Tamarind Shell Research Articles

Improving mechanical performance of hybrid polymer composites: Incorporating banana stem leaf and jute fibers with tamarind shell powder

Mechanical properties were evaluated for bio-natural fiber-reinforced epoxy hybrid composites made with varying amounts of jute, banana stem leaves (BSL), and tamarind shell powder (TSP). Each composite design had varying weight percentages of jute and BSL (5 to 25%) and a consistent mix of TSP (10%) and epoxy resin (60%). The tensile strength, flexural strength, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), impact strength, hardness, and water absorption were examined. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate chemical bonding and morphology. The findings indicated a relationship between fiber and filler content and mechanical properties of composites, with 20% jute fiber content resulting in the highest performance. The tensile strength of the composite increased by 24.6%, rising from 32.4 MPa for the 5% jute and 25% banana stem leaves (5J25BSL) composite to 40.4 MPa for the 20% jute and 10% banana stem leaves (20J10BSL) composite. Similarly, the flexural strength saw a 27.9% improvement, increasing from 67.2 MPa in the 5J25BSL composite to 86.0 MPa in the 20J10BSL composite. The impact strength also experienced a notable increase of 39.1%, moving from 2.56 J for the 5J25BSL composite to 3.56 J for the 20J10BSL composite. These results highlight significant improvements in all three properties, as the proportion of jute in the composite increased and the proportion of banana stem leaves decreased. This research influences material selection for engineering applications and informs the development of specialized composite materials.

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF COPPER NANOPARTICLES FROM MANILA TAMARIND SHELL: CHARACTERIZATION, ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES, AND PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION

There are numerous possible uses for green nanoparticle synthesis in the biological and environmental sciences. Green synthesis strives to reduce the use of harmful chemicals in particular. For example, using organic resources like plants is usually safe. Studied the basic principles of green chemistry, the synthesis of nanoparticles mediated by plants, and their recent applications. Plants additionally consist of decreasing and capping agents. Nanoparticles include copper, palladium, platinum, zinc, gold, silver, etc. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were utilized to examine the greenproduced Manila Tamarind Shell Copper nanoparticles (MTS-Cu NPs). With FTIR, the existence of several functional groups was identified. The size range, according to SEM analysis, is 88–152 nm. UV visible spectroscopy was used to find out the absorbance of 0.4942 and the maximum wavelength is 308 nm. This study showed that green MTS Copper Nanoparticles could be applied in the future to remove colors from contaminated water in addition to serving as an antioxidant and antibacterial agent. Gram-negative bacteria were shown to have a higher maximal ZOI than gram-positive bacteria. This efficiency was significantly higher than that of typical antibiotics such as Oxacillin (20 mm vs. 25 mm) for Staphylococcus aureus, Ampicillin (18 mm vs. 22 mm) for Escherichia coli, and Ciprofloxacin (16 mm vs. 20 mm) for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plant known as "Manila Tamarind" can be inexpensively and efficiently used to produce Cu NPs for a variety of purposes. The synthesized Cu NPs exploited as photocatalysts exhibited excellent degradation efficiency on organic dyes Methylene Blue and Malachite Green under sunlight. The calculated degradation efficiencies for Methylene Blue and Malachite Green were 90% and 85%, respectively. The rate constants for the Methylene Blue and Malachite Green dyes were found to be 0.0215 min⁻¹ and 0.0153 min⁻¹respectively.

Enhancement of mechanical properties of hybrid polymer composites using palmyra palm and coconut sheath fibers: The role of tamarind shell powder

This study investigates the enhancement of mechanical characteristics of hybrid polymer composites reinforced with palmyra palm leaflet (PPL) and coconut sheath leaf (CSL) fibers by integrating tamarind shell powder as a filler material. The composites were fabricated with varying ratios of PPL and CSL fibers, and their tensile strength, flexural strength, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), impact strength, hardness, and water absorption were evaluated. The composite with 20% PPL and 10% CSL exhibited superior mechanical performance, achieving the highest tensile strength of 42 MPa, flexural strength of 94 MPa, ILSS of 7.52 MPa, and impact strength of 5.98 J. Hardness values peaked at 84 SD for the same composition. Moreover, the integration of tamarind shell powder significantly improved the mechanical properties compared to composites without filler, which showed lower values across all parameters. Water absorption tests revealed an increase in water uptake with filler incorporation, though within acceptable limits for practical applications. Scanning electron microscopy supported these results by revealing enhanced fiber-matrix bonding and better dispersion of the filler, resulting in fewer voids and defects. This research highlights the potential of bio-based fillers in optimizing the mechanical performance of hybrid composites for sustainable engineering applications.

Kinetic Studies and Adsorption of Fluoride from Drinking Water using Tamarind Shell as Adsorbent

The excessive intake of fluoride in drinking water is a serious health concern in most of the states in India and in the world. The regular consumption of drinking water containing fluoride leads to a disease called as fluorosis. The Present work of this paper explores the removal of fluoride from synthesized aqueous solution of fluoride using Tamarind fruit shell powder. The Adsorption of fluoride by Tamarind fruit shell is cost effective method and gives high efficiency than other adsorbents. In the present study, The pretreatment for moisture removal from the tamarind shell powder given also we have shown the Kinetics and comparative study to find highest fluoride removal efficiency. In the Kinetic study, the the controlling parameters for adsorption like pH, Adsorbent concentration, Contact time relation on the removal efficiency is studied. The data obtained is fitted in the Langmuir and Freundlich Adsorption Isotherms. The work shows the selective adsorbing property of tamarind shell powder for fluoride removal. The comparison of removal efficiency of fluoride by using tamarind shell powder with wheat straw is done

Comparative analysis of tamarind shell biomass powder and roasted chickpeas powder in kenaf fiber reinforced vinyl ester composite

Comparative analysis of tamarind shell biomass powder and roasted chickpeas powder in kenaf fiber reinforced vinyl ester composite

Application of Tamarind Shell as a Green Additive in Natural Rubber.

The feasibility of using tamarind shell as an eco-friendly additive in natural rubber (NR) was studied. Tamarind shell powder (TSP) was prepared with different particle size ranges before being characterized by various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental analysis, etc. The results of the FTIR and elemental analysis confirmed that TSP was mainly composed of amino acids (proteins), celluloses, and tannins. The thermal analysis revealed that TSP contained approximately 9% moisture, and its main constituents were stable up to 200 °C, which is higher than the normal processing temperature of rubber products. The addition of TSP to NR led to reductions in scorch time and cure time due to the presence of moisture and proteins. This phenomenon was more obvious with the decrease in TSP's particle size. Even though the small addition of TSP (≤10 phr) did not cause any change in hardness, it significantly impaired the mechanical properties of the rubber vulcanizates, particularly tensile strength, elongation at break, and abrasion resistance. Such deterioration depended greatly on the TSP particle size, i.e., the finest particles (S-TSP) showed the least deterioration of mechanical properties. In summary, TSP can be considered a low-cost, eco-friendly bio-additive for rubbers. Nevertheless, it must be used with great care to avoid undesirable impacts on mechanical properties.

Effect of Extrusion on the Functional Properties and Bioactive Compounds of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) Shell

Effect of Extrusion on the Functional Properties and Bioactive Compounds of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) Shell

Percentage adsorption of Glipizide (GLI) from deionized water and sPLW using OAC, HAC, and BAC prepared with velvet tamarind shell

Percentage adsorption of Glipizide (GLI) from deionized water and sPLW using OAC, HAC, and BAC prepared with velvet tamarind shell

Iron-engineered mesoporous biocarbon composite and its adsorption, activation, and regeneration approach for removal of paracetamol in water

Three-dimensional multi-porous Iron Oxide/carbon (Fe2O3/C) composites derived from tamarind shell biomass were synthesized by a single-step co-pyrolysis technique and utilized for Paracetamol (PAC) dismissal in the combined adsorption, and advanced oxidation such as electrochemical regeneration techniques. The Fe2O3/C composites were prepared by different pyrolysis temperatures, and named as TS750 (without Fe2O3at 750 °C), MTS450 BCs (Low-450 °C), MTS600 BCs (Moderate-600 °C) and MTS750 BCs (high-750 °C), respectively. As-prepared Fe2O3/C composite was characterized by FE-SEM, XRD, BET, and XPS analysis. The specific surface area and the spatial interaction between the interlayers of Fe2O3 and C were significantly improved by increasing the pyrolysis temperatures from 450 to 750 °C, which improved the adsorption capacity of Fe2O3/C composites in terms of higher rate constants and chemisorption kinetics. The Pseudo-second-order kinetics model fitted in the adsorption test results of Fe2O3/C composites with the highest correlation co-efficiency. The Langmuir-isotherms model fitted in the adsorption test of the TS750 and MTS450 BCs. The Freundlich isotherms model is more fit with MTS600 and MTS750 BCs. Based on the isotherm results, the MTS750 BCs achieved 46.9 mg/g of maximum PAC adsorption capacity. The optimized MTS750 composites could be completely recovered by using an advanced electrochemical oxidation regeneration approach within 180 min. Also, with the adsorption and recovery process, the TOC removal rate improved to ∼79.4%. After the 6th cycle electrochemical oxidation process, the obtained results of the re-adsorption test showed the stabile adsorption activity of the sorbent material. The data outcomes herein propose that this type of combined adsorption and electrochemical approach will be useful in commercial water treatment plants.

Antialcohol and Hepatoprotective Effects of Tamarind Shell Extract on Ethanol-Induced Damage to HepG2 Cells and Animal Models.

Alcohol liver disease (ALD) is one of the leading outcomes of acute and chronic liver injury. Accumulative evidence has confirmed that oxidative stress is involved in the development of ALD. In this study, we used chick embryos to establish ALD model to study the hepatoprotective effects of tamarind shell exttract (TSE). Chick embryos received 25% ethanol (75 μL) and TSE (250, 500, 750 μg/egg/75 μL) from embryonic development day (EDD) 5.5. Both ethanol and TSE were administrated every two days until EDD15. Ethanol-exposed zebrafish and HepG2 cell model were also employed. The results suggested that TSE effectively reversed the pathological changes, liver dysfunction and ethanol-metabolic enzyme disorder in ethanol-treated chick embryo liver, zebrafish and HepG2 cells. TSE suppressed the excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in zebrafish and HepG2 cells, as well as rebuilt the irrupted mitochondrial membrane potential. Meanwhile, the declined antioxidative activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), together with the content of total glutathione (T-GSH) were recovered by TSE. Moreover, TSE upregulated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and heme oxyense-1 (HO-1) expression in protein and mRNA level. All the phenomena suggested that TSE attenuated ALD through activating NRF2 to repress the oxidative stress induced by ethanol.

Potential of Tamarind Shell Extract against Oxidative Stress In Vivo and In Vitro

Tamarind shell is rich in flavonoids and exhibits good biological activities. In this study, we aimed to analyze the chemical composition of tamarind shell extract (TSE), and to investigate antioxidant capacity of TSE in vitro and in vivo. The tamarind shells were extracted with 95% ethanol refluxing extraction, and chemical constituents were determined by ultra-performance chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The free radical scavenging activity of TSE in vitro was evaluated using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method. The antioxidative effects of TSE were further assessed in 2,2-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-stimulated ADTC5 cells and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-exposed zebrafish. A total of eight flavonoids were detected in TSE, including (+)-catechin, taxifolin, myricetin, eriodictyol, luteolin, morin, apigenin, and naringenin, with the contents of 5.287, 8.419, 4.042, 6.583, 3.421, 4.651, 0.2027, and 0.6234 mg/g, respectively. The ORAC assay revealed TSE and these flavonoids had strong free radical scavenging activity in vitro. In addition, TSE significantly decreased the ROS and MDA levels but restored the SOD activity in AAPH-treated ATDC5 cells and t-BHP-exposed zebrafish. The flavonoids also showed excellent antioxidative activities against oxidative damage in ATDC5 cells and zebrafish. Overall, the study suggests the free radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant potential of TSE and its primary flavonoids in vitro and in vivo and will provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of tamarind shell.

Characterization of tamarind biomass to substantiate the feasibility towards alternative fuel

Sustainable energy resources development from every possible route is the utmost priority in today’s modern scenario around the globe. This situation reaches highly alarming rate after the pandemic situation due to the shortcomings on ease transportation viability among all the countries. Therefore, the present work aims at developing a sustainable biofuel from Tamarind seed biomass samples and to evaluate its suitability for various power generation applications. The proposed work consists of three samples: tamarind shell (TAN1), tamarind nut with peel (TAN2) and tamarind nut without peel (TAN3) undergoing physicochemical and thermal analyses to analyse their feasibility as a biofuel. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) concluded high oxygenated compounds mainly alcohols, esters and carboxylic acids were determined at higher wave numbers. Ultimate and proximate analyses gave high amounts of carbon, volatile matter and low nitrogen and ash content. Thermogravimetric (TG) analyses showed the maximum mass loss in the temperature range of 150 °C–400 °C and confirm the presence of volatile compounds. It was mainly due to the degradation of hemicellulose. Calorimetry test gave high heating value (HHV) results and those compared with the empirical values calculated using the ultimate analysis equation. TAN3 is selected as a promising feedstock for pyrolysis and the characterization results signify the presence of organic compounds and infer high energetic value and bio refining potential. The bio oil obtained was characterized and analysed using GC–MS, FTIR, and H NMR to assess the bio oil potential as alternative fuel and presented in this paper.

Experimental investigations on mechanical and water absorption properties of epoxy resin matrix treated sugarcane and tamarind shell powder reinforced bio-Composites

Synthesizing hybrid bio-composites has come a long way thanks to the use of multiple types of natural materials as reinforcement and filler in recent years. To test the mechanical and water-absorbing properties of a composite, this experiment blended epoxy resin with powdered tamarind shell and short, chemically-treated sugarcane fibres. Powdered tamarind shell and short, chemically processed sugarcane fibres are employed as reinforcing elements. By adjusting the percentage of epoxy resin used while changing the amounts of the reinforcing components, scientists created hybrid bio-composite samples. To make hybrid bio composites boards, manufacturers turned to hot injection moulding. Specimens of hybrid bio-composite are cut from the boards using water jet machining to undergo a variety of mechanical and water absorption tests in accordance with ASTM standards. The aforementioned studies demonstrate that the mechanical stress resistance and water absorption capabilities of hybrid bio-composites can be enhanced by the addition of very small amounts of fine sugarcane powder and tamarind shell powder to an epoxy resin matrix. Experimental results showed that the maximum compressive, flexural, ultimate tensile, and yield strengths for C4 composite specimens were 36.17, 38.53, and 34.63 MPa, respectively. These specimens contained 50 wt% epoxy resin, 35 wt% treated sugarcane fibre, and 15 wt% tamarind shell particles. Similarly, the maximum flexural modulus (10.96 GPa), elongation percentage (3.3%), impact strength (13.51 kJ/m2) and water absorption percentage (7.15%) were noticed in C4 composite specimens accordingly.

Design of “Turn-Off” Fluorescent Nanoprobe for Highly Sensitive Detection of Uric Acid using Green Synthesized Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots

Green synthesized graphene quantum dots (GQD) have been doped with nitrogen in an attempt to boost their optical characteristics and application sectors. In the present investigation, the blue luminescent nitrogen-doped GQDs (N-GQDs) were synthesized by single-step hydrothermal synthesis using tamarind shell powder as a precursor. The particle size and zeta potential of N-GQDs were found to be 11.40 nm and be -35.53 mV, respectively. A quantum yield as high as 23.78 % was accomplished at an excitation wavelength of 330 nm at neutral pH. It gets quenched sensitively in the existence of uric acid (UA) combining static quenching, electron transfer, and an inner filter effect mechanism. A linear range was obtained for UA from 10 µM to 100 µM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 401.72 ± 0.04 pM. Additionally, the N-GQDs were selective toward UA in presence of metal ions and biomolecules that indicated its impending use to monitor UA in clinical samples. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that the N-GQDs as a sensing probe for UA recognition with notable advantages including socioeconomic, simple, and less time-consuming methods as compared to other methods. In the future, it can be potentially explored as a biosensor for UA detection in clinical samples.

Influence of Nanofillers on the Mechanical Characteristics of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites

For the first time, natural fibers are being considered as a viable alternative to traditional synthetic fibers. These bio-composites were created using epoxy resin, nano-sized fine nano-tamarind shell ash particles, and water hyacinth fibers in this experimental work. Nano tamarind shell ash particles (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 wt. percent) were mixed with epoxy resin and water hyacinth fibers to create six different composite mates by the compression moulding machine. The composite specimens are prepared from the mats using the water jet machining method, according to ASTM specifications. Mechanical properties of composite specimens have been determined using tensile, flexural, and impact tests under standard testing circumstances. According to the test results, the composites with nano tamarind shell ash particles in the weight percentage of five percent greatly improve their tensile and flexural capabilities. Increased incorporation of fine nano tamarind shell ash particles in composite specimens has reduced their impact energy and impact strength.

Compressive Behavior of Tamarind Shell Powder and Fine Granite Particles Reinforced Epoxy Matrix Based Hybrid Bio-Composites

Nowadays, hybrid bio-composites are being developed by combining different natural resources as reinforcement and filler components, and this has raised their necessary qualities dramatically. An epoxy resin matrix for compressive qualities was tested experimentally with the inclusion of fine granite powder and tamarind shell powder particles. As reinforcement materials, fine granite powder and tamarind shell powder are employed. Specimens of hybrid bio-composite were created by altering the reinforcement material weight % while maintaining the epoxy resin weight percentage the same. Utilizing a compression moulding process, composite boards made of hybrid biomaterials were created. Water jet machining is used to remove hybrid bio-composite specimens for compression tests in accordance with ASTM standards from the hybrid bio-composite boards. When fine granite and tamarind shell powder particles are added to the epoxy resin matrix, experimental results show that compressive characteristics of the hybrid bio-composites are greatly improved.

Manufacturing of chitosan based drug release systems from tamarind shells for long-term and effective methylprednisolone sodium succinate release

In this study a microparticular drug delivery system containing tamarind shell and chitosan has been developed to realize the controlled release of methylprednisolone sodium succinate an important corticosteroid. Drug-loaded tamarind shells are coated with chitosan for a pH-controlled release. The release kinetics of the system have been examined in detail at three different pH ranges (3, 5 and 7.4). In our pH sensitive release systems a slow release up to 39.02%±0.81 at pH=7.4 at 72 hours. But we see that there is a faster release at 70.58±1.73% at pH=5 and 96.68±1.70% at pH=3 in 72 hours. Rapid release in acidic media depends on the solubility of the chitosan structure in acidic environments. It is believed that the pH sensitive carrier system obtained within the scope of the study will have a high potential for use in many biomedical application areas (wound surface application, etc.).

Experimental investigations on tensile and flexural properties of epoxy resin matrix waste marble dust and tamarind shell particles reinforced bio-composites

A great gain has been made in recent years in the creation of hybrid bio-composites by combining different natural resources as reinforcement and filler elements. The waste marble dust particles and tamarind shell powder particles were additional to the epoxy resin matrix in this experiment to study the tensile and flexural characteristics of the epoxy resin matrix. Tamarind shell powder and waste marble dust particles are used as reinforcing materials. To create hybrid bio-composite specimens, researchers varied the reinforcement material weight percentages while maintaining the epoxy resin weight percentage as constant. Hot injection moulding was used to create hybrid biocomposites boards. The hybrid bio-composite specimens for tensile and flexural tests are cut away from the hybrid bio-composite boards using the water jet machining method as per ASTM specifications. Research shows that adding small amounts of fine waste marble dust particles and tamarind shell powder to an epoxy resin matrix enhances the hybrid bio-composites' tensile and flexural capabilities significantly. The maximum tensile strength, yield strength, elongation percentage, flexural strength and flexural modulus of 34.63 MPa, 32.81 MPa, 3.3 %, 36.17 and 38.53 MPa were obtained from 35 wt% tamarind shell powder and 15 wt% waste marble dust powder composite specimens (C4 Composites) correspondingly.

Investigation on thermal properties of tamarind shell particles reinforced hybrid polymer matrix composites

The structural features of the by-products from chicken poultry encourage their better use over dumping or incineration, and polymer composite materials constitute a zone for direct use in small treatment amounts. The polymer composites have been prepared, and their thermal stability tested with chicken feather fibres in open fibrous shell paws and nano tamarind coating powder. Heating rates were of 150 °C/min from 0 to 800 °C, and characterization of thermogravimetry and thermal differential analysis was performed. The results show three phases of thermal decomposition: moisture evaporation below 200 °C, the decomposition of the chicken fibre between 150 °C and 300 °C and the final decomposition of the matrix below 550 °C. The differences in thermal stability were insignificant when the content of chicken feather fibres increased, and the content of nano tamarind shell particles decreased.

Tamarind shell tannin-doped hybrid sol–gel coatings on mild steel in acidic medium toward improved corrosion protection

Tamarind shell tannin-doped hybrid sol–gel coatings on mild steel in acidic medium toward improved corrosion protection