Tandem Catalyst Research Articles

Delicate control of a gold-copper oxide tandem structure enables the efficient production of high-value chemicals by electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction

The electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) has substantial potential for carbon capture and utilization (CCU), aiming to produce carbon-neutral fuels and valuable chemical feedstocks. Copper (Cu) is recognized as the primary metal catalyst capable of facilitating C-C coupling and producing multi-carbon compounds. The tandem catalyst approach, particularly the oxide-derived Cu (OD-Cu)-based tandem catalyst, has been reported to improve the selectivity for multicarbon compounds such as ethylene and ethanol. However, the impact of the loading structure of the CO-producing catalyst in the tandem catalyst on CO2RR performance has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we developed Au nanoparticles with different sizes and loading densities on Cu2O and investigated their CO2RR properties. Tandem catalysts featuring smaller Au nanoparticles exhibited increased activity in the electrochemical CO2RR, resulting in an anodic shift in the potential. Improved Faradaic efficiencies (FEs) and partial current densities (PCDs) of C2+ were also observed for tandem catalysts with smaller Au nanoparticles. Remarkably, the FE and PCD of n-propanol increased as the coverage of Au nanoparticles increased, in contrast to those of C2 products such as ethylene and ethanol. The effectiveness of the tandem effect depends on the increase in local CO concentration facilitated by the CO-generating catalyst on the confined OD-Cu surface. Our research presents a strategy for constructing a productive tandem structure for the CO2RR.

Unveiling the Interfacial Species Synergy in Promoting CO2 Tandem Electrocatalysis in Near-Neutral Electrolyte.

The interfacial species-built local environments on Cu surfaces impact the CO2 electroreduction process significantly in producing value-added multicarbon (C2+) products. However, intricate interfacial dynamics leads to a challenge in understanding how these species affect the process. Herein, with ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) and finite element method (FEM) simulations, we reveal that the highly concentrated interfacial species, including the *CO, hydroxide, and K+, could synergistically promote the C-C coupling on the one-dimensional (1D) porous hollow structure regulated interfacial environment. The Cu-Ag tandem catalyst was then synthesized with the as-designed structure, exhibiting a high C2+ Faradaic efficiency of 76.0% with a partial current density of 380.0 mA cm-2 in near-neutral electrolytes. Furthermore, in situ Raman spectra validate that the 1D porous structure regulates the concentration of interfacial CO intermediates and ions to increase *CO coverage, local pH value, and ionic field, promoting the CO2-to-C2+ activity. These results provide insights into the design of practical ECR electrocatalysts by regulating interfacial species-induced local environments.

Tandem Catalysis for Simultaneous Removal of NOx and C3H8 with Inhibition of N2O.

Tandem catalysis is widely adopted for multipollutant control in mobile sources but has rarely been reported in stationary source emission elimination. This work proposed a tandem arrangement way with up-streamed V2O5/TiO2 + down-streamed Cr2O3/TiO2 catalysts, which could achieve the efficient synergistic control of NOx and C3H8 in industrial flue gas. Moreover, this arrangement successfully alleviated the unwanted N2O formation during the NH3 -SCR process. Compared to the conventional impregnation method of the Cr2O3-V2O5/TiO2 catalyst, the tandem catalysts of V2O5/TiO2 + Cr2O3/TiO2 could enhance the NOx and C3H8 conversion by 4.2% and 39.5%, respectively, at 350 °C. It might be attributed to the fact that Cr species was the active site for C3H8 oxidation, and the tandem arrangement of catalysts was beneficial to even dispersion of active components on supports. Furthermore, due to the preferential NOx removal over the up-streamed V2O5/TiO2 catalyst, the tandem catalysts obviously alleviated the N2O formation caused by Cr species during the NH3-SCR process. Herein, it significantly decreased N2O formation by 240.5% at 350 °C compared to the Cr2O3-V2O5/TiO2 catalyst, achieving multipollutant emission control from industrial flue gas with the performance of "one stone three birds".

Electrocatalytic Conversion of CH4 to High Value-Added Liquid Fuel over Binary Metal Oxide Tandem Catalysts

As the main component (> 85%) of combustible ice and shale gas, methane (CH4), plays a significant role in the greenhouse effect.(1) Although CH4 was widely used to synthesize high value-added Cx oxygenates via indirect industrial reforming with high-energy consumption. The accurate control of oxidation degree in CH4 conversion remains a great challenge.(2) Therefore, it is difficult to achieve high conversion rate and high selectivity at the same time. The convenience and reliability of the control of reaction potential, as one of the advantages of electrocatalysis technology, can effectively address the above problems.(1, 3) Electrochemical technologies of CH4-to-Cx oxygenates are regarded as one of the most attractive pathways to produce bulk industrial liquid fuels.(4) Especially in the premise of clean energy as an energy source, the electrochemical conversion of methane demonstrates very advantageous market potential. In this work, we prepared a ZrO2 modified FeOx binary metal oxides tandem catalyst to accelerate partial oxidation of CH4 under ambient condition. With CO3 2- as an oxidant, ZrO2@FeOx tandem catalyst shows remarkable CH4 conversion performance with large current density gap (13.65 mA cm-2) and long-term electrochemical stability (negligible attenuation (8 %) after 48 hours) in three-electrodes cell. In addition, in a flow reactor, ZrO2@FeOx-based electrode also exhibits a highly stable operating lifespan over 72 hours at a large current density 50 mA cm-2 and achieve a feasible CH4-liqid fuel conversion with high total faradaic efficiency.References F. Liu, Y. Yan, G. Chen and D. Wang, Green Chemistry, 26, 655 (2024).S. Yuan, Y. Li, J. Peng, Y. M. Questell-Santiago, K. Akkiraju, L. Giordano, D. J. Zheng, S. Bagi, Y. Román-Leshkov and Y. Shao-Horn, Advanced Energy Materials, 10, 2002154 (2020).M. R. A. Kishore, S. Lee and J. S. Yoo, Adv Sci (Weinh), 10, e2301912 (2023).L. Fu, R. Zhang, J. Yang, J. Shi, H. Y. Jiang and J. Tang, Advanced Energy Materials, 13 (2023).

In-situ electrochemical interface of Cu@Ag/C towards the ethylene electrosynthesis with adequate *CO supply

The conversion of carbon dioxide to ethylene by electrochemical reduction (CO2RR) provides a new strategy for achieving carbon dioxide conversion. However, copper-based catalysts have the disadvantages of unsatisfactory selectivity and low current density, which limit the potential CO2RR industrial expansion. Researches have verified that the real reaction sites at the catalyst surface often undergo reconstruction during the reaction, therefore, understanding and utilizing this phenomenon is crucial for improving catalytic performance. In this work, we introduced additional Ag component into Cu@Ag/C tandem catalyst by in-situ electrochemical reconstruction of Cu2CO3(OH)2/AgCl/C precursor. This electro-reduced catalyst exhibits a C2H4 Faradaic efficiency of 50.41% in H-cell, and 58.03% in the flow cell, surpassing the counterparts of pure Cu and Ag, as well as the Cu-Ag homolog with separated interface. Moreover, it also provides a long-term stability of 21 h with the ethylene Faraday efficiency (FE) over 50%. The appropriate amount of Ag dopant into the Cu catalyst changes the electronic structure of Cu surface by the electron transfer from Cu to Ag, which distinctly enhances the binding energy of CO2 on the catalyst. Meanwhile, in-situ Raman results and theoretical calculation reveal that the introduction of silver increases the number of active sites and improves the coverage of *CO intermediate, thereby accelerating the kinetics of C–C coupling and reducing its energy barrier. The combination of cascade catalytic strategy and in-situ electroreduction interface provides potential applications for future artificial carbon balance.

Highly Selective CO2 Electroreduction to C2H4 Using a Dual‐Sites Cu(II) Porphyrin Framework Coupled with Cu2O Nanoparticles via a Synergetic‐Tandem Strategy

AbstractLow *CO coverage on the active sites is a major hurdle in the tandem electrocatalysis, resulting in unsatisfied C2H4 production efficiencies. In this work, we developed a synergetic‐tandem strategy to construct a copper‐based composite catalyst for the electroreduction of CO2 to C2H4, which was constructed via the template‐directed polymerization of ultrathin Cu(II) porphyrin organic framework incorporating atomically isolated Cu(II) porphyrin and Cu(II) bipyridine sites on a carbon nanotube (CNT) scaffold, and then Cu2O nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed on the CNT scaffold. The presence of dual active sites within the Cu(II) porphyrin organic framework create a synergetic effect, leading to an increase in local *CO availability to enhance the C−C coupling step implemented on the adjacent Cu2O nanoparticles for further C2H4 production. Accordingly, the resultant catalyst affords an exceptional CO2‐to‐C2H4 Faradaic efficiency (FEC2H4) of 71.0 % at −1.1 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), making it one of the most effective copper‐based tandem catalysts reported to date. The superior performance of the catalyst is further confirmed through operando infrared spectroscopy and theoretic calculations.

Highly Selective CO2 Electroreduction to C2H4 Using a Dual-Sites Cu(II) Porphyrin Framework Coupled with Cu2O Nanoparticles via a Synergetic-Tandem Strategy.

Low *CO coverage on the active sites is a major hurdle in the tandem electrocatalysis, resulting in unsatisfied C2H4 production efficiencies. In this work, we developed a synergetic-tandem strategy to construct a copper-based composite catalyst for the electroreduction of CO2 to C2H4, which was constructed via the template-directed polymerization of ultrathin Cu(II) porphyrin organic framework incorporating atomically isolated Cu(II) porphyrin and Cu(II) bipyridine sites on a carbon nanotube (CNT) scaffold, and then Cu2O nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed on the CNT scaffold. The presence of dual active sites within the Cu(II) porphyrin organic framework create a synergetic effect, leading to an increase in local *CO availability to enhance the C-C coupling step implemented on the adjacent Cu2O nanoparticles for further C2H4 production. Accordingly, the resultant catalyst affords an exceptional CO2-to-C2H4 Faradaic efficiency (FEC2H4) of 71.0 % at -1.1 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), making it one of the most effective copper-based tandem catalysts reported to date. The superior performance of the catalyst is further confirmed through operando infrared spectroscopy and theoretic calculations.

RuCo/ZrO2 Tandem Catalysts with Photothermal Confinement Effect for Enhanced CO2 Methanation.

Photothermal CO2 methanation reaction represents a promising strategy for addressing CO2-related environmental issues. The presence of efficient tandem catalytic sites with a localized high-temperature is an effective pathway to enhance the performance of CO2 methanation. Here the bimetallic RuCo nanoparticles anchored on ZrO2 fiber cotton (RuCo/ZrO2) as a photothermal catalyst for CO2 methanation are prepared. A significant photothermal CO2 methanation performance with optimal CH4 selectivity (99%) and rate (169.93mmol gcat -1 h-1) is achieved. The photothermal energy of the RuCo bimetallic nanoparticles, confined by the infrared insulation and low thermal conductivity of the ZrO2 fiber cotton (ZrO2 FC), provides a localized high-temperature. In situ spectroscopic experiments on RuCo/ZrO2, Ru/ZrO2, and Co/ZrO2 indicate that the construction of tandem catalytic sites, where the Co site favors CO2 conversion to CO while incorporating Ru enhances CO* adsorption for subsequent hydrogenation, results in a higher selectivity toward CH4. This work opens a new insight into designing tandem catalysts with a photothermal confinement effect in CO2 methanation reaction.

In Situ Electropolymerizing Toward EP-CoP/Cu Tandem Catalyst for Enhanced Electrochemical CO2-to-Ethylene Conversion.

Electrochemical CO2 reduction has garnered significant interest in the conversion of sustainable energy to valuable fuels and chemicals. Cu-based bimetallic catalysts play a crucial role in enhancing *CO concentration on Cu sites for efficient C─C coupling reactions, particularly for C2 product generation. To enhance Cu's electronic structure and direct its selectivity toward C2 products, a novel strategy is proposed involving the in situ electropolymerization of a nano-thickness cobalt porphyrin polymeric network (EP-CoP) onto a copper electrode, resulting in the creation of a highly effective EP-CoP/Cu tandem catalyst. The even distribution of EP-CoP facilitates the initial reduction of CO2 to *CO intermediates, which then transition to Cu sites for efficient C─C coupling. DFT calculations confirm that the *CO enrichment from Co sites boosts *CO coverage on Cu sites, promoting C─C coupling for C2+ product formation. The EP-CoP/Cu gas diffusion electrode achieves an impressive current density of 726mAcm-2 at -0.9V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), with a 76.8% Faraday efficiency for total C2+ conversion and 43% for ethylene, demonstrating exceptional long-term stability in flow cells. These findings mark a significant step forward in developing a tandem catalyst system for the effective electrochemical production of ethylene.

Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis of C4-C5 Isoparaffins via CoxMn1-xO Nanocomposites with Suppressed CO2.

The synthesis of a specific product via the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis remains challenging due to the uncontrollable coupling of CHx on active sites. Isoparaffins, essential high-quality petroleum additives for improving octane numbers, are primarily derived from petroleum or natural gas. With petroleum reserves dwindling and the associated low selectivity, the direct conversion of syngas to isoparaffins has emerged as a promising alternative. This study presents a tandem catalyst comprising CoxMn1-xO and zeolites for catalyzing the direct conversion of syngas to C4-C5 isoparaffins. The relay catalyst exhibited an impressive selectivity of 55.6% toward the desired products while maintaining a low CO2 selectivity of approximately 20%. Notably, the selectivity of isobutane reached 43.5%, exceeding predictions based on the Anderson-Schulz-Flory distribution. Syngas undergoes conversion into olefins on CoxMn1-xO nanocomposites, diffuses into microporous zeolites, and interacts with Brønsted acids to produce isoparaffins. The stability of the relay catalyst relied significantly on the pore characteristics and acidic density of the zeolites.

A Titanium-Based Metal-Organic Framework For Tandem Metallaphotocatalysis.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered substantial attention for their unique properties, such as high porosity and tunable structures, making them versatile for various applications. This paper constructs photoactive titanium-organic frameworks by combining Ti(IV) clusters and a bipyridine linker. The MOF is synthesized in situ through imine condensation, resulting in NU-2300. Subsequent ex situ nickel salt complexation results in NU-2300-Ni, which is then used for light-mediated carbon-heteroatom cross-couplings. The photophysical properties of the metallaphotocatalyst were investigated by UV-vis and EPR analyses, and both the Ti cluster and the bipyridine linker were found to contribute to successful catalysis, making it a tandem catalyst. The heterogeneous material retained its performance through five cycles of thioetherification. This work contributes not only to MOF synthetic strategies but also to expanding MOF applications as recyclable, tandem metallaphotocatalysts.

Direct and stable hydrogenation of CO2 to aromatics over a tandem catalyst Zn0.1Ti0.9Ox/HZSM-5

Direct and stable conversion of CO2 to aromatics (CTA) is an attractive route for reducing CO2 emissions. However, due to the chemical inertness of CO2, direct CTA reaction with high aromatics selectivity is still challenging. In this work, a tandem catalyst Zn0.1Ti0.9Ox/HZSM-5 with appropriate density and strength of acid sites exhibits a high aromatics selectivity of 67.2% and long-term stability over 100 h. Furthermore, the total selectivity of benzene, toluene, and xylene achieves 24.1% over Zn0.1Ti0.9Ox/HZSM-5 with a modified hydrophilic surface. In addition, the CTA via the formate route has been determined in this reaction system.

Gradient Doping of Tandem Catalysts to Boost Ethanol Production at Low Potential during CO2 Electroreduction

Gradient Doping of Tandem Catalysts to Boost Ethanol Production at Low Potential during CO₂ Electroreduction

Bridging Nickel-MOF and Copper Single Atoms/Clusters with H-Substituted Graphdiyne for the Tandem Catalysis of Nitrate to Ammonia.

Interfacial engineering of synergistic catalysts is one of the keys to achieving multiple proton-coupled electron transfer processes in nitrate-to-ammonia conversion. Herein, by joining ultrathin nickel-based metal-organic framework (denoted Ni-MOF) nanosheets with few-layered hydrogen-substituted graphdiyne-supported copper single atoms and clusters (denoted HsGDY@Cu), a tandem catalyst of Ni-MOFs@HsGDY@Cu with dual-active interfaces was developed for the concerted catalysis of nitrate-to-ammonia. In such a system, the sandwiched HsGDY layer could serve as a bridge to connect the coordinated unsaturated Ni2+ sites with Cu single atoms/clusters in a limited range of 0 to 3.6 nm. From Ni2+ to Cu, via the hydrogen spillover process, the hydrogen radicals (H⋅) generated at the unsaturated Ni2+ sites could migrate across HsGDY to the Cu sites to participate in the transformation of *HNO3 to NH3. From Cu to Ni2+, bypassing the higher reaction energy for *HNO3 formation on the Ni2+ sites, the NO2 - detached from the Cu sites could diffuse onto the unsaturated Ni2+ sites to form NH3 as well. The combined results make this hybrid a tandem catalyst with dual active sites for the catalysis of nitrate-to-ammonia conversion with improved Faradaic efficiency at lower overpotentials.

Bridging Nickel‐MOF and Copper Single Atoms/Clusters with H‐Substituted Graphdiyne for the Tandem Catalysis of Nitrate to Ammonia

AbstractInterfacial engineering of synergistic catalysts is one of the keys to achieving multiple proton‐coupled electron transfer processes in nitrate‐to‐ammonia conversion. Herein, by joining ultrathin nickel‐based metal–organic framework (denoted Ni‐MOF) nanosheets with few‐layered hydrogen‐substituted graphdiyne‐supported copper single atoms and clusters (denoted HsGDY@Cu), a tandem catalyst of Ni‐MOFs@HsGDY@Cu with dual‐active interfaces was developed for the concerted catalysis of nitrate‐to‐ammonia. In such a system, the sandwiched HsGDY layer could serve as a bridge to connect the coordinated unsaturated Ni2+ sites with Cu single atoms/clusters in a limited range of 0 to 3.6 nm. From Ni2+ to Cu, via the hydrogen spillover process, the hydrogen radicals (H⋅) generated at the unsaturated Ni2+ sites could migrate across HsGDY to the Cu sites to participate in the transformation of *HNO3 to NH3. From Cu to Ni2+, bypassing the higher reaction energy for *HNO3 formation on the Ni2+ sites, the NO2− detached from the Cu sites could diffuse onto the unsaturated Ni2+ sites to form NH3 as well. The combined results make this hybrid a tandem catalyst with dual active sites for the catalysis of nitrate‐to‐ammonia conversion with improved Faradaic efficiency at lower overpotentials.

Zn promoted GaZrOx Ternary Solid Solution Oxide Combined with SAPO-34 Effectively Converts CO2 to Light Olefins with Low CO Selectivity.

We proposed a new strategy for CO2 hydrogenation to prepare light olefins by introducing Zn into GaZrOx to construct ZnGaZrOx ternary oxides, which was combined with SAPO-34 to prepare a high-performance ZnGaZrOx/SAPO-34 tandem catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation to light olefins. By optimizing the Zn doping content, the ratio and mode of the two-phase composite, and the process conditions, the 3.5 %ZnGaZrOx/SAPO-34 tandem catalyst showed excellent catalytic performance and good high-temperature inhibition of the reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction. The catalyst achieved 26.6 % CO2 conversion, 82.1 % C2 =-C4 = selectivity and 11.8 % light olefins yield. The ZnGaZrOx formed by introducing an appropriate amount of Zn into GaZrOx significantly enhanced the spillover H2 effect and also induced the generation of abundant oxygen vacancies to effectively promote the activation of CO2. Importantly, the RWGS reaction was also significantly suppressed at high temperatures, with the CO selectivity being only 46.1 % at 390 °C.

Core–Shell catalyst particles for tandem catalysis: An experimental/numerical approach towards optimal design

Tandem catalysis is a promising approach to intensify chemical processes and increase their efficiency. On the other hand, the design of efficient, optimal and targeted tailored tandem catalysts is yet so challenging as the optimal catalyst loading is difficult to assess a priori. In this article, we present a concise route towards the design of optimal core–shell tandem catalyst particles on the example of coupled RWGS and FTS reactions for any specific spherical morphology. The route features five consecutive steps including: tandem system identification, catalyst synthesis, i.e. mono- and tandem-functional, catalyst characterization and initial performance test, kinetic modeling with parameter estimation if necessary, and optimal design of catalysts. The initial step features thermodynamic equilibrium calculations for RWGS and FTS showing a common operational window. Then, Pt and Co are selected as active metals and the formulation of the tandem catalyst is designed. For the second step, the synthesis route for the tandem catalyst Pt,CeO2@SiO2-Co, and the mono-functional catalysts, Pt@SiO2 and CeO2@SiO2-Co are presented. For the third step, all catalysts were tested for CO2 hydrogenation as an exemplary tandem process. A reduced transport model from literature was adjusted for RWGS and FTS reactions with kinetic expression from literature to enable numerical optimization. The kinetic parameters are estimated based on the performance tests of the mono-functional reference materials, i.e. Pt@SiO2 for RWGS and CeO2@SiO2-Co for FTS. The model is validated by cross comparison to the data from the tandem reaction setup. In the fifth step, the model was used for the numerical optimization of the catalyst loading on core and shell leading to the identification of the optimal design, resulting in a significant increase of C2+ Yield.

Superior electrocatalytic nitrate-to-ammonia conversion activity on CuCo bimetals in neutral media

Electrocatalytic recycling of waste nitrate (NO3-) to valuable ammonia (NH3) has been regarded as a sustainable and promising alternative to the unfriendly Haber-Bosch process. Nevertheless, it is still a challenge to achieve high production rate in a neutral media due to the multi-step electron and proton transfer process. Herein, a nonprecious CuCo tandem catalyst is facilely fabricated and the cooperative active sites enable efficient cascade NO3--to-NH3 conversion with outstanding Faradaic efficiency (FE) and high-rate NH3 generation (95 %, 710 μmol h−1 cm−2 at −0.65 VRHE) in neutral media. In-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is implemented to identify the reaction intermediates to figure out the tandem pathway. Further combined the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the structure-activity relationship is unveiled. The introduction of Cu regulates the electronic structure of Co to boost the adsorption capacity of nitrate and shifts the d-band to lower the energy barrier. Moreover, the presence of Cu plays a vital role in inhibiting the binding of H*, which ensures the superior FE. To further maximize the energy utilization efficiency, a two-electrode electrolyzer (Cu45Co55||CuNi) is assembled by replacing the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with thermodynamically favored 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) oxidation to produce value-added 2,5-furandicarboxylic (FDCA), an important intermediate in the synthesis of bioplastics. These findings might guide the rational design of efficient and inexpensive electrocatalysts to produce value-added chemicals and hold the promise for contributing to carbon peaking and neutrality goals.

Mechanistic investigation of ammonia adsorption and reforming over Ni, Ru loaded catalysts toward green H2 production of marine engines: DFT calculation and experimental evaluation

Highly active catalysts suitable for ammonia reforming reactions have been comprehensively investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental tests. Non-precious metal Ni, precious metal Ru and Ru-Ni composite metal are selected as catalytic activity surfaces, and a series of three-dimensional metal-packed catalyst models are constructed parallelly. Then, to elucidate the rate-determining step of reforming reaction, in-depth analysis of microscopic reaction mechanisms for amino groups (including H and NHx, x=0–3) adsorption, dissociation, recombination and desorption are carried out by simulation parameters and experimental data. The results indicate that NH3 exhibits highly stable adsorption configurations (Bridge site) on both Ni, Ru-based catalyst surfaces, with the adsorption position having a relatively minor effect on adsorption energy. It is worth noting that Ni-based catalyst exhibits better adsorption behaviors towards NH3 compared to Ru. Whereas, during stepwise dehydrogenation of NH3 and subsequent N2 and H2 recombination and desorption processes, the reaction energy barriers confirm experimental observations of higher activity displayed by Ru-based catalyst in low-temperature range of 400–500 °C. Interestingly, N2 synthesis behavior of innovative Ru-Ni bimetallic tandem catalyst surface possesses the lowest reaction energy barrier than other models, which is attributed to the adsorption capability of Ni layers and the catalytic activity of Ru atoms. The experimental results also demonstrate that under typical engine exhaust conditions, the H2 production efficiency of 1 %Ru-3 %Ni/Al2O3 surpasses that of 1 %Ru/Al2O3 by 6.2 %, showcasing exceptional stability.

Indium Metal Oxide Tandem Ag Catalyst toward Highly Selective CO2 Electroreduction to CO over a Wide Potential Window

Indium Metal Oxide Tandem Ag Catalyst toward Highly Selective CO₂ Electroreduction to CO over a Wide Potential Window