Tame Systems Research Articles

Weakly tame systems, their characterizations and applications

Weakly tame systems, their characterizations and applications

Todorc̆ević’ trichotomy and a hierarchy in the class of tame dynamical systems

Todorc̆ević’ trichotomy in the class of separable Rosenthal compacta induces a hierarchy in the class of tame (compact, metrizable) dynamical systems ( X , T ) (X,T) according to the topological properties of their enveloping semigroups E ( X ) E(X) . More precisely, we define the classes T a m e 2 ⊂ T a m e 1 ⊂ T a m e , \begin{equation*} \mathrm {Tame}_\mathbf {2} \subset \mathrm {Tame}_\mathbf {1} \subset \mathrm {Tame}, \end{equation*} where T a m e 1 \mathrm {Tame}_\mathbf {1} is the proper subclass of tame systems with first countable E ( X ) E(X) , and T a m e 2 \mathrm {Tame}_\mathbf {2} is its proper subclass consisting of systems with hereditarily separable E ( X ) E(X) . We study some general properties of these classes and exhibit many examples to illustrate these properties.

A’ingae (Cofán/Kofán) Operators

Abstract The aim of this paper is to show how the TAME system of A'ingae, a language isolate spoken in Colombia and Ecuador, can be captured within the theoretical framework of Functional Discourse Grammar. An important prediction in this theory is that the surface order of TAME expressions reflects the scope relations between them in their underlying representation. An initial analysis reveals that, with three exceptions, the A'ingae TAME system confirms this prediction. Closer inspection of the three exceptions, which concern basic illocution, evidentiality, and quantificational aspect, then reveals that on the one hand, the theoretical model has to be adapted, while on the other hand some of the A'ingae facts allow for an alternative interpretation.

Focus: Saudi Arabia

24 | International Union Rights | 25/2 FOCUS | TRADE UNION RIGHTS IN THE MENA COUNTRIES Saudi Arabia has no political parties, no unions, and a vast migrant workforce with limited access to labour rights Saudi Arabia Daniel Blackburn is the Director of the International Centre for Trade Union Rights in London and Editor of International Union Rights journal. He is also the Editor of the reference book Trade Unions of the World (7th edition, 2016) Saudi Arabia has a poor reputation for labour rights, and rightly so. It has no form of open political process, nor political parties. In 2017 a UN Special Rapporteur observed that ‘no NGOs in Saudi Arabia … are allowed to work on human rights’. There are also no trade unions, just a tame system of ‘workers committees’, and few of these seem to exist. Migrant workers, and domestic workers, face serious barriers to the exercise of their rights. Given that migrants constitute the majority of the workforce, the denial of rights to this group is a serious and broad problem. Neither is Saudi Arabia well integrated into the international human rights system. It has not ratified either of the two key UN instruments on human rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (‘CESCR’) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (‘CCPR’). Neither has the Kingdom ratified ILO Convention No. 87 on Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise (1948), nor ILO Convention No. 98 on the Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining (1949). However, Saudi Arabia has been a member of the International Labour Organisation (‘ILO’) since 1976 and it has ratified 16 ILO Conventions, including six of the eight core Conventions. Somewhat improbably, Saudi Arabia currently holds the position of deputy member of the ILO Governing Body. Freedom of association The Basic Law contains no explicit recognition or protection for the rights of freedom of association or of assembly. Article 26 emphasises a commitment to the protection of human rights, but it does not specify what these rights are, and adds that rights are protected only so far as they are ‘in accordance with Sharia’. The reality is that without explicit recognition and protection under domestic law anyone exercising these rights is at risk of repression, prosecution, and serious criminal penalties. Amnesty International has said that the ‘Saudi Arabian authorities are consistently abusing the country’s vague laws to deprive human rights defenders and others of their liberty’1. Despite a recent NGO law, the work of most NGOs remains within traditional confines of ‘charity’, and ‘no NGOs in Saudi Arabia … are allowed to work on human rights’2. There are no unions, but law reforms in 2001 created a role for workers’ committees3. ICTUR has been unable to obtain a reliable translation of these regulations (even the ILO only indicates that it has an ‘unofficial French translation’4, and even this is not available online), but a number of secondary sources agree that the regulations establish a right to form these organisations only in large enterprises that employ more than 100 Saudi citizens as workers. Their role is said to be limited to suggesting recommendations on working conditions, health and safety standards, and productivity5. These organisations apparently can represent migrant workers6, but it is unclear whether this happens in practice. Foreign workers are not, according to ITUC, allowed to serve on the executive of the workers’ committees7. The government must approve the statutes and membership of the workers’ committees, and the Minister of Labour and Social Affairs as well as the company management have the right to send a representative to the committee meetings. The minutes of the meetings must also be submitted to management and then passed on to the Minister. Finally, public demonstrations of a political nature are prohibited, and the Ministry can dissolve a workers’ committee if it violates regulations or threatens public security. In practice, very few workers’ committees have been established, and those that do exist play a tame role. There is no legal framework for collective bargaining, and hence no real industrial relations system, other than a rigid conciliation and arbitration system, that brings disputes between workers and employers into its...

Taming the TAME Systems. Edited by Emmanuelle Labeau and Qiaochao Zhang.

<i>Taming the TAME Systems</i>. Edited by Emmanuelle Labeau and Qiaochao Zhang.

Risk of Severe Radiation Morbidity in Radiotherapy Trials: A Critical Evaluation of the TAME Risk Classification System

Reporting of treatment-related morbidity and complications in clinical trials are important. Several scoring systems have been suggested, and some of these have been validated. However, it has generally been difficult to summarize and compare the level of adverse effects between clinical trials or treatment strategies. To this end, the T-A-M End-results system has been suggested as a new and concise index for short-term toxicity (T), adverse effects (A), and complication mortality (M) (Pajak et al., ASCO 2005; Trotti et al., ASTRO 2005). The aim of the current study was to validate the TAME adverse event summary system in large clinical morbidity data sets from DAHANCA and IAEA. Individual morbidity data from a total of 2854 patients included in the following randomized trials were used: DAHANCA 6 and 7 (5 vs. 6 fractions, 1476 patients), IAEA-ACC (5 vs. 6 fractions, 900 patients), IAEA-MMC (RT ± MMC, 478 patients). Estimation of T and A scores were obtained by dividing the total number of Grade 3–4 events by the number of patients in the cohort. Four common predefined scores were used in all data sets; mucositis, skin reaction, fibrosis, and late edema. In addition, acute edema + atrophy were included for DAHANCA data, and pain + xerostomia for the IAEA data. For the three identical standard treatment arms (conventional radiotherapy only), estimated T + A scores varied from 0.55 + 0.27 (DAHANCA) to 0.67 + 0.02 (MMC) and 0.86 + 0.08 (ACC). For the accelerated treatments, estimated T + A scores varied from 0.77 + 0.27 (DAHANCA) to 1.04 + 0.05 (ACC). The T + A scores for RT + MMC were similar to the radiotherapy alone in the same trial (0.70 + 0.01). Mortality risk estimates varied from 0 in the MMC trial to 2.8% in DAHANCA. For comparison, the T-A-M for RTOG radiotherapy alone was 0.77 + 0.59 + 3%. The T score was reasonably stable for acute morbidity in identical treatments (0.55 to 0.86), and the T score was also able to pick up the intensification seen in accelerated radiotherapy. In contrast, the significant variation in A scores (from 0.02 to 0.27) for long-term morbidity—even between identical treatments—was of concern. Since the TAME system is nonactuarial, analysis of treatments with poor outcome or short follow-up (low number of events, patients dying or lost for follow-up) will result in a low A score, as seen in e.g. the IAEA studies. The present results indicate that the TAME system is useful only when comparing a defined set of endpoints from treatments in confined settings, and not across borders and cooperative groups. The TAME system is not an appropriate alternative to actuarial analysis of late radiotherapy morbidity.

TAME: development of a new method for summarising adverse events of cancer treatment by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group

We aimed to examine deficiencies in established methods of summarising adverse events, and to create a new reporting system (TAME) for summarising the toxicity burden of cancer treatment. TAME consolidates traditional adverse-event data into three risk domains: short-term (acute) Toxicity (T), Adverse long-term (late) effects (A), and Mortality risk (M) generated by a treatment programme (E=End results); and assigns treatments to risk classes for each risk domain. We examined formally an established method for summarising adverse events (the max-grade method) in five trials of patients with head and neck cancer done between September, 1991, and August, 2000, by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) that involved 13 treatment groups (2304 patients). We calculated TAME summary metrics that included time and multiplicity factors in the same patient groups. We compared relative T values with relative values for toxic effects from the max-grade approach. We also calculated the range of individual patient T scores in two groups from one of the trials (the laryngeal-preservation trial). The max-grade method systematically excluded 29-70% of total reported high-grade (grade 3-4) acute adverse events, contained progressive bias, and favoured higher toxicity programmes. Relative T values in the 13 treatment programmes tested showed an increase of almost 500% in acute toxicity burden (100-590) between treatment groups compared with a 170% increase (100-270) between treatment groups by use of the max-grade method. The difference between these two summary systems was statistically significant (mean difference -102 [95% CI -167 to -37], p=0.005, t test for paired differences). Four risk classes were designated for acute and relative late effects: low (100-140), moderate (150-390), high (400-490), and extreme (>or=500). The distribution of individual patient T scores showed that 82 (60%) patients who received concurrent platinum-radiotherapy for larynx preservation reported two or more high-grade events, and 34 (20%) reported four or more high-grade events; these findings differed significantly from the distribution of individual patient T scores for patients who received radiotherapy alone, in which 32 (19%) reported two or more high-grade events and 3 (3%) reported four or more high-grade events (p<0.0001). The max-grade method also systematically excluded 26-48% of high-grade (grade 3-4) late adverse events. However, less variation was noted in the relative risk of late events (100-270) by the TAME method for late effects. Traditional methods for summarising adverse events systematically exclude important data, giving an inaccurate impression of the toxicity burden in complex multimodality trials. By contrast, T values use data on all high-grade adverse events. T values are proportional to the intensity of treatment, showing a 500% increase between treatment groups in acute toxicity burden in RTOG trials of head and neck cancer done during this study interval. TAME reporting provides a concise and uniform method to compare relative risk among treatment options. Future studies should include testing the performance of the TAME system in additional datasets (from different research organisations and disease sites), prospective correlation of TAME endpoints with predefined outcome measures, and assessment of its usefulness in clinical decision making.

Tame systems and scrambled pairs under an Abelian group action

A dynamical version of the Bourgain–Fremlin–Talagrand dichotomy shows that the enveloping semigroup of a dynamical system is either very large and contains a topological copy of -actions.

On tame dynamical systems

According to a dynamical version of the BourgainFremlin-Talagrand dichotomy an enveloping semigroup of a dynamical system is either tame: has cardinality ≤ 2א0 , or it is topologically wield and contains a copy of βN, the Cech-Stone compactificaltion of a discrete countable set. As a general principle one can measure the usefulness of a new mathematical notion by the number of seemingly unrelated ways by which it can be characterized. According to this principle the notion of tameness stands rather high. Tameness can also be characterized by the lack of a certain independence property — where combinatorial Ramsey type arguments take a leading role — by the fact that the elements of the enveloping semigroup of a tame system are Baire class 1 maps, and, using results of Talagrand, as systems in which the topological Glivenko-Cantelli property is satisfied. Finally a dynamical system is tame iff it can be represented on a Banach space which does not contain an isomorphic copy of `1. I will review some of these results and indicate some applications. Department of Mathematics, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel E-mail address: glasner@math.tau.ac.il

Vapor–liquid equilibria for the binary systems decane + 1,1-dimethylethyl methyl ether (MTBE) and decane + 1,1-dimethylpropyl methyl ether (TAME) at 308.15, 318.15 and 328.15 K

Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data are reported for the binary mixtures formed by decane and the branched ethers 1,1-dimethylpropyl methyl ether ( tert-amyl methyl ether or TAME) and 1,1-dimethylethyl methyl ether ( tert-butyl methyl ether or MTBE). A Gibbs–Van Ness type apparatus was used to obtain total vapor pressure measurements for the decane+MTBE and decane+TAME systems as a function of composition at 308.15, 318.15 and 328.15 K. Both systems show a nearly ideal behavior. VLE data are analyzed together with excess enthalpy ( H m E) data previously obtained at 298.15 K for these mixtures. The UNIQUAC model is used to correlate VLE and H m E data and the original UNIFAC group contribution model and the modified UNIFAC (Dortmund model) are used to predict VLE and H m E data for the binary systems decane+MTBE and decane+TAME.

A general model completeness result for expansions of the real ordered field

We approach the subject of o-minimality from the point of view of tame systems, following the work of Charbonnel and Wilkie. This gives some general sufficient conditions for a system to be model complete and o-minimal. We are then able to obtain the following generalisation of a recent result of Gabrielov (which in his case applied only to analytic functions): A polynomially bounded o-minimal expansion of the real ordered field by a collection of restricted C ∝ functions, which is closed under partial differentiation, is model complete.

Liquid-Liquid Equilibria of Fuel Oxygenate + Water + Hydrocarbon Mixtures. 2

The liquid-liquid equilibria of water+n-decane, water+n-hexadecane, and water+methylcyclohexane have been measured separately with the two oxygenates 2-methoxy-2-methylbutane (tertiary amyl methyl ether or TAME) and 2-methyl-2-butanol (tertiary amyl alcohol or TAOH) at 25 o C. All of these systems exhibit type 2 liquid-liqud phase diagrams, though the shapes of the diagrams for the TAME and TAOH systems are quite different because of the much higher solubility of water in TAOH than TAME. One of the observations from our experimental data ie that the addition of either TAME or TAOH to a hydrocarbon +water mixture results in an increased water solubility in the hydrocarbon phase and a decreased hydrocarbon solubility in the aqueous phase. This observation may be important when both the water pollution potential of possible gasoline reformulations and the sensitivity of the gasoline to water are assessed. We have found that the general features of the liquid-liquid phase diagrams can be accurately correlated with either the NRTL or UNIQUAC model, though some of the high dilution concentrations are incorrectly described. Finally, the liquid-liquid UNIFAC model leads to qualitatively correct predictione for the liquid-liquid equilibria of the systems studied

Application of feedback-induced bifurcation for evaluating steady-state and transient heterogeneous catalysis kinetic models

Experimental study of bifurcations to steady-state multiplicity and oscillatory dynamics provides a systematic and sensitive data base for evaluating kinetic models. Previously limited to exotic reaction systems which exhibit such behavior naturally, bifurcations can be induced in tame systems using an external feedback loop to manipulate reaction conditions. This strategy has been applied to ethylene hydrogenation over Pt/Al 2O 3 in a catalytic CSTR by manipulating the ethylene and hydrogen feed rates as functions of the ethylene concentration in the reactor effluent. Pitchfork bifurcations to steady-state multiplicity have been experimentally observed for 0.5% Pt/Al 2O 3 (30 °C, 1 atm) as functions of ethylene feedback gain, given several different hydrogen gains. The data demonstrate the general result that small discrepencies between the actual and the chosen reference steady state give rise to imperfect, cusp-like bifurcations. These phenomena are well described by a kinetic model proposed by Mullins and Saltsburg. Steady-state rate data were used to find two parameter sets for the model; however, only one of these sets adequately approximates the bifurcation data. Examples of Hopf bifurcation to limit cycles are also presented and compared with results for Hopf bifurcation on 0.05% Pt/Al 2O 3. Hopf and step-response transient experiments for the 0.5% Pt/Al 2O 3 catalyst are well described by the model containing only two surface time constants while three or more are required for the low-loaded catalyst. Hydrogen spillover is suggested as the source of this difference.

Antithrombin activity in the human aortic intima, with special reference to its correlation to atherosclerotic changes

Since what is called thrombogenic theory was established by DUGUID, blood coagulation mechanism has been considered to take a part in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Later, it became clear that not only a strong thromboplastic activity but also anticoagulant activity existed in the aortic intimas. As to the anticoagulant activity of the vascular walls, KIRK et al. have pointed out that some of acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPS) in human aortic walls have a function of anticoagulant activity. Very recently OHE of our laboratory described originally the presence of antithrombin activity in aortic intimas of pigs. This is of intermedate type and has an activity derectly to inactivated thrombin. Purpose of the present experiments was to know a nature of intimal antithrombin of human aortas and correlation between the activity and variable atherosclerotic lesions of the aortas, ageing of the patient and amount of metachromatic materials in the human aortic intimas. Materials and Methods About 130 cases of fresh human aortic intimas were used as materials. Selerosing grade of human aortas was classified into 4 groups, as shown in Table I. By means of Endothelial Membrane Method (EMD), described by OHE, aortic intimal extracts were prepared from each group of the intimal lesions. Differential centrifugation of homogenates of each layers of the aortas, in particular of each of different sclerotic lesions of the intimas was made for test of antithrombin activity. Sephadex G-100 gel filtration of aortic intimal supernatants obtained by 105, 000G centrifugation was performed for the purpose of purification of antithrombin activity. Blood coagulation tests were performed in following method: plasma clotting activity (Fig. 1), thromboplastin generation test (Fig. 2), antithrombin activity test to use thrombin-fibrinogen system (Fig. 3, and Fig. 9) and TAMe system (Fig. 8) and so on. Histological examination of the aortic walls was made to use conventional staining method and OHNO's toluidin blue metachromasia method for detection of vascular AMPS. Results Plasma clotting time of aortic intimal extracts, obtained from many intact intimas by means of EMD, was found to be much longer than that of control solution. On the other hand, in cases of sclerotic intimas of grade I and II plasma clotting activity was significantly shortened with a parallelism to severity of atheroscletosis. It was also found that thromboplastin generation activity of the extracts from severe sclerotic intimas of grade II was as high as that of cephalin used routinely, intimal extracts from intact intimas, however, showed clearly inhibition of thromboplastin gene-ration activity. These facts suggested that sclerotic intimas may release substances rich in pro-coagulant activity rather than in anticoagulant activity into the blood. And in intact intimas the reverse may be also true. When antithrombin activity of the extracts from intact intimas was measured by means of two-stage method of thrombin-fibrinogen system. Characteristic developmental pattern of the activity was obtained and refered to as intermediate type of antithrombin (Fig. 3).