Tampering Rate Research Articles

An authentication scheme for color images with grayscale invariance and recoverability using image demosaicing

This paper proposes a novel recoverable authentication scheme for color images that ensures the consistency of grayscale values after embedment. In the proposed scheme, the color image is sub-sampled based on the Bayer pattern, and the most significant bits (MSBs) of the sub-sampled image are used as the recovery codes. Image blocks are divided into two categories, feasible and infeasible. Feasible blocks are utilized for embedding both authentication and recovery codes, whereas infeasible ones are only used for embedding authentication codes. In case of tampering, the authentication codes are employed to detect the tampered regions, and the undamaged recovery codes can be utilized to reconstruct the sub-sampled image. The demosaicing algorithm is applied to the sub-sampled image to obtain the demosaicked image, which is then used to recover the tampered regions. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed scheme yields an acceptable image quality even when the tampering rate is as high as 40 %.

Block mapping and dual-matrix-based watermarking for image authentication with self-recovery capability.

Numerous image authentication techniques have been devised to address the potential security issue of malicious tampering with image content since digital images can be easily duplicated, modified, transformed and diffused via the Internet transmission. However, the existing works still remain many shortcomings in terms of the recovery incapability and detection accuracy with extensive tampering. To improve the performance of tamper detection and image recovery, we present a block mapping and dual-matrix-based watermarking scheme for image authentication with self-recovery capability in this paper. The to-be-embedded watermark information is composed of the authentication data and recovery data. The Authentication Feature Composition Calculation algorithm is proposed to generate the authentication data for image tamper detection and localization. Furthermore, the recovery data for tampered region recovery is comprised of self-recovery bits and mapped-recovery bits. The Set Partition in Hierarchical Trees encoding algorithm is applied to obtain the self-recovery bits, whereas the Rehashing Model-based Block Mapping algorithm is proposed to obtain the mapped-recovery bits for retrieving the damaged codes caused by tampering. Subsequently, the watermark information is embedded into the original image as digital watermarking with the guidance of a dual-matrix. The experimental results demonstrate that comparing with other state-of-the-art works, our proposed scheme not only improves the performance in recovery, but also extends the limitation of tampering rate up to 90%. Furthermore, it obtains a desirable image quality above 40 dB, large watermark payload up to 3.169 bpp, and the effective resistance to malicious attack, such as copy-move and collage attacks.

A blind recovery technique with integer wavelet transforms in image watermarking

The development of internet technology has simplified the sharing and modification of digital image information. The aim of this study is to propose a new blind recovery technique based on integer wavelets transform (BRIWT) by utilizing their image content. The LSB adjustment technique on the integer wavelet transform is used to embed recovery data into the two least significant bits (LSB) of the image content. Authentication bits are embedded into the current locations of the LSB of the image content, while the recovery information is embedded into different block locations based on the proposed block mapping. The embedded recovery data is securely placed at random locations within the two LSBs using a secret key. A three-layer embedding of authentication bits is used to validate the integrity of the image contents, achieving high precision and accuracy. Tamper localization accuracy is employed to identify recovery bits from the image content. This research also investigates the image inpainting method to enhance recovery from tampered images. The proposed image inpainting is performed by identifying non-tampered pixels in the surrounding tamper localization. The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can produce highly watermarked images with imperceptibility, with an average SSIM value of 0.9978 and a PSNR value of 46.20 dB. The proposed scheme significantly improves the accuracy of tamper localization, with a precision of 0.9943 and an accuracy of 0.9971. The proposed recovery technique using integer wavelet transforms achieves high-quality blind recovery with an SSIM value of 0.9934 under a tampering rate of 10%. The findings of this study reveal that the proposed scheme improves the quality of blind recovery by 14.2 % under a tampering rate of 80 %.

A Blockchain Framework for Preserving Music Intellectual Property Rights

The continuous strengthening of intellectual property protection has made the analysis of music intellectual property framework a research hotspot, and also promoted the integration of blockchain and intellectual property. The original IP protection framework could not solve the problem of music IP protection, and IP protection was ineffective. Therefore, this paper proposes a framework based on blockchain technology to analyze the protection of music intellectual property rights. Firstly, the blockchain server is used to store the music intellectual property rights, and the continuity judgment is made according to the characteristics of the intellectual property data to form the block data of the time series. Then, according to the intellectual property results stored in each server, the blockchain framework with different protection levels is compared with the intellectual property protection requirements. After simulation test and analysis, the framework based on blockchain technology can improve the security of music intellectual property data, reduce the tampering rate of property rights data, remove the centralization of intellectual property rights, and simplify the intellectual property protection process.

A novel color image tampering detection and self-recovery based on fragile watermarking

In industrial applications, sensing devices' image data must be accurately identified and recovered to prevent economic losses. Nevertheless, most industrial image watermarking methods focus on grayscale images with difficulty in achieving superior performance in three parameters: watermarked image quality, tamper detection and content recovery quality. To resolve this issue, a color image tampering detection and self-recovery method based fragile watermarking scheme is proposed in this paper. In the proposed scheme, block-based regular marker with pixel-based continuous marker is used for watermark embedding to enhance the quality of watermarked images. Then, a feature extraction-based tampering detection scheme for diagonal blocks combined with three-layer authentication is developed to resist tampering attacks of diverse shapes and sizes. Additionally, the block pixel-level recovery mechanism along with the Smoothing Inpainting algorithm is designed to implement the high-quality recovery of tampered images. Compared with recent methods, experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the scheme on tamper detection and image self-recovery, in terms of the image recovery robustness, tamper localization and attack resistance. Our scheme has a PSNR value of 25.4921 dB and an SSIM value of 0.7728 for the recovered image at 90% tampering rate.

AuSR3: A new block mapping technique for image authentication and self-recovery to avoid the tamper coincidence problem

This paper proposes a new block mapping technique for image authentication and self-recovery designed to avoid the tamper coincidence problem called the AuSR3. The tamper coincidence problem can arise when modifications to an image affect the original block and its recovery data, resulting in the inability to recover the tampered region of the image. The new block mapping technique ensures that the recovery data of a block is embedded into the most distant location possible, minimizing the tamper coincidence problem. In addition, the improved LSB shifting algorithm is employed to embed the watermark data consisting of authentication and recovery data. The experimental result shows that the AuSR3 can produce high-quality watermarked images across various datasets with average PSNR values of 46.2 dB, which improved by 2.1 dB compared to the LSB replacement technique. The new block mapping technique avoids the tamper coincidence problem by up to 25% tampering rates. It contributes to the high-quality recovered image with a PSNR and SSIM value of 39.10 dB and 0.9944, respectively, on a 10% tampering rate on the USC-SIPI dataset.

Identification of FIR Systems With Binary-Valued Observations Against Data Tampering Attacks

This article addresses the security issue against data tampering attacks in the identification of finite impulse response (FIR) systems with binary-valued observations. First, the data tampering rate and estimation error caused by the network attack are derived. From the perspective of the attacker, it is investigated how to achieve the maximum attack effect with the minimum energy. Second, the compensation-type defense scheme is designed. Under this, the identification algorithm is constructed, and its strong convergence is proved. Taking the covariance matrix of the estimation error as the performance index, the optimal defense scheme is given. Finally, the results obtained are verified by simulation example.

Research on Copyright Protection Technology based on MIDI Music Structural Features

<p>Due to the extensive use of Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) music in education, entertainment and business, copyright infringements of MIDI music are increasing rapidly. The low robustness of existing MIDI music watermarking is the main problem. Therefore, this paper proposes two novel MIDI music watermarking algorithms to comprehensively protect the copyright of MIDI music. We first propose a dual threshold audio watermarking algorithm based on MIDI note time difference and velocity value. It extracts a main melody audio track of MIDI music through a Ho-Kashyap (H-K) algorithm, generates an adaptive em-bedding double threshold for the main melody audio track, and uses a time fluctuation algorithm to embed the watermark information. We also propose a MIDI music watermarking algorithm in frequency domain using Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). It converts the pitch of MIDI music to the fundamental frequency, obtains the Direct Current (DC) component of the fundamental frequency by DCT transform, combines the watermark information and the DC component to obtain the secret pitch, and takes the difference between the secret pitch and the original pitch as the new watermark information. Finally, a general attack experiment was conducted on the two watermarking algorithms to verify the feasibility and security. In this paper, the mean square error method and the normalized correlation coefficient method are selected to evaluate the quality of MIDI music objectively. An absolute information entropy evaluation model is proposed to evaluate MIDI music quality. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithms can extract effective watermark after MIDI command attacks with a MIDI music cutting rate of more than 88% and tampering rate of less than 5%, which means that the proposed algorithms are robust against attacks.</p> <p> </p>

Robust data hiding scheme through distinct keypoint selection exploiting modified Bilateral-Laplacian SIFT with encoding pipeline

SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform) has recently been used to secure multimedia materials from geometric and non-geometric attacks. SIFT is commonly used in Computer Vision to identify and describe local features in images using the Difference of Gaussian (DoG) method, which has a high processing cost and a strong affinity towards the edge, resulting in a low contrast point. By introducing modified SIFT (mSIFT), which selects the most distinguishable key point with their feature descriptors, an attempt has been made to construct a rotation and scaling resistant data hiding strategy in this study. Unlike SIFT, a Bilateral-Laplacian filter was employed to determine the extrema, which took into account both geometric and photometric distance to reduce noise and retain the edge. This adds to the benefits of the proposed scheme’s resistance against geometric attacks, even when the tampering rate is large. Furthermore, during data embedding, the suggested technique achieves excellent security by utilizing Arnold chaotic function, pseudorandom sequence generator, and a newly created unique encoding pipeline. The proposed technique is secure and resistant to various steganographic attacks while preserving good visual quality, according to experimental results and analysis, as well as comparisons with existing state-of-the-art methods.

AuSR2: Image watermarking technique for authentication and self-recovery with image texture preservation

This paper presents an image watermarking technique for authentication and self-recovery called AuSR2. The AuSR2 scheme partitions the cover image into 3 × 3 non-overlapping blocks. The watermark data is embedded into two Least Significant Bit (LSB), consisting of two authentication bits and 16 recovery bits for each block. The texture of each block is preserved in the recovery data. Thus, each tampered pixel can be recovered independently instead of using the average block. The recovery process may introduce the tamper coincidence problem, which can be solved using image inpainting. The AuSR2 implements the LSB shifting algorithm to increase the imperceptibility by 2.8%. The experimental results confirm that the AuSR2 can accurately detect the tampering area up to 100%. The AuSR2 can recover the tampered image with a PSNR value of 38.11 dB under a 10% tampering rate. The comparative analysis proves the superiority of the AuSR2 compared to the existing schemes.

New Framework of Self-Embedding Fragile Watermarking Based on Reference Sharing Mechanism

We proposed in this paper a new self-embedding framework based on a reference sharing mechanism. The framework has high flexibility; it can not only estimate the optimal recovered image quality based on a given tampering rate but also estimate the largest tampering rate that the framework can resist based on the given peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of the recovered image. When the tampering rate is given, we first calculate the largest number of character bits and then allocate an appropriate number of character bits according to the complexity of the image block to achieve the optimal recovered image quality. When the PSNR of the recovered image is given, the number of character bits is minimized by satisfying the corresponding constraints to achieve the largest tolerable tampering rate. Experimental results show the flexibility, effectiveness, and superiority of the proposed scheme compared with some reported schemes.

AuSR1: Authentication and self-recovery using a new image inpainting technique with LSB shifting in fragile image watermarking

With the rapid development of multimedia technology, editing and manipulating digital images have become more accessible than ever. This paper proposed color image authentication based on blind fragile image watermarking for tamper detection and self-recovery named AuSR1. The AuSR1 divides each channel of the cover image into non-overlapping blocks with the size of 2 × 2 pixels. The authentication data is embedded into the original block location, while the recovery data is embedded into the distant location from the original location based on the block mapping algorithm. The watermark data is then embedded into the 2 LSB to achieve high quality of the recovered image under tampering attacks. In addition, the permutation algorithm is applied to ensure the security of the watermark data. The AuSR1 utilizes a three-layer authentication algorithm to achieve a high detection rate.The experimental results show that the scheme produced a PSNR value of 45.57 dB and an SSIM value of 0.9972 of the watermarked images. Furthermore, the AuSR1 detected the tampered area of the images with a high precision value of 0.9943. In addition, the recovered image achieved a PSNR value of 27.64 dB and an SSIM value of 0.9339 on a 50% tampering rate.

A self-embedding secure fragile watermarking scheme with high quality recovery

In recent years, with the development of cloud storage, more and more people upload images to the cloud for storage. However, confidentiality and integrity issues may arise during transmission and storage to the cloud. Aiming at these security problems, a fragile watermarking scheme based on the encrypted domain is proposed. A watermark is divided into two types, one is for detection, the other is for recovery. After embedding the two types of watermarks into the host image, the watermarked image will be transferred to the cloud for storage. A three-level tamper detection mechanism is used in the detection process, and the first-level tamper detection can be processed in the cloud. While in recovery process, a mechanism of “block-level detection, pixel-level recovery” is proposed to recover the tampered area. The experimental results show that the watermarked image has greatly changed the original image and guarantees the confidentiality. The three-level tamper detection mechanism can accurately detect the tampered area, the image can be effectively restored in different situations, when the tampering rate is as high as 80%, the average PSNR reaches 34.62 dB, and the average SSIM is higher than 0.93.

Local feature based self-embedding fragile watermarking scheme for tampered detection and recovery utilizing AMBTC with fuzzy logic

The aim of designing self-embedding fragile watermarking is copy-right protection, tamper localization and image recovery. This paper proposes a self-embedding fragile watermarking scheme for tamper detection and recovery based on local image characteristics using Absolute Moment Block Truncation Coding (AMBTC) and fuzzy logic. The original image is divided into (4×4) non-overlapping blocks. The watermark of each block are generated from 6 MSBs of each pixels of the block. Using similarity matrix, the blocks are categorized into smooth and complex depending on similarity among neighboring pixels. In smooth block, mean is used as recovery data for their high similarity existence whereas complex block uses AMBTC image as it has a compressed representation of an image and preserves the features of the cover image. Recovery data are embedded into 2 LSBs of corresponding mapped block. The efficiency of the proposed scheme is analyzed in terms of Tamper Detection Rate (TDR) and Tamper Recovery Rate (TRR). The performance of the proposed scheme is analyzed against different attacks applied on different regions of the watermarked image. The experiment results show that the imperceptibility and visual quality of the watermarked image as well as recovered image is satisfactorily high even at 50% tampering rate.

Detection and Recovery of Higher Tampered Images Using Novel Feature and Compression Strategy

Due to the availability of powerful image-editing software and the growing amount of multimedia data that is transmitted via the Internet, integrity verifications and confidentiality of the data are becoming critical issues. However, currently, the accuracy of detecting and the recovery capability of the tampered images by the existing methods through watermarking strategy is still not at the required level, especially at a higher tampered rate. This paper proposes a new blind and fragile watermarking method to detect tampering and better recovery of tampered images. To improve the quality of both the watermarked and the recovered images, a new feature extraction scheme is introduced which will produce a short but comprehensive recovery code using a new compression strategy. If a block in the image tampers, the proposed embedded feature allows the original data to be extracted for recovery. To overcome tamper coincidence, every block’s watermarked data contains not only the recovery code belonging to the block itself but also its neighbor’s data as a second layer of recovery. Various size blocks were investigated to see the performance and compare their efficiency for recovering an image after different tampering rates. The test showed the smaller block sizes may be more suitable for locating tampering, where the bigger ones are more suitable when the tampering rate is higher. The bigger block sizes in the proposed method can recover an image even after a 60% tampering rate with high quality (more than 31 dB). The experimental results prove that the proposed method can have better efficiency for detecting tampering, and recovery of the original image, compared to the relevant existing methods.

Self-Embedding Watermarking Algorithm Under High Tampering Rates

A self-embedding watermarking algorithm based on a reference sharing mechanism that has recovery ability under high tampering rates is proposed in this paper. In existing methods, the image recovery ability is often limited under an increasing tampering rate. The proposed method overcomes this limitation by seeking an approximate solution for each character-bit group tampered with. Moreover, the priority assignment of such groups can enhance the accuracy of tampering recovery. Based on this, by using the method proposed in this paper, recovered images always maintain excellent visual quality even at relatively high tampering rates. The experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.

Blind Image Watermarking for Localization and Restoration of Color Images

Digital images have become easy to generate and share with tremendous growth in communication technology. Therefore, the threat of forgery and tampering in digital images has also been increased. This study proposes a blind fragile watermarking scheme for color images to provide efficient image tamper detection and self-recovery. A secret key based pseudo random binary sequence is used as a fragile watermark for tamper detection. Likewise, the recovery information is preserved in a randomized manner using a secret key. During embedding, each channel of the RGB image is divided into non-overlapping 2 × 4 size blocks. Each block is then watermarked using a LSB (least significant bit) replacement process in 9-base notation structure. The watermark sequence (i.e. 12-bit) for each block contains 6-bits from the fragile watermark and concatenated with the recovery information (i.e. 6 MSB (most significant bit) of block's mean value) of a different block. The experimental results confirm that the scheme is highly efficient to locate tampered region and recover the original image even in case of serious tampering. The scheme offers nearly 99% accurate tamper detection and significant recovery of tampered images (up to 80% tampering rate). Comparative results prove the significance and superiority of the scheme over existing schemes.

Image tamper detection and multi-scale self-recovery using reference embedding with multi-rate data protection

This paper proposes a multi-scale self-recovery (MSSR) approach to protect images against content forgery. The main idea is to provide more resistance against image tampering while enabling the recovery process in a multi-scale quality manner. In the proposed approach, the reference data composed of several parts and each part is protected by a channel coding rate according to its importance. The first part, which is used to reconstruct a rough approximation of the original image, is highly protected in order to resist against higher tampering rates. Other parts are protected with lower rates according to their importance leading to lower tolerable tampering rate (TTR), but the higher quality of the recovered images. The proposed MSSR approach is an efficient solution for the main disadvantage of the current methods, which either recover a tampered image in low tampering rates or fails when tampering rate is above the TTR value. The simulation results on 10000 test images represent the efficiency of the multi-scale self-recovery feature of the proposed approach in comparison with the existing methods.

Digital image self-recovery algorithm based on improved joint source-channel coding optimizer

The purpose of the digital image self-recovery is to restore high quality images as much as possible when the image is tampered. Existing algorithms can only achieve high recovered image quality with tiny tampering rate. To obtain high recovered image quality with large tampering rate, this paper proposes a digital image self-recovery algorithm based on improved JSCC (Joint Source-Channel Coding) optimizer. The algorithm performs quadtree decomposition of original grayscale image corresponding to different decomposition factors γ and performs bit-plane layering according to the block class obtained by quadtree decomposition. Size of each bit-plane is the number of pixels of each block class. Then, the original image is compressed by SPIHT, and the compressed bit-stream of SPIHT is segmented into bit-plane according to the size in order. The bit-planes are protected by different RS (Reed-Solomon) coders to get optimal decomposition result of corresponding γ. Finally, JSCC optimization is designed to get an optimal quality of recovered image. Experimental results show that, using our algorithm, for 2-LSB embedding, when the tampering rate is less the minimum TTR (Tolerable Tempering Rate), the PSNR is improved by 4.93dB. When the tampering rate is larger the minimum TTR, the PSNR is improved by 2dB. When 3-LSB watermark are embedded, the PSNR of recovered image is improved by 2.58dB on average. It shows that our improved optimizer effectively improves the quality of the recovered image at high tampering rates, compared with the similar algorithms.

A Bayer pattern-based fragile watermarking scheme for color image tamper detection and restoration

The security of multimedia documents becomes an urgent need, especially with the increasing image falsifications provided by the easy access and use of image manipulation tools. Hence, usage of image authentication techniques fulfills this need. In this paper, we propose an effective self-embedding fragile watermarking scheme for color images tamper detection and restoration. To decrease the capacity of insertion, a Bayer pattern is used to reduce the color host image into a gray-level watermark, to further improve the security Torus Automorphism permutation is used to scramble the gray-level watermark. In our algorithm, three copies of the watermark are inserted over three components (R, G, and B channels) of the color host image, providing a high probability of detection accuracy and recovery if one copy is destroyed. In the tamper detection process, a majority voting technique is used to determine the legitimacy of the image and recover the tampered regions after interpolating the extracted gray-level watermark. Using our proposed method, tampering rate can achieve 25% with a high visual quality of recovered image and PSNR values greater than 34 (dB). Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method affords three major properties: the high quality of watermarked image, the sensitive tamper detection and high localization accuracy besides the high-quality of recovered image.