Tallow Methyl Ester Research Articles

Renewable Feedstocks Present New and Complex Opportunities

Renewable Feedstocks Present New and Complex Opportunities

Biofuels and its spray interactions under pilot-main injection strategy

An experimental study was performed to explore the effect of pilot and main injection strategy on injection interactions and the spray characteristics of biodiesels that were derived from different feedstocks. Biodiesel considered in this investigation ranged from rapeseed methyl ester, sunflower oil methyl ester, coconut oil methyl ester, waste cooking methyl ester, and tallow methyl ester. The sprays of these biodiesel were characterized through the measurement of macroscopic parameters such as spray penetration, spray angle and spray area, which were compared against ULSD for both pilot and main injection. This investigation was performed in a constant volume chamber maintained under non-reactive conditions. The magnitude of cone angle and spray area for most biodiesel were lower than ULSD. Conversely, the spray tip penetrations for most biodiesels were higher than ULSD. The main injection showed relatively larger magnitude for all macroscopic spray parameters than those of pilot injection. Expulsion of liquid was observed in the dwell period between pilot and main injection as well as end of main injection for all fuels. The end-of-injection expulsions are mainly due to injector needle dynamics rather than variation in physical properties of fuels.

Engine characteristics study on beef tallow biodiesel produced by ethanol based co-solvent transesterification

ABSTRACT This present study looks at the engine characteristics of beef tallow biodiesel (tallow methyl ethyl ester) produced using methanol–ethanol-based co-solvent transesterification. Unblended samples of tallow methyl ethyl ester (TMEE), tallow methyl ester (TME) and tallow ethyl ester (TEE) were tested for their performance; combustion and emission characteristics in CI engine with ordinary diesel as reference fuel. From combustion characteristics, TMEE reported increased mean peak in-cylinder pressure (5.992 ± 1.34 MPa) and heat release rate (HRR) (61.52 ± 1.28 kJ/m3.deg) than TME on account of its higher cetane number and fuel bound oxygen content; however, TEE exhibited increased mean in-cylinder pressure (1.75%) and HRR (2.14%) than TMEE sample. Likewise, TEE exhibited superior fuel consumption (SFC) rate (on average, 2.67%) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE)(on average, 3.53%) than TMEE; while, TMEE displayed reduced SFC (on average, 11.43%) and increased BTE (on average, 12.46%) than TME in view of its increased calorific value contributed by TEEs in it. Besides, emission characteristics reported reduced CO emission level and exhaust HC concentrations (on average, 10% and 7.1%, respectively); along with slightly increased CO2 and NOX emissions (on average, 4.79% and 5.82%, respectively), in case of TMEE when compared to TME. Here, reduced emission characteristics of TEE, followed by TMEE were because of their high oxygen content and increased cetane number contributed by the ethyl esters available in them; which also signified the completeness of their combustion.

Investigation of the Role of Egg Membrane in CaO Synthesis and Methods for Stable Composites Syntheses

Upon thermal decomposition, eggshells are a reliable source of high purity CaO. Usually, the membrane sheath(s) accompanying the shells are not recognized. Although CaO is famous for its transesterification catalytic activity, upon catalysis, it is converted to another active catalyst (calcium diglyceroxide) which has limited potential for use in a typical industrial reactor. This study investigates the influence of egg membrane in the production of CaO from eggshells and several techniques for producing chemically stable calcium-based transesterification catalysts. CaO was produced from eggshells with and without membrane inclusion. In view of improving the stability of CaO catalyst, CaO–MgO–Al2O3 composite catalysts were prepared via wet mixing of oxides, co-precipitation, mechanical alloying, and wet ball milling. The synthesized materials were, respectively, characterized and used as catalysts in the methanolysis of beef tallow. Inclusion of egg membrane increased the BET surface of eggshells both before (from 0.32 to 2.98 m2/g) and after (from 0.58 to 3.61 m2/g) calcination but slightly reduced the catalytic activity of synthesized CaO from 96.78% to 95.82% beef tallow methyl ester (BTME) yield. Egg membrane was found responsible for the conventional characteristic morphology of eggshell-derived CaO. While co-precipitation gave the most stable composite with 90.12% BTME yield, stable mixed oxide phases were identified in all the composite catalysts.

Process optimization of biodiesel production from waste beef tallow using ethanol as co-solvent

This present study deals with production of biodiesel from waste beef tallow using co-solvent based transesterification. Waste tallow was dry rendered from discarded fleshing and processing wastes; whose maximum fat content was estimated to be 48.35 ± 0.87%, collectively. Following this, biodiesel was produced from rendered tallow using methanol as primary solvent; and ethanol as co-solvent in presence of potassium hydroxide as base catalyst. Ideal range for reaction parameters were decided based on reaction parameters optimized for methanol based and ethanol based transesterification separately. Accordingly, the optimal reaction conditions for methanol-ethanol based transesterification are as follows: (1) oil to alcohol molar ratio: 1:6; (2) methanol to ethanol molar ratio: 3/3; (3) catalyst concentration: 0.55% KOH; (4) reaction temperature: 70 °C; (5) reaction time: 35 min and produced a maximum yield of 97.2 ± 1.08%. Apart from production optimization, the resultant biodiesel/tallow methyl ethyl ester (TMEE) was evaluated for its thermal & physicochemical properties as per ASTM D6751 standards. Interestingly, the fuel properties of TMEE were found to be superior than compared to tallow methyl esters and was accounted by presence of ethyl esters in them.

Influence of antioxidant additives on performance and emission characteristics of beef tallow biodiesel-fuelled C.I engine.

This work analyses the performance and emission characteristics of biofuelled compression ignition (C.I) engine with the implementation of an antioxidant. Using the transesterification process with sodium hydroxide as a catalyst, the beef tallow methyl ester (BTME) was obtained from the beef tallow oil. Poor physical properties of biodiesel (beef tallow oil (BTO)) namely high viscosity and density cause atomization problems leading to higher smoke, hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. The purpose of this work is to enhance the performance aspects, to limit smoke emissions from BTO operation and to examine the possibility of direct use of neat BTO in CI engine. This research paves a way of investing the impact of binary blends of BHA and BTO on the research engine. The experiments were conducted on a single-cylinder four-stroke C.I engine using the following fuel compositions: 20% of BTME mixed with 80% diesel (B20), 1000 ppm mono-phenolic antioxidant (butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)) mixed with the blends of B20 (B20 + BHA), and 100% diesel. Based on the experimental results, it was found that the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increases by 1.8% and the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) decreases by 2.5% for the fuel blend B20 + BHA when compared with that for B20 fuel blend. Compared with the B20 blend, the blend B20 + BHA emits 12.2% lesser nitrogen oxide due to breaking chain reactions, scavenging the initiating radicals and reducing the concentration of reactive radicals.

Investigation on the performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of CRDI engine fueled with tallow methyl ester biodiesel blends with exhaust gas recirculation

This paper demonstrates the study of performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a common rail diesel injection (CRDI) engine with the influence of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) (5, 15 and 25%) at various fuel injection pressures (400, 500 and 600 bar) under the effective load conditions (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%). The experiments were carried out in a controlled manner using the CRDI engine fuelled with 80% (D80) diesel (98% purity) blended with 20% (B20) tallow biodiesel. The engine has been operated at a rated speed of 1500 rpm on all load conditions, fuel injection timings of 10°, 15° and 20° bTDC, fuel injection pressures of 400, 500 and 600 bar, respectively. Combustion-influenced performance characteristics such as variation of in-cylinder pressure and net heat release rate in J deg−1 are also studied with the above operating conditions. It was observed that the usage of 20% biofuel blend shows considerable improvement in combustion, and it further enhances with an increase in the injection pressures. Besides, EGR (up to 25%) reduced significant pollutants at higher operating pressures (600 bar) at higher load conditions. It was also observed that CO2 emission increased with increase in the % EGR with an increase in the load conditions. However, for CO emission increased up to 50% load condition and subsequently tends to decrease due to improved combustion at higher load; hence higher temperature. NOx, smoke opacity continue to increase with the increase in pressure and the percentage increase in EGR due to its attainment of adiabatic temperature, which leads to the pathway for the Zeldovich mechanism. The present work shows light on the usage of tallow methyl ester produced from the wastes in the tannery industry as alternate biofuel operating the CRDI engines without compromising its combustion and emission characteristics to deliver the same power as petro-diesel.

An experimental investigation into combustion characteristics of HVO compared with TME and ULSD at varied blend ratios

The combustion characteristics of hydro-treated vegetable oil (HVO), tallow methyl ester (TME), and their blends with ultra-low sulphur diesel (ULSD) have been investigated using a Combustion Research Unit (CRU). Generally, HVO has the shortest ignition delay and the longest combustion duration due to the highest cetane number. For all the tested fuels, the ignition delay decreased with increased ULSD content and increasing ambient pressure could lengthen the combustion duration. The combustion duration of neat HVO increased with ambient temperature. Whereas with HVO30, TME and their blends, all the combustion durations initially deceased until they reached their lowest at 560 °C, and then they increased when the ambient temperature was further increased. It is believed the shortest combustion duration is the transition of the combustion regime from mainly premixed combustion to mainly diffusion combustion and the temperature around 560 °C is the transition point for HVO30, TME100 and its blends with ULSD in the test conditions.

Development and validation of analytical methodology by GC-FID using hexadecyl propanoate as an internal standard to determine the bovine tallow methyl esters content

EN 14103:2003 and EN 14103:2011 were developed in order to determine fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content of biodiesel. The internal standards (IS) of biodiesel include methyl heptadecanoate (MHD) and methyl nonadecanoate (MND), respectively. However, since these ISs are also present in bovine tallow methyl esters (BTME) or overlapping peaks, they have not been efficient. This work proposes an improved BTME determination method by using hexadecyl propanoate (HDP) as an IS. For this purpose, an analytical methodology by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) was developed and validated, where HDP demonstrated selectivity in retention time between peaks C16:1 and C18:0 for coconut and soybeans methyl esters and BTME, as well as resolution >1.5 for the BTME in split mode 30:1. Trueness in the determination of BTME content using the HDP as an IS was statistically equivalent to confidence interval of 95% for the null hypothesis statistic test, even when only 20% of the HDP was utilized in comparison with the IS concentrations defined by EN 14103:2003 and EN 14103:2011. This allowed the biodiesel analysis to be performed five times more with 1 g of HDP. Furthermore, the method developed enabled us to reduce the analysis time by 21.6%, without prejudice to the integration of peaks (C6:0 to C24:1). Regarding the repeatability and intermediate precision tests, results of RSD (%) ≤ 2% were reached. Additionally, the method developed has proved to be robust. HDP is a long-chain fatty alcohol ester absent from feedstocks used in biodiesel synthesis. It presents all of the characteristics for a good IS, ideal for application via internal standardization method, as recommended by EN 14103.

Combustion related vibration analysis of supercharged IDI diesel engine using beef tallow methyl ester with hydrated ethanol as an additive

Combustion related vibration analysis of supercharged IDI diesel engine using beef tallow methyl ester with hydrated ethanol as an additive

Influence of biodiesel and its blends on CI engine performance and emissions: a review

ABSTRACTThe rapidly depleting stock of conventional fuel has provoked an interest in alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. There are numerous varieties of oils which can release their energy on burning. Most of them cannot be used in IC engines because of their higher viscosity and low volatility compared to mineral diesel. However, fuels derived from triglycerides (vegetable oils/animal fats) are promising substitutes for fossil fuels. The present work is aimed to review the performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with diesel, biodiesel and their blends like Jatropha, Pongamia, Mahua, animal fat, Cottonseed oil, soybean crude oil, rapeseed oil, tallow methyl esters, palm oil, waste cooking oil, Kopak Methyl Ester, sunflower, neem oil, koroch seed oil etc. The summaries of the observations made from the recent works are reported. NO emission level increases with the advance in the injection timing. For B20 Pongamia, BSFC and BTE are comparable to diesel. BTE of MME B20 was higher than that of diesel.

Optimal Blend for the Performance and Emission Analysis of C.I & V.C.R Engine Fuelled with Animal Tallow Methyl Esters (ATME) Blended with Diesels

This Paper deals with the study of the potential substitution of Animal Tallow Methyl Ester (ATME) Blends for diesel as fuel for automobiles and other industrial purpose.The objective of this paper is to analyse the performance and emission characteristics of the animal tallow methyl esters and comparing them with petroleum diesel. The tests were carried out on a 3.5 KW, single cylinder, and direct injection engine. Engine tests have been carried out on 20% increase in steps of ATME blends with the aim of obtaining comparative measures of brake power, specific fuel consumption and emissions such as CO2, CO, HC, smoke density and NOx to study the behavior of the diesel engine. The performance and emission characteristics affected by various parameters like compression ratio which shows the major impact on engine performance by fuelling with biodiesel.Tests are also carried out on Variable Compression Ratio Engine B20 (ATME) which results in minor decrease in thermal efficiency with significant improvement in reduction of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons when compared to diesel. The experimental result shows that 20% of blend shows better performance with reduced pollution on V.C.R engine.

PENGARUH SUHU REAKSI DAN JUMLAH KATALIS PADA PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL DARI LIMBAH LEMAK SAPI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS HETEROGEN CaO DARI KULIT TELUR AYAM

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines consisting of the alkyl monoesters from vegetable oils or animal fats. Beef tallow waste is the non-edible raw material with low cost production and the availability is huge in the cattle production. The objective of the study was to utilize beef tallow waste for biodiesel production using solid oxide catalyst which derived from the industrial eggshells. The materials calcined with temperature 900oC and time 2 hours, transformed calcium species in the shells into active CaO catalysts.The oil contained high free fatty acid (FFA) content of 1.86%. The FFA content of the oil was reduced by acid-catalyzed esterification. The product from this stage was subjected to produce biodiesel. Transesterification process reacts oil and methanol to produce methyl ester and glycerol. The produced methyl ester on the upper layer was separated from the glycerol and then washed. Effect of various process variables such as amount of catalyst and temperature were investigated. The biodiesel properties like methyl ester content, density, viscosity, and flash point was evaluated and was found to compare well with Indonesian Standard (SNI). Under the best condition, the maximum yield of 82.43% beef tallow methyl ester was obtained by using 9:1 molar ratio of methanol to beef tallow oil at 55oC, for a reaction time 1.5 hours in the presence 3 wt% of CaO catalyst. The results of this work showed that the use of beef tallow is very suitable as low cost feedstock for biodiesel production.

Comparison of Performance of Diesel and LPG Blends in Dual Fuel Engine with Tallow Methyl Ester (TME) as a Fuel

Bio-diesel manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats and used cooking oils is an alternative fuel for diesel engines. It offers many advantages such as renewable, energy efficient, nontoxic, sulfur free and bio-degradable, and also offers cleaner combustion and reduces global warming gas emissions. Experiments are conducted by fuelling the diesel engine with bio-diesel with LPG blends. The engine is properly modified to operate under dual fuel operation using LPG as the mixed fuel along with Diesel and TME as ignition source. The brake thermal efficiency of TME with LPG (2LPM) blend is increased at an average of 5%.HC emissions of TME with LPG (2LPM) blend is reduced by about at an average 21%. CO emissions of TME with LPG (2LPM) blends are reduced at an average of 33.6%. NOx emissions of TME with LPG (2LPM) blend are reduced at an average of 4.4%. Smoke Opacity of TME with LPG (2LPM) blend is reduced at an average of 10%. Keywords Biodiesel, diesel engine, alternate fuels, tallow oil and methyl esters of tallow oil, LPG

Modeling of Biodiesel Cold Filter Plugging Point from their Chemical Composition

This paper studies the chemical composition of biodiesel, cold flow properties, and the influence of chemical composition on cold filter plugging point (CFPP) by using GC-MS and CFPP tester according to the theories of crystallization. Using the method of multivariate linear regression to analyze the correlation between chemical composition and CFPP, the prediction model of CFPP which has a very significant linear correlation and is based on chemical composition is built. The study shows that biodiesel is mainly fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) that is composed of 14-24 even number carbon atoms (C14:0~C24:0 , C16:1~C22:1, C18:2~C20:2 and C18:3). The CFPP increases linearly with the increase of the content of SFAME and the longer the carbon chains are, the greater the increase will be; the CFPP decreases linearly with the increase of the content of UFAME. Among the 120 kinds of biodiesel we studied, the CFPP of Chinese tallow methyl ester (CTME) is the lowest (-14 °C) and the CFPP of peanut methyl ester (PNME) is the highest (13 °C).

PRODUKSI BIODIESEL DARI LEMAK SAPI DENGAN PROSES TRANSESTERIFIKASI DENGAN KATALIS BASA NaOH

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel commonly produced from vegetable oil or animal fat with methanol through transesterification. Beef tallow was used as a raw material of transesterification to make biodiesel, because the price of beef tallow was driven down by the market and to reduce the pollution to the surrounding. In this research variable observed were reaction temperature, reaction time and amount of catalyst. Transesterification was carried out in a three necked spherical Pyrex vessel equipped with reflux condenser, stirrer and thermometer. In the present investigation an attempt has been made to use beef tallow as low cost sustainable potential feedstock for biodiesel production by single step transesterification process. Under optimal condition, the maximum yield of 95,67 % beef tallow methyl ester was obtained by using 6 : 1 molar ratio of beef tallow to methanol at 50 oC for a reaction time 30 minutes in the presence of 0,8 wt% of NaOH catalyst. The biodiesel properties were comparable to Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The results of this work showed that the use of beef tallow is suitable for feedstock of biodiesel production with low cost.

Gaseous emission comparison of a compression–ignition engine fueled with different biodiesels

In this study, it was performed a comparison of the performance and emissions of two methyl ester fuels: one obtained from animal fat and the other from crude canola oil, in a compression-ignition engine against diesel fuel. The experimental results compared with diesel fuel showed that significant reductions could be obtained by biodiesel derived from animal fat in carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen emissions. Carbon dioxide emissions showed a trend of decreasing with the biodiesel fuels. An increase in brake specific fuel consumption was observed for different biodiesel fuels when compared with diesel fuel. It was concluded that animal tallow methyl ester performed better than canola oil methyl ester, whereas slightly higher brake torque is observed with canola oil methyl ester.

Evaluation of Two Purification Methods of Biodiesel from Beef Tallow, Pork Lard, and Chicken Fat

Beef tallow methyl esters (TMEs), pork lard methyl esters (LMEs), and chicken fat methyl esters (CMEs) were produced, purified, and characterized to evaluate their quality and compare two purification methods: (1) conventional neutralization, water washing, and drying and (2) purification using cationic exchange resins. Also, B20 blends [20% biodiesel (v/v) mixed with petroleum diesel] were characterized and evaluated. The conventional alkali-catalyzed transesterification process was used, with methanol as the reagent and KOH as the catalyst, yielding 76.8, 90.8, and 91.5% (w/w) CME, TME, and LME, respectively. The ester content of these biodiesels was below 96.5% (w/w), and the kinematic viscosity was high (ranging between 4.84 and 6.86 mm2/s), which poses restrictions to their use as fuel in vehicle engines, especially in low-temperature climates. Although it is not possible to use 100% biodiesel produced from these animal fats, blends of 20% biodiesel are viable with some advantages, such as the improved cold-flow properties [cold filter plugging point (CFPP) below −6 °C], lower kinematic viscosity (from 3.10 to 3.28 mm2/s), and higher heating value of the mixture (about 44.6 MJ/kg). Results also show that the resin purification helps to reduce biodiesel acidity and kinematic viscosity, while conventional water washing followed by adsorbent drying and filtration gives better results regarding water and alkaline metal (Na + K) content.

Performance and exhaust emissions of a DI diesel engine fueled with waste cooking oil and inedible animal tallow methyl esters

The performance and exhaust emissions of a direct injection diesel engine were experimentally investigated using 2 biodiesel fuels with promising economic perspective, one obtained from inedible animal tallow and the other from waste cooking oils. Inedible animal tallow, which is obtained from a mixture of slaughtered cattle and sheep fats collected from a local slaughterhouse during meat preparation process, was transesterified using methyl alcohol and an alkaline catalyst to produce the inedible animal tallow methyl ester. Biodiesel from waste cooking oil was produced from waste cooking oils and methyl alcohol via a transesterification reaction, and provided by a commercial biodiesel producer. In order to investigate the performance and exhaust emissions, the experiments were conducted at different engine speeds under the full load condition of the engine. The experimental results showed, compared with diesel fuel, that the biodiesel fuels resulted in a reduction in brake torque and in an increase in brake specific fuel consumption. Although both biodiesels caused reductions in carbon monoxide (CO), the NOx emissions were higher for waste cooking oil biodiesel and lower for inedible animal tallow biodiesel as compared to diesel fuel.

Biodiesel production from inedible animal tallow and an experimental investigation of its use as alternative fuel in a direct injection diesel engine

In this study, a substitute fuel for diesel engines was produced from inedible animal tallow and its usability was investigated as pure biodiesel and its blends with petroleum diesel fuel in a diesel engine. Tallow methyl ester as biodiesel fuel was prepared by base-catalyzed transesterification of the fat with methanol in the presence of NaOH as catalyst. Fuel properties of methyl ester, diesel fuel and blends of them (5%, 20% and 50% by volume) were determined. Viscosity and density of fatty acid methyl ester have been found to meet ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 specifications. Viscosity and density of tallow methyl esters are found to be very close to that of diesel. The calorific value of biodiesel is found to be slightly lower than that of diesel. An experimental study was carried out in order to investigate of its usability as alternative fuel of tallow methyl ester in a direct injection diesel engine. It was observed that the addition of biodiesel to the diesel fuel decreases the effective efficiency of engine and increases the specific fuel consumption. This is due to the lower heating value of biodiesel compared to diesel fuel. However, the effective engine power was comparable by biodiesel compared with diesel fuel. Emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), sulphur dioxide (SO 2) and smoke opacity were reduced around 15%, 38.5%, 72.7% and 56.8%, respectively, in case of tallow methyl esters (B100) compared to diesel fuel. Besides, the lowest CO, NO x emissions and the highest exhaust temperature were obtained for B20 among all other fuels. The reductions in exhaust emissions made tallow methyl esters and its blends, especially B20 a suitable alternative fuel for diesel and thus could help in controlling air pollution. Based on this study, animal tallow methyl esters and its blends with petroleum diesel fuel can be used a substitute for diesel in direct injection diesel engines without any engine modification.