Timur Research Articles

"Among the troops he chose brave warriors, who were battling through ranks...". On Some Peculiar Aspects of Amir Timur's Tactical Art

This article revises the peculiarities of Amir Timur's army tactical peculiarities, as well as their influence on the development of martial art of the Muslim East. It is established that Timur effectively used the mobilization potential of his state. The sedentary population of Chorasa and Transoxiana formed the infantry archery units who were taught to fight under cover of large standing shields - chapars. At the same time, loyal nomad tribes were the source of horse cavalry for the Timur's army. The base of battle formation was represented by a tactical "skeleton" formed of forced kanbuls, powerful advance guard and a reserve (that included elite warriors). Such battle formation allowed Timur to effectively face outflanking and frontal attacks of the enemy. Besides, such battle formation also fit for quick shift from defense to massive counterattack, performed by advance guard and kanbuls projected towards the enemy. The vulnerability of weakened flank corps was partially compensated by using infantry archery units with support of dismounted archers. As a rule, massive archery attack stopped the enemy's attack and provided for counterattack. The organizational and tactical autonomy of kul corps, which could embattle independently even if there was a front breakthrough or encirclement, played an important role. Dismounted, enshielded warriors of the corps could repulse the attacks until the deblocking unit approaches. A fast-moving reserve under Timur's personal command could be used for both repulsing an attack and augmenting the advancing troops.

Review of the book by V. L. Kvint “Strategic Leadership of Amir Timur: Comments on the Code”

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Pengaruh Aplikasi Pupuk Organik Cair dan ZPT Alami terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Padi Salibu di Sawah Basah

Salibu adalah sistem budidaya dengan tunas tanaman padi yang tumbuh dari tunggul yang telah dipanen, sehingga dapat memberikan tambahan produksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian kombinasi pupuk organik cair (POC) Eco Farming dan zat pengatur tumbuh (ZPT) alami pada pertumbuhan padi salibu. Penelitian dilaksanakan di lahan pertanian di Desa Pademawu Timur, Kecamatan Pademawu, Kabupaten Pamekasan. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak kelompok non faktorial yang terdiri dari 4 macam perlakuan yaitu Kontrol (P0), ZPT 14 ml/L (P1), Pupuk Organik Cair (POC) Eco Farming 3 ml/L (P2), dan ZPT 14 ml/L + Pupuk Organik Cair (POC) Eco Farming 3 ml/L (P3). Perlakuan diulang sebanyak 4 kali sehingga diperoleh 16 perlakuan dengan uji lanjut BNT 5%. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini adalah Pemberian POC yang dikombinasikan dengan ZPT mampu memberikan pertumbuhan yang baik pada tanaman padi salibu.

NATIONAL SELF-AWARENESS: THE DISCOVERY OF DESTINY AND BEAUTY

National self-awareness is an event directly related to one’s life, destiny. Literature is a force that influences thinking through emotions, shaping a person's characters and outlook. It creates a new artistic world by summing up the call of the heart, the phenomenon of self-awareness with the pain and wonder of the soul.Certainly, the book “My Dagestan” and poetry of the great poet of Dagestan, Rasul Khamzatov and the works of the great Kyrgyz writer Chingiz Aitmatov have given a new impetus to the development of national identity in the works of Uzbek writers. Indeed, every talent gains strength and energy from other unique featured great talents. In this sense, we know how much Rasul Hamzatov enjoyed Oriental poetry at times, in particular, the works of Alisher Navoi. In addition, Amir Timur “Disciplines” of Chingiz Aitmatov, the teachings of Bahauddin Naqshbandi, the works of Alisher Navoiy, the works of the twentieth century Jadid literature, especially the works of Abdulla Kadiri were truly impressed him which contributed to his literary maturity.Therefore, this article tells about the great intimacy and spiritual harmony in the work of the great Uzbek writer Abdulla Kadiri and the great Kyrgyz writer Chingiz Aitmatov. To be more precise, the particularities related to the influence of Kadiri’s works on Aitmatov’s artistic thinking which influenced on the development of world literature are analyzed. KEY WORDS: Abdulla Kadiri, Bahauddin Naqshband, Chingiz Aitmatov, Dagestan, Jadid literature, writer.

БАВАРИЯЛИК РИЦАР ЁХАННЕС ШИЛЬТБЕРГЕРНИНГ АСАРИДА АМИР ТЕМУР ВА ТЕМУРИЙЛАР ТАРИХИ ТАЛҚИНИ

The article critically analyzed the information presented by the Bavarian Knight Johan Schiltbergen on the history of Amir Timur and the state of Temurids. In his data, attention was paid to the stady of the significance of Amir Timur and the history of the state of Temurid. In his work, Schiltberger began to provide information about Amir Temur from his relationship with Boyazid to the reign of Amir Temur’s sons. Schiltberger’s story about Amir Temur and the Temurids, undoubtedly, should be regarded as a very large historical source. The play contains a variety of events, geographic locations, numbers and other information. The work is one of the most valuable sources of information in the study of the history of Amir Temur and the Temurid statehood

Nanofikasi Fraksi Tanah Gambut untuk Modifikator Nanomagnetit/AH-Kitosan sebagai Kandidat Penanggulangan Pencemaran Zat Warna

The nanomagnetite/HA-Chitosan adsorbent has been successfully synthesized by the co-precipitation method. HA was synthesized from the peat soils of Geragai village, Tanjung Jabung Timur, Jambi province and chitosan isolated from marine animal shell waste around the city of Jambi. The results of FT-IR analysis showed that nanomagnetite/AH-chitosan has a spectra which was combination of the characteristic spectra of magnetite, HA and chitosan. Morphological analysis using SEM showed that nanomagnetite/AH-chitosan was in the form of fractal agglomerates. TEM image of magnetite/AH-chitosan showed that magnetite/AH-chitosan has nano scale magnetite core particles with a size between 4-22 nm. Crystallinity analysis showed that magnetite/AH-chitosan has 2θ characteristics of magnetite i.e., 30.1°, 35.4°, 43.1°, 57.0°, 62.68° and 74.5°. The magnetic saturation strength (Ms) decreased from 80.23 (magnetite) to 30.63 (magnetite/AH-chitosan) due to the coating of AH-chitosan on magnetite which was still effectively attracted by the external magnet with 96% effectiveness of adsorption of 25 mL Methylene Blue 10 mg/L.

PENERJEMAHAN RENCANA STRATEGI MENJADI PROGRAM KEGIATAN MENGGUNAKAN BALANCED SCORECARD UNTUK PENGUKURAN KINERJA DAN AKUNTABILITAS DINAS LALU LINTAS DAN ANGKUTAN JALAN

Introduction: The purpose of this study is intend to knowing the level of understanding of person who make initiative related to the strategic plan of Dinas Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan Provinsi Jawa Timur; also knowing the methods used in elaborating a strategic plan into initiative; c. Knowing the performance measurement has been using as expected; and provide inputregarding the efforts that need to be done in translating strategicplans.Methods: This study uses the Balanced Scorecard model as a strategic management system to translate the strategic plan into an activity program at the Road Traffic and Transportation Office of East Java Province.Results: The results of this research indicated that a Vision Statement Dinas Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan Provinsi JawaTimur can not provide a clear picture about the success rate to be achieved; b. Mission Statement Dinas Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan Provinsi Jawa Timur have not been able todemonstrate the importance of the existence of the Office; c.Formulation of document strategic plan Dinas Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan Provinsi Jawa Timur has not been in accordance with what is expected; d. Realization of the budget that are noteffective and not performance oriented; e. Targetperformance of Dinas Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan Provinsi Jawa Timur has not been measured or is shaped qualitative rather than quantitative; f. Unavailability of data used as the basis for determining the level of achievement of a initiative.Conclusion and suggestion: The vision and mission statement of Dinas Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan Provinsi Jawa Timur needs to be restructure and rearrangement objectives, Goals and Strategies Department

Battle of LAY and its Impact on Alliance and Discrepancy between Amir Timur Gurkani and Amir Husayn Kuzguni

جنگ لای در اول ماه رمضان سال 766ق. میان الیاس خواجه، فرمانروای الوس جَغتای، با جبهه امیرحسین و امیر تیمور گورکانی و به قصد بازپس‌گیری سمرقند در ساحل رود چِرچیق به وقوع پیوست. یک سال پیش‌ازاین امیرحسین و امیرتیمور در حوالی شهر کِش با لشکریان الیاس خواجه به جنگ پرداختند. در این جنگ سپاه الیاس خواجه شکست خورد و متواری شد؛ اما الیاس خواجه به قصد انتقام و بازپس‌گیری سمرقند به ماوراءالنهر آمد. این نوشتار درصدد است تا با روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی ضمن توصیف چگونگی جنگ لای و اشاره به تعامل امیرحسین و تیمور، به این پرسش پاسخ دهد که توسعه اختلاف بین امیرحسین و امیرتیمور پس از جنگ لای چگونه در جلوس تیمور بر تخت سلطنت سمرقند مؤثر واقع شد؟ نتایج این بررسی چگونگی غلبه مغولان شرق در جنگ لای به علت عدم توافق امیران لشکر غرب و اهمیت جنگ لای در تقدیر امیرتیمور و آینده سیاسی ماوراءالنهر را مورد پژوهش و ارزیابی قرار می‌دهد.

Destruction of Tana by Tamerlane in 1395: Event and Consequences

Destruction of Tana by Tamerlane in 1395: Event and Consequences

К вопросу о внешности Тамерлана: биографические источники и их интерпретация в пьесах К. Марло

<p>В статье рассматриваются основные биографические источники сведений о Тимуре, к которым мог обращаться Кристофер Марло при работе над пьесой «Тамерлан» и которые повлияли на создание образа протагониста, в особенности его внешности. Хотя более аутентичные восточные источники не были известны в Европе в переводах до XVII в., Марло был доступен довольно широкий набор европейских исторических текстов (Халкокондил, Боден, Мехиа, Фрегозо, Биццарри и др.) Подробное описание внешности Тамерлана было известно Марло по трактату Пьетро Перондини «Жизнь Тамерлана Великого, императора скифов». В статье проводится сопоставление поэтического текста Марло с описанием Перондини, что позволяет продемонстрировать, какие ключевые характеристики Марло непосредственно заимствует у историка (рост, физическая сила, взгляд), а какие представляют собой более сложное соединение нескольких традиций.</p>

СВЕДЕНИЯ ЕГИПЕТСКОГО ХРОНИСТА АБД АЗ-ЗАХИРА КАК ИСТОЧНИК ДЛЯ ИСТОРИИ КРЫМА ТРЕТЬЕЙ ЧЕТВЕРТИ XIII В.

This article is an attempt to restore the original text with the description held in the Crimea the fourth embassy to al-Malik al-Zahir Baybars (1260–1277) to the ruler of the Golden Horde, Berke – fragment of the London of the manuscript of the secretary of the office of the Mamluk Sultan al-Malik al-Zahir Baybars (1260–1277) and his biographer ‘Abd al-Zahir (1223–1293) «al-Rawḍ al-ẓāhir fī sīrat al-Malik al-Ẓāhir» (Garden visible in the biography of al-Malik al-Zahir) with filling of the gaps in the text borrowings from the Egyptian chroniclers Shafi, b. Ali (1252–1329), al-Nuwayri (1279–1333), al-Muf al-Dal (1259–1341), Ibn al-Forat (1335–1405), al-Aini (1361–1453), al-Makrizi (1364–1442), al-Yunini (1256–1326), Rukn ad-Din Baybars (1247–1325), etc. Verbatim translations of excerpts from Arabic works published with translations by V. G. Tizengauzen allow us to establish: 1) the absence in the letters of Baybars and Berke of any information about Berke’s conversion to Islam earlier than 1263 and the presence of direct evidence of his intentions to join this religion; 2) the time of adoption of the religion of Islam by Berke, his family members and the military aristocracy of the Golden Horde in the first decade of may 1263; 3) the number and sequence of embassies of the ruler of the Golden Horde Berke and Sultan Beybars, carried out before the resumption (July 17, 1264) of the fourth Embassy of the Sultan detained by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos; 4) the time of the fourth Embassy of Beybars in the Crimea (20–21 1264); 5) the presence of the Crimea in July 1264 under the rule of the only ruler – the son of Jouchi Tuka Timur, called by Abd al-Zahir Tuk Buga, and on the coins of his «pre-Muslim» coinage of the Crimea «Ata Tuka syogun» and «Temir Tuka»; 6) the existence of a post station-caravanserai on the route of the embassy, which served as the formation of the city of Solhat around it.

Источниковедческий анализ вакуфной грамоты Амира Тимура, выданной Туркестанской мечети Ходжа Ахмета Ясави в конце XIV- начале XV века

The article is devoted to a source study of the form of the waqf certificate issued by Amir Timur of the Turkestan mosque of Khoja Ahmet Yasavi in the late XIV – early XV centuries. This is one of the earliest documents related to the socio-economic history of the cities of southern Kazakhstan. For a long time, the letter was considered a fake document. At the same time, the analysis of the form and steady turnovers applied to medieval acts of sources makes it possible to question the falsity of this document. It is determined that the conditional form of the waqfic literacy corresponds to all the structural compo- nents of medieval labels that were widely used in the chancellery of the Golden Horde and post-Golden Horde states. In the conditional form of this kind of document, you can distinguish three parts (initial protocol, main part, final protocol) and 8 articles of the form. It should be taken into account that the publication of the waqfic diploma issued by Amir Timur to the Turkestan mosque of Khoja Ahmet Yasavi at the end of the XIV – beginning of the XV centuries is of great importance for historical science. The source can be used in scientific research as the most im portant autochthonous and authentic source of the Middle Ages,containing genuine information about the socio-economic history, forms of land ownership and religious life of the medieval cities of southern Kazakhstan. Key words:waqfic literacy, conditional form, source study, Khan’s label, medieval source.

Towards Characteristic of Scientific Investigations of Ivan Umnyakov

The work is devoted to the analysis of scientific life of one of the leading orientalists of the first half of the 20th century I. I. Umniakov, who continued traditions of Russian pre-revolutionary orientalism. The main directions of his scientific creativity are highlighted: research of the Tokhar history, research and preservation of monuments of ancient and medieval culture, research of international relations of Central Asia in the era of Amir Timur. The main works of I. I. Umniakov on each of the directions are analyzed, in particular the possibility of comparing Tokhar and Kushaṇa, which is one of the key problems for the history of ethnogenesis and polytogenesis of Central Asia in antiquity. The conclusions obtained by Umniakov are compared with the modern level of research on the selected problems, their high relevance for modern science is highlighted. The important side of I. I. Umniakov’s activity was the popularization of science. In this context, a previously unknown document is published: a letter from I. I. Umniakov to M. E. Masson dated April 3, 1957, in which the author speaks about the unenviable fate of the book “Samarkand”, which was published only in 1957.

Personality of Amir Timur and His Epoch Description in Story Lord of Samarcand by Robert E. Howard

This article deals with the image of Timur the Great and description of his epoch in the story Lord of Samarcand by well-known American writer Robert E. Howard.

Ferghana in the Period of Amir Timur's Struggle for Power (1360-1370)

The article analyzes the political processes that occurred in the Ferghana Valley during the years of the struggle for the power of Amir Temur. During the analysis, by comparative and critical study of the information available in historical sources, the role and importance of the Ferghana Valley in the political life of Maverannakhr were highlighted. As for the studied period of the history of the Ferghana Valley, sources only contain information on Khojend, the analysis was carried out using the example of this property. Attention is drawn to the fact that the neighborhood with the nomadic state Mogolistan had a great influence on the political reality of the Ferghana Valley. Also, on the basis of a critical review of the historical and political events described in the sources, the author provides new conclusions.

نگرشی بر تأسیس و استحکام نظام کشورداری «شیر و خورشید» تیموریان (An Overview of the Establishment and Strength of the Shir and Khurshid of Timurid Governance System)

Persian Abstract: بعد از دورۀ مغول و ضعف ایلخانان، منطقۀ خراسان بزرگ، نواحی دریای آمو و ماوراءالنهر موقعیت مناسبی برای به¬ وجود آمدن امپراتوری بزرگی پیدا نمود. امیرتیمور گورکانی که در ماوراءالنهر توانسته ¬بود به عنوان شخصی با نبوغ نظامی مطرح شود، توانست با منسجم نمودن نیروهای وفادار به خود، عزم راسخ و جسارتی که در جنگ¬ های متعدد کسب کرده ¬بود، تهداب حکومتی را بنا نهد که با شنیدن نام او لرزه به اندام خیلی از دول دنیا چه شرقی و چه غربی می¬انداخت. استفاده از نشان شیر و خورشید در بیرق¬ های حکومت تیموری، سمبولی از استبداد و روشنی را تداعی می¬نمود. این نوع حکومت، دارای ویژگی¬های منحصر به فردی بوده ¬است که توانسته در مدت زمان اندکی، سیطرۀ خویش را بر ساحۀ وسیعی مستدام نماید. برای شناخت تهداب مستحکم حکومت تیموری باید شیوۀ حکومتداری آنها را بررسی نمود که در حیطۀ اهداف تحقیق و استفاده از روش کتابخانه ¬یی و تحلیل منابع موثق نویسندگان عصر تیموری، در بستر این نوشتار قرار گرفته ¬است. تنظیم لشکر بر اساس یاسای چنگیزی و استفاده از رعب و وحشت همگانی برای تصرف مناطق مختلف، سیستم اداری اقتصادی مناسب با اوضاع و احوال همان عصر، گزینش افراد لایق و مورد اعتماد در پست¬های دولتی و تلفیق یک نوع ادارۀ مغولی و اسلامی که در نوع خویش جوابگوی همۀ ملزومات دولتی بوده¬ است. البته تیمور خود مسلمان بود ولی از آن دسته مسلمانانی که بیشتر امور را خودشان برای زندگی و حکومتداری در نظر گرفته¬ اند. مهاجرت اجباری صنعت¬ گران به مناطق مورد نظر حکومت باعث شد که سمرقند و بخارا جزو بهترین شهرهای دنیا به حساب آیند. در این مطالب، روش¬های حکومت امیرتیمور برای ثبات سیاسی، اقتصادی و نظامی با استفاده از مآخذ معتبر علمی مورد مطالعه و تحقیق قرار گرفته است. English Abstract: Following the Mongol era and the instability of the llkhanis, Amo river areas and Transoxiana saw a favorable situation to turn into a great empire. Amir Timur Gorkani who had established himself as a person with great military intelligence in Transoxiana, gathered his loyal forces and with his resolution and valor founded a government that made many people from east to the west fear even by hearing his name. Timurid banners were designed with pictures of a lion and the sun that were associated with tyranny and light. This government unique characteristics had enabled it to stabilize its dominance over a great area after a short period of time. In order to recognize Timurian strong foundation, its governance must be studied. In the scope of research purposes, library methods and analyzing authentic sources of timurd authors have been used. Military arrangements based on Genghis Khan’s yasai and use of public fear for conquering different areas, an economical – governmental system compatible with the situation of the time, appointing competent and reliable people for governmental posts and integrating a Mongol and Islamic government in itself answered all governmental necessities. Of course, Timur was a Muslim himself but one of those Muslims who allotted most of his time for life and governance. Forced immigration of artesian to the government’s favored areas made Samarkand and Bukhara to be considered among the best cities of the world. In this work it has been tried to study Amir Timur’s governance for political, economic and military stability using authentic academic resources.

Status and strategy of marine protected area in Uwedikan Village, Luwuk Timur District, Banggai Regency

Title (Bahasa Indonesia): Status dan strategi kawasan konservasi perairan daerah di Desa Uwedikan, Kecamatan Luwuk Timur, Kabupaten Banggai Marine Protected Area (MPA) in Uwedikan Village is a conservation area established through Banggai Regent’s decree since 2008. The establishment of a marine conservation area does not necessarily solve its management problems. The study aimed to examine the sustainability status of the MPA management of Uwedikan village and to formulate a managementstrategy. Research method used wasa descriptive method through case study approach. Data collection employed questionnaires-basedinterviews on respondents. The data were analyzed by using Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries Status (Rapfish) to obtain the sustainability status of the MPA in Uwedikan. The Rapfish outcome wasthenanalyzed using Diagnosis and Therapy Analysis of Law (DTAL) to formulate a strategy for the existing management.Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Daerah (KKPD) di Desa Uwedikan merupakan kawasan konservasi yang telah ditetapkan melalui keputusan Bupati Banggai sejak tahun 2008. Penetapan suatu kawasan konservasi laut tidak serta merta dapat menyelesaikan permasalahan pengelolaannya. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengkaji status keberlanjutan penatakelolaan kawasan konservasi perairan daerah Desa Uwedikan dan merumuskan strategi pengelolaannya. Metode penelitian adalah metode deskriptif melalui pendekatan studi kasus. Pengumpulan data melalui wawancara kuesioner mendalam terhadap responden. Data hasil kuesioner diolah menggunakan analisis yang ada pada Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries Status(Rapfish) sehingga didapatkan status keberlanjutan penatakelolaan KKPD Uwedikan saat ini.Hasil dari Rapfish di analisis menggunakan Diagnosis and Therapy Analysis of Law(DTAL) untuk merumuskan strategi terhadap penatakelolaan yang ada.

Book Review: The Speaking Qur'an by Timur Yuskaev

No Abstract for Book Review

An overview of the establishment and strength of the Shir and Khurshid of Timurid governance system

Following the Mongol era and the instability of the llkhanis, Amo river areas and Transoxiana saw a favorable situation to turn into a great empire. Amir Timur Gorkani who had established himself as a person with great military intelligence in Transoxiana, gathered his loyal forces and with his resolution and valor founded a government that made many people from east to the west fear even by hearing his name. Timurid banners were designed with pictures of a lion and the sun that were associated with tyranny and light. This government unique characteristics had enabled it to stabilize its dominance over a great area after a short period of time. In order to recognize Timurian strong foundation, its governance must be studied. In the scope of research purposes, library methods and analyzing authentic sources of timurd authors have been used. Military arrangements based on Genghis Khan’s yasai and use of public fear for conquering different areas, an economical – governmental system compatible with the situation of the time, appointing competent and reliable people for governmental posts and integrating a Mongol and Islamic government in itself answered all governmental necessities. Of course, Timur was a Muslim himself but one of those Muslims who allotted most of his time for life and governance. Forced immigration of artesian to the government’s favored areas made Samarkand and Bukhara to be considered among the best cities of the world. In this work it has been tried to study Amir Timur’s governance for political, economic and military stability using authentic academic resources.

А source study analysisof Amir Timur’s waquf diploma issued by the Turkestan mosque of Khoja Ahmet Yasavi at the end of the XIV- the beginning of the XV century

The article is devoted to a source study of the form of the waquf certificate issued by Amir Timur of the Turkestan mosque of Khoja Ahmet Yasavi in the late XIV - early XV centuries. This is one of the earliest documents related to the socio-economic history of the cities of southern Kazakhstan. For a long time, the letter was considered a fake document. At the same time, the analysis of the form and steady turnovers applied to medieval acts of sources makes it possible to question the falsity of this document. It is determined that the conditional form of the waqfic literacy corresponds to all the structural components of medieval labels that were widely used in the chancellery of the Golden Horde and post-Golden Horde states. It should be taken into account that the publication of the waqfic diploma issued by Amir Timur to the Turkestan mosque of Khoja Ahmet Yasavi at the end of the XIV - beginning of the XV centuries is of great importance for historical science. The source can be used in scientific research as the most important autochthonous and authentic source of the Middle Ages.