Tamil Nadu Research Articles

A Rank-Based Quotient Analysis of Constraints Faced by PM-KISAN Beneficiaries across Southern States of India: Key Issues and Policy Implications

The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) scheme, launched in 2018, aims to provide crucial financial support to farmers in India. This study analyses the constraints experienced by PM-KISAN recipients across five southern Indian states: Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka and Kerala. Data was gathered from 1,900 farmers through open-ended surveys, and the constraints were ranked using the Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) method. The top constraint, cited by 98.2% of farmers, was the inadequacy of the Rs. 6,000 annual payments, which was considered insufficient for meaningful agricultural investment. Other key issues included exclusion due to outdated land records (88.8%), ineligibility of tenant farmers (85.5%), irregular fund disbursement (75.4%), and a lack of awareness about the scheme's guidelines (70.5%). These findings indicate the need for policy reforms, including increasing the grant amount, revising eligibility criteria, and improving awareness and transparency in fund distribution. Addressing these issues could significantly improve the impact of the PM KISAN scheme, particularly for small and marginal farmers.

Enhancing spelling skills in dyslexic primary students: A comparative study of remedial and compensatory interventions in chennai

Learning to spell poses significant challenges for young learners with dyslexia, who often encounter difficulties with phonological awareness and orthographic processing. This study explores the effectiveness of a structured, two-stage intervention aimed at enhancing spelling skills among 25 primary school students in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, whose native language is Tamil. In the initial four-week phase, participants engaged in remedial activities focused on developing phonological and orthographic awareness, essential foundations for accurate spelling. This phase targeted the students’ ability to recognize sound patterns and understand letter-sound associations, providing a base for further learning. In the following sixteen-week phase, the intervention expanded to include compensatory strategies designed to reinforce initial learning and foster a more comprehensive understanding of spelling. This phase incorporated the multimodal learning, combining visual, auditory, and kinesthetic techniques, as well as task-oriented exercises, play-based activities, and gamified methods to make the learning process more engaging and enjoyable. These varied approaches aimed to enhance students’ spelling skills while maintaining their interest and motivation. The study’s findings demonstrated that both the remedial and compensatory interventions had a positive impact on students' spelling abilities. However, while the phonological and orthographic methods helped build essential skills, they required a longer duration to ensure retention beyond the intervention period. Conversely, the integrated, multimodal approach introduced in the second phase resulted in faster and more substantial improvements. This outcome highlights the benefits of a dynamic, interactive approach in supporting dyslexic learners who are acquiring English as a second language, promoting both skill acquisition and engagement.

Potential impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction in India’s Universal Immunisation Programme on private sector vaccine utilisation: an interrupted time series analysis

BackgroundDespite free immunisation services through the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP), around 14% of Indian households seek immunisation in the private sector. We examined the potential impact of rotavirus vaccine (RVV) introduction in the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) on private-sector rotavirus vaccine utilisation.MethodsWe analysed nationally representative private-sector vaccine sales data. The intervention under consideration is RVV introduction in the UIP in selected Indian states. The outcome is the ‘monthly RVV sales volume’—a proxy for vaccine utilisation. We performed a Poisson regression interrupted time series analysis to detect the pre-intervention trend, post-intervention level change and trend change relative to the pre-intervention for monthly rotavirus vaccine utilisation.ResultsPoisson segmented regression analysis showed that immediately after RVV introduction in the UIP private-sector RVV sales showed a decline in Rajasthan by 37.4% (Incidence Risk Ratio (IRR): 0.626; 95% CI: 0.504–0.779), in Tamil Nadu by 26% (IRR: 0.740; 95% CI: 0.513–1.068), in Uttar Pradesh-East by 72.2% (IRR: 0.278; 95% CI: 0.178–0.436) and in Kerala by 3% (IRR: 0.970; 95% CI: 0.651–1.447). Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Kerala had sustained reduction in the postintervention trend relative to the preintervention trend by 20.1% (IRR: 0.799; 95% CI: 0.763–0.836), 6.4% (IRR: 0.936; 95% CI: 0.906–0.967) and 3.3% (IRR: 0.967; 95% CI: 0.926–0.960) per month, respectively. However, in Haryana and UP-west, in the first-month post-UIP introduction, the private-sector RVV sales increased by 101% and 3.8%, respectively which was followed by a sustained decrease of 14.2% (IRR: 0.858; 95% CI: 0.688–1.070) and 5.8% (IRR: 0.942; 95% CI: 0.926–0.960) per month, respectively. In terms of long-term impact, the private sector RVV sales post-UIP introduction decreased at a monthly rate of 4.4% (IRR: 0.956, 95% CI: 0.939–0.974) in Rajasthan but increased by 5.5% (IRR: 1.055; 95% CI: 1.040–1.070) in UP-east, 0.3% (IRR: 1.003, 95% CI: 0.976–1.031)) in Kerala and 0.2% (IRR: 1.002, 95% CI: 0.993–1.011) in Tamil Nadu whereas Haryana and UP-west had a reduction in RVV utilisation by 2.8% (IRR: 0.972; 95% CI: 0.955–0.990) and 1% (IRR: 0.990; 95% CI: 0.982–0.998), respectively.ConclusionsThe study provides evidence that access to RVV through UIP leads to a reduction in private-sector RVV utilisation. We recommend strengthening UIP to expand the basket of new vaccines.

Arabic Vocabulary And Its Cultural Influences On The Colloquial Tamil Language: Special Reference To South Tamil Nadu India/ المفردات العربية وتأثيراتها الثقافية في اللغة التاميلية العامية : جنوب ولاية تاميل نادو في الهند أنموذجا

Language is vital for exchanging opinions and ideas, expressing feelings, and fulfilling daily needs. Arabic stands out among other languages due to its various advantages and features. Tamil Nadu, one of the states in India, is known as the historical frame of the Dravidian civilization, one of India's oldest. It is situated in the southernmost part of Asia. Tamil Nadu's residents speak Tamil, an ancient and expressive language celebrated for its rich literature and esteemed position among Indian languages. Tamil Nadu's global prominence stems from its historical oceanic and commercial connections. Centuries ago, the state actively traded with China, Babylonia, Rome, the Levant, the Turks, and, notably, the Arabs. These trade interactions facilitated vigorous import-export activities and improved cultural exchange and integration among diverse peoples. This study focuses on the influence of the Arabic language on Tamil, particularly in contemporary usage, where many Arabic words have been integrated into Tamil vocabulary. This research emphasizes the everyday use of Arabic terms, especially in fields such as law, exemplified by terms like amal, asal, bark, taraf, waterish, wakeel, and wayeetha, etc. It examines the linguistic and cultural similarities and shared usage of words between these two distinct languages. The methodology adopted is qualitative. The primary data was collected through personal interviews and original texts. Secondary data were obtained from related books, and scholarly works and data were analyzed. This study concluded that Arabic influence in colloquial Tamil, especially in southern Tamil Nadu, needs more extensive research. The persistent Arabic influence on Tamil civilization and cultural practices is frequently mistaken for indigenous Tamil elements in academic and administrative contexts. Arabic words used in Tamil have their roots and origins, emphasizing their originality in the Arabic language rather than being borrowed from Tamil.

Multivariate genetic analysis and diversity assessment in lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) accessions

The present study was carried out during 2019 to 2022 at the Floriculture Research Station (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu), Thovalai, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu to access the genetic variability in lotus accessions (Nelumbo nucifera) collected from 6 diverse locations. The research presents significant insights into the growth and flowering characteristics of these extraordinary aquatic plants and their adaptability to various environmental conditions. The analysis of mean performance showcases noteworthy variations in plant height, leaf dimensions, flowering time and the number of leaves, and flowers/plant across different collection sites, highlighting the profound influence of local environmental conditions on lotus growth. Lotus traits with significant genetic diversity and heritability, presenting opportunities for targeted selective breeding were identified. Principal component analysis uncovers key trait influencers, while cluster analysis categorizes accessions based on similarities, streamlining research and cultivation. Correlation and path analysis unveil relationships among lotus traits, enhancing our understanding of growth factors. D2 cluster composition reveals distinct groupings; Cluster I includes KNn1 and KNn5, Cluster II features KNn2, Cluster III comprises KNn6, Cluster IV contains KNn3, and Cluster V houses KNn4. Genetic divergence analysis identifies the number of flowers/plant as the primary driver of genetic diversity, emphasizing its importance for breeding. It underscores the need to consider both genetic and environmental factors in lotus cultivation and highlights the importance of targeted breeding efforts to unlock the full potential of lotus.

Serological and morpho-molecular characterization of papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) infecting the papaya (Carica papaya) in Tamil Nadu

Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is wreaking havoc on papaya cultivation, leading to significant crop losses. Present study was carried out during 2022 and 2023 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu aimed to identify and characterize PRSV in four districts of Tamil Nadu. The incidence of the PRSV ranged from 32–100% in the surveyed districts. Samples displaying symptoms such as mosaic patterns, mottling, yellowing, puckering, shoestring appearance, oily stains on stems and petioles, deformed fruits, and concentric rings on fruits were collected for PRSV confirmation. The preliminary diagnosis of samples using DAS-ELISA showed the presence of PRSV in leaf and fruit skin samples but the absence of the virus in flower and seed samples. The existence of flexuous, filamentous rod- shaped particles measuring 809 nm × 15 nm in the tested leaf sample showed the incidence of Potyvirus, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Molecular characterization of PRSV in leaf and fruit skin samples was carried out using PCR with PRSV coat protein-specific primers, resulting in the amplification of an 850 bp product. Sequencing of the amplified products showed that the partial sequences of isolates CBE1-TN and ANR1-TN were 99.99% identical. Early detection of PRSV is imperative for implementing effective management strategies.

Predictive soil mapping using random forest models: Applications in pH and soil organic matter assessment

Digital Soil Mapping (DSM) presents a highly scalable and efficient alternative to traditional soil analysis, which is typically limited by its labor-intensive processes, time constraints and low spatial resolution. By utilizing advanced computational techniques such as machine learning and remote sensing, DSM overcomes these limitations and improves the accuracy, efficiency and scalability of soil property assessments. This study, conducted across Tamil Nadu, India, applied DSM and Random Forest (RF) models to predict 2 key soil properties: pH and Soil Organic Matter (SOM). We employed Conditioned Latin Hypercube Sampling (cLHS) for optimized sampling point selection and utilized the Boruta algorithm to identify the most relevant covariates for accurate modeling. The RF models were fine-tuned using a comprehensive grid search, with the optimal configuration spanning from 500 to 2000 trees (ntree) and mtry from 1 to 11. The best-performing model was found with 2000 trees and mtry set to 1 yielding superior prediction for SOM and pH with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values of 0.71 and 0.60 respectively, showcasing a high level of predictive accuracy. Our findings emphasize the critical role that remote sensing indices play in predicting SOM, while pH was influenced by both terrain features and remote sensing data. In comparison to previous studies, this research offers novel improvements in both sampling optimization and model configuration, leading to enhanced predictive performance. These results hold significant potential for sustainable land-use planning, agricultural productivity and environmental management.

Unveiling the genetic variability, character association and principal component analysis for yield and yield contributing traits in brinjal (Solanum melongena) genotypes

The experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons of 2023 and 2024 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu to assess 45 brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) genotypes for growth and yield related parameters. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The result showed high genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) values for plant height, number of primary branches/plant, length of fruit and weight of fruit and yield/plant. Whereas, the traits such as days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, fruit girth, fruit borer infestation and number of fruits/ plant exhibited medium GCV and PCV values. The registered high heritability values ranged from 94.29–99.49% and genetic advance as a percentage of the mean ranged from 19.25–70.25%. Correlation analysis on number of fruits/ plant showed positive and significant association with fruit yield/plant. Principal component analysis showed four principal components with eigen values of unity and accounted for 75.81% of total variance.

Anthropocene Desire Lines: A Coal Story

In this experimental visual essay, we follow an imaginary lump of coal across space and time from its Gondwanan beginnings, through its extraction from the Talcher Coalfields in Odisha in India, combustion in a thermal power plant in Ennore in Tamil Nadu, and into the future through its multitude of postcombustion afterlives. We do so through the figure of ‘anthropocene desire lines’, which draws on Karen Coelho’s idea of ‘water lines’ (Coelho 2022) and Gabrielle Hecht’s idea of ‘residual governance’ (Hecht 2023), to track how flows of earthly matter that begin in subterranean strata, and, mobilized by ideas of power, growth and national pride, result in indifference towards the molecular colonization of bodies, soils, waters and airs they produce (Mendes 2017). The essay compresses the deep, everyday and future times of coal and its geologic, territorial, microscopic and planetary scales into a single textual/visual narrative. In this way, it draws out simultaneities across time and interconnections across space, as a way of developing a relational Anthropocene imaginary.

Evaluation of human and ecological health risks associated with the potentially toxic heavy metals in groundwater of Vellore city, Tamil Nadu, India

Groundwater pollution by heavy metals is a significant and alarming threat globally, through its chronic effect on human health and ecosystem. The current study evaluated the identification and risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater of the Vellore city, Tamilnadu, India. Groundwater samples were collected from 32 locations over a continuous period of 2022–2023 for every three months on seasonal basis. The samples were analysed for pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Hardness and heavy metals (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Pb, Al and Zn). The analysed mean concentrations of these heavy metals were found in the order: As > Cd > Pb > Ba >Zn >Al> Cu. Elevated concentrations of heavy metals were observed in 2022, likely influenced by rainfall and land use patterns. Heavy metals such as Al, As, Pb, and Cd exceeded the BIS limits and whereas Ba, Cu, and Zn concentrations remain within desirable limits. Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI) classified 41% as 'unfit for drinking'. Ecological risk indices (ERI) indicate significant contamination in 34% of samples, with Al and Pb being primary contributors. Non-carcinogenic health risk assessments reveal, chronic hazards, where children facing higher risks followed by men and women groups. Carcinogenic risk assessments indices such as Heavy metal pollution Index (HPI) shown 25% of samples in critical quality, Heavy metal Evaluation Index (HEI) evaluated all samples were in low contamination and Contamination Index (CI) shown 72% samples under high contamination posing high risk to humans. Probable Cancer Risk (PCR) values for As, Pb, and Cd exceed acceptable ranges across all demographic groups posing cancer risk to humans particularly children. The present study highlights the need for groundwater treatment and regulatory interventions to mitigate health and ecological risks due to the contamination of heavy metals in Vellore city.

Comparing Urban Pattern and Characteristics of Different Towns in Tamil Nadu

Comparing Urban Pattern and Characteristics of Different Towns in Tamil Nadu

A Study on Dysmenorrhea and Its Self-Care Behaviors Among Women of Reproductive Age in Tiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu.

Menstrual cramps, which can be categorized as primary or secondary depending on the etiology, are a painful feature of dysmenorrhea.Researchers from throughout the country found that self-care practices for dysmenorrhea included reducing physical activity, adjusting diet, medications, or treatments, adopting alternative therapies, recording symptom clusters of discomforts, and expressing feelings. Methodology:There were 246 women in the reproductive age range who took part in this study. Thiruvallur district's Thirumazhisai town panchayat served as the location of a community-based cross-sectional study.Parameters such as menstrual history, food history, self-care techniques during dysmenorrhea, and sociodemographic information were evaluated using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was found to be 71.54%. Among 47.15% of the participants, 75.8% who were married were found to have dysmenorrhea, whereas 67.7% of the 52.54% participants who were unmarried had dysmenorrhea. The association between age, smoking habits, exercise, and the presence of dysmenorrhea was found to be statistically significant. Women, especially in India, have certain taboos and misconceptions associated with menstruation which can hurt their hygiene and self-care practices. This study highlights the need for menstrual hygiene awareness among women and proper self-care methods to be followed.

Impact Caused by the Drip Irrigation System among Onion Growing Farmers in Coimbatore District of Tamil Nadu, India

Impact Caused by the Drip Irrigation System among Onion Growing Farmers in Coimbatore District of Tamil Nadu, India

MCM-Vb\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$V_b$$\\end{document}F: dance hand gestures recognition with vision based features

To digitize and preserve the cultural heritage in the form of Indian classical dance become apparent area of research. Sattriya classical dance of North-East India (Assam) is one of the eight Indian classical dance forms that requires immediate preservation. Sattriya classical dance consists of 29 Asamyukta hastas (single-hand gestures) and 14 Samyukta hastas (double-hand gestures). Moreover, the foundation of Samyukta hasta depends on understanding Asamyukta hasta. Therefore, the paper aims to classify single-hand gestures of Sattriya classical dance only. Although, a solution based on two level classification method to classify the Sattriya classical dance is available in recent literature, but it requires a trial and error method to select the optimized features. Since, Asamyukta hastas can appear closely similar to each other and therefore misclassification chances are very high. Thus, accuracy rate obtained for the two level classification method was only 75.45%. So, to address this issues in this paper, a Multilevel Classification Model with Vision based Features (MCM-Vb\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$V_b$$\\end{document}F) has been proposed to classify the Asamyukta hastas of Sattriya classical dance. This model uses two types of feature matching, viz., high-level feature matching and low-level feature matching. To extract the high-level features and low-level features different algorithm has been proposed. In this model, features are automatically selected. This proposed MCM-Vb\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$V_b$$\\end{document}F model is also tested on Asamyukta hasta mudras of Bharatanatyam classical dance of South India (Tamil Nadu). This model obtain an accuracy 94.12%, 87.14% for Sattriya classical dance Single-Hand Gestures (SSHG) dataset and Bharatnatyam classical dance Single-Hand Gestures (BHSG) dataset respectively. This paper also provides the comparative study of the proposed model MCM-Vb\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$V_b$$\\end{document}F with traditional bench-mark classifier model such as Naive Bayes, Decision Tree and Support Vector Classifier (SVM) etc.

Status of Invasive Species of Thrips, Thrips Parvispinus (Karny) Infesting Chilli and Investigation Studies on IPDM Package in Dharmapuri Districts, Tamil Nadu, India

Roving survey results revealed that mean population of thrips, mite population and tospovirus incidence was recorded to be 1.63, 0.68 & 2.05 and 1.88, 0.74 & 1.57 in Pennagaram and Palacode blocks. In the field experiments, mean population in the module I IPDM module was recorded low thrips population (1.05 nos./leaf and 0.64 nos/Sq.m2 leaves) followed by module II IPDM (1.11 Nos./leaf and 0.71nos/Sq.m2 leaves). A virus incidence of 1.0 to 2.0 % was recorded in treatment 2 module II and treatment 3 Farmers practices 2.2 to 9.5 % was observed. The per cent reduction over control of thrips and mite population is highest in T1 followed by T2 and farmer practice (81.70, 80.66 and 56.48 % & 79.61,77.38 and 33.12 %). The percent reduction over control of tospovirus by thrips is highest in T1 IPDM module followed IPDM II than farmer practice (100, 88.88 and 54.40%). The yield of green chilli and BC ratio were found to be high in IPDM module (22.96 t/ha and 3.02) followed by module II IPDM (19.14 t/ha and 2.78) followed by farmer’s practice (13.88 t/ha and 1.49).

Correlation of Stature and Hand Dimension Among Medical Students of South Tamil Nadu, India

Background & Objectives Estimation of stature from the incomplete skeletal remains have importance in personal identification in the events of murders, accidents or natural disasters and considered as one of the biggest challenges of forensic science. Objectives: To study the relationship of stature in relation with hand dimensions and to derive a mathematical model to predict the stature from hand dimensions. Methods This cross-sectional study was done among 50 medical students studying at a medical college in South Tamilnadu. Age, gender, hand dimensions and height of all the subjects were noted. Pearson correlation was done to find the correlation between hand dimensions and height. Linear regression was used to derive the equations to predict the stature of an individual using various dimensions of hands. Results The mean age of the study population was 20.06 ± 1.28 years. Regression equations were derived to predict the stature of an individual with length and breadth of right and left hand. There was statistically significant positive correlation between stature and dimensions of both right and left hand. Linear regression equations were derived to predict the stature of an individual with any of the hand dimensions. Interpretation & Conclusion Hand dimensions have statistically significant positive correlation with the stature. The length or breadth of the right or left hand can be used to predict the stature of an individual. Keywords: Breadth of hand, Height, Identification, Length of hand, Linear regression, Prediction, Stature.

Monitoring experience of World Health Organization external monitor for Intensified Mission Indradhanush 5.0 vaccine drive in rural Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu

The Intensified Mission Indradhanush 5.0 (IMI 5.0) aimed to extend routine immunization services across India, with a focus on children up to 5 years old. Key objectives included boosting measles and rubella vaccination coverage. By September 30, 2023, over 34.6 million children and 6.5 million pregnant women had received vaccine doses nationally. The Surveillance Medical Officer (SMO) from WHO designated external monitors to oversee session sites and perform house-to-house monitoring. Monitoring took place from October 12-14, 2023, in three health blocks of Cuddalore District. Activities included observing two session sites per day (six total) and surveying 40 households per day (120 total). Separate checklists were provided for session site monitoring and house-to-house monitoring, as per WHO guidelines. All session sites adhered to the scheduled times and locations, with proper logistics. However, some lacked IEC materials for public awareness. House-to-house monitoring confirmed full vaccination coverage for under-five children, with no missed vaccinations identified. Recommendations were made to ANMs to have IEC material to enhance community participation. Monitoring of IMI 5.0 in Cuddalore District demonstrated strong adherence to guidelines and effective vaccination session implementation. House-to-house monitoring confirmed appropriate vaccination of under-five children, indicating successful outreach. Overall, this experience provided valuable insights into operational challenges and opportunities for improvement in future immunization campaigns.

Standardization of Hormone-Based Seed Coating Formulation for Coriander Dosage and Formulation Optimization

Aims: This study aimed to standardize the dosage of hormone-based seed coating formulations to enhance germination and seedling growth in coriander seeds. Study Design: Completely Randomized Design. Place and Duration of Study: Department of seed science and technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India. During the year of 2023-2024. Methodology: Coriander seeds were coated with different concentrations of seed coating polymer and germination study was conducted in laboratory using rolled towel method with four replications. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with significance at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The hormone-based seed coating formulation has recorded significantly higher germination% (69%), root length (16.75 cm), shoot length (7.9 cm), dry matter production (0.058 g/10 seedlings), Vigour Index I (1706) and II (3.9) at 10 g polymer/kg of seed and 290 mL of water. Conclusion: Seed Coating with 10 seed coating formulation dissolved in 290 mL of water enhanced the seed germination and seedling growth.

Nerium oleander Cultivation in Tamil Nadu, India: An Exploratory Study

In Indian traditional medicine, Nerium oleander is a significant medicinal herb. This plant has the potential to be fatal in many situations; poisoning cases have been documented in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, and suicide cases are common in South Asian nations, particularly in India and Sri Lanka. The plant is hazardous in all sections and contains a range of cardiac glycosides, such as gentiobiosyl, neriin, oleandrin, cardenolides, and odoroside. Additionally, this plant species produces secondary metabolites with medicinal uses, including steroids, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Antibacterial, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, immunopotential, anti-pyretic, antioxidant, antifungal, anticancer, and anti-HIV activity are among the significant pharmacological activities. Nerium indicum is also highly well-liked for its traditional medical applications, which include treating inflammation, wound healing, cancer, asthma, corns, heart disease, and epilepsy. Its bloom is the source of a green dye that is used to cure skin conditions, promote wound healing, and have anti-inflammatory properties. Both ultrasonic transesterification and the magnetic stirrer method have been utilized to produce biodiesel from nerium oleander oil. When administered topically, Nerium oleander's special qualities also have a notable age-defying effect. Nerium oleander to acquire several C and N compounds as well as heavy metals that are frequently produced by cars, including as Pb, Cd, Ni, and Zn. Based on the significance of nerium, the study was conducted in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, where there is a greater area dedicated to nerium plant cultivation. The study's focus was on the factors that influence nerium cultivation, the factors that contribute to the volatility of nerium prices, and the challenges that farmers face in terms of production and marketing.

Assessment of local diagnostic reference levels (LDRLS) for full-field digital mammography (FFDM) and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) mammography in Tamil Nadu, India.

The purpose of this study was to assess local diagnostic reference levels (LDRLs) for full-field digital mammography (FFDM) and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) mammography in India. Data from 1500 women were collected from five different mammography facilities in major cities in Tamil Nadu, India. The mean of mean glandular dose were used to arrive at an LDRL. The noted mean compressed breast thickness was 55.26±3.4. The recorded mean MGDs for the five centres were 3.1±0.1 and 3.8±0.2mGy for FFDM and DBT, respectively. The 75th percentile value for all five centers is 3.3 and 4.0mGy for FFDM and DBT, respectively. The LDRLs found in the current study were also compared with those from earlier studies conducted in other nations, such as the United Kingdom, Malaysia, Morocco, and Ghana. The present study is the first of its kind to determine the LDRL for the FFDM and DBT scanners operating in the Tamil Nadu region, India, and is proposed as a starting point that will allow professionals to evaluate and optimize their practice. Furthermore, similar studies in other regions of India are necessary in order to establish National DRLs.