glossiness, while temperature had a greater effect on the wear resistance of the WWC films than humidity. The drying conditions had a minimal effect on the adhesion strength. By considering both the drying efficiency and the coating performance, the optimal drying conditions for the WWC on pine wood were determined to be 60 °C and 55% relative humidity. Our findings suggest that establishing a correlation between drying performance and substrate can ensure the quality of WWCs for practical applications in the wood coating industry.

Bonding behavior of urea-formaldehyde adhesive with wood tangential section under a high-voltage electric field

Wood composites often exhibit weak interaction between urea-formaldehyde (UF) and wood, leading to edge warping and cracks at the bonding interphase. To address this issue, the high-voltage electric field (HVEF) has been effectively employed to enhance the bonding strength of wood composites. This study aims to further investigate the bonding process and the mechanism of bonding enhancement under HVEF treatment by examining the physicochemical characteristics, curing reaction of UF adhesive, and dynamic wetting behavior on the wood tangential section. The chemical reaction and bonding strength at the bonding interphase were also examined. The results revealed that the HVEF treatment increased the polarization extent of the adhesive molecules, resulting in variations in the physical properties of the adhesive. Particularly, a higher enthalpy during the adhesive curing reaction was observed, with an 85% increment observed under the N–P(−) condition. The FTIR spectra showed an increased peak intensity of UF main chemical bonds and a higher extent of chemical interaction between wood and UF functional bonds under HVEF treatment. These findings can be attributed to higher degrees of molecule activation and cross-linking between wood and UF. Furthermore, the HVEF treatment led to a decreased absorption ratio of UF and an increased wet/dry wood bonding strength of the two-layer composite. The absorption ratio of UF exhibited the highest decrement of 36%, while the wet/dry wood bonding strength showed the highest increment of 85%/100% under the N–P(−) condition. This study emphasizes the significant role of higher extents of UF polarization, activation, and cross-linking with wood in enhancing the bonding strength of HVEF-treated wood composites.

USE OF CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY GRAY SCALE VALUES FOR DIAGNOSING TUMORS AND CYSTS

The retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Radiology of the hospital from January 2022 to January 2023 to assess the ability of CBCT gray scale value to diagnose tumors and cysts and evaluate differences in bony changes of both. A total of 50 patients were included in the study. CBCT scanner with 68-1073μSv radiation dose was used for obtaining 3D images. Gray scale values were obtained on the tangential section. Radiological diagnosis was made after calculating mean gray values for benign lesions or cysts. Myxoma, odontogenic ghost cell tumor, and the adenomatoid odontogenic tumor had lower grayscale values, and multiple myeloma, cementoblastoma, acanthomatous ameloblastoma, residual cyst, and lateral periodontal cyst had higher values. The mean grayscale value for the tumor was 1468 ± 70.5, and for the cyst was 1292.1 ± 6.5. There was a significant correlation between both (P<0.001). The bone density of normal and pathological maxillofacial regions was compared. The radiolucent area (e.g., axillary sinus) had the lowest, and the radiopaque region (e.g., enamel) had the highest gray scale value. CBCT gray value is a powerful diagnostic tool for tumors, cysts, and other orofacial lesions and has better outcomes than conventional 2-D imaging.