Taiwanese Research Articles

Exploring the Behavioral Intention of Vaccination against COVID-19 Using the Theory of Planned Behavior

People’s attitudes towards vaccines and beliefs about infectious disease prevention are closely related to the design and effectiveness of prevention strategies. This study explores Taiwanese people’s views on COVID-19 vaccines, beliefs about infectious disease prevention, and people's acceptance of vaccinations extent and influencing factors. This study is mainly aimed at the people in the Greater Taipei area as the research subject. The convenience sampling method is used to investigate the willingness of the people to receive the new coronary pneumonia vaccine. The relevant data is collected through the google online questionnaire. The study found that people’s attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and behavioral intentions, social trust, health awareness, and expected emotions towards vaccination against COVID-19 were partially significant due to demographic variables. People’s attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control have positive effects on behavioral intentions.

Long-term home care communication with older people in Taiwan: strategies and rationales

PurposeThe demand for long-term home care services has been increasing in Taiwan due to the significant growth of the older population. In order to understand the crucial roles that language and communication play in providing better long-term home care services in Taiwan, this study aims to adopt a gerontological sociolinguistic perspective to investigate how professional care workers communicate with older people in this context.Design/methodology/approachInterviews were conducted with 58 long-term home care workers to identify their communication accommodation strategies for older people, considering their health conditions (dementia), personalities (grumpiness), living status (loneliness) and general principles of long-term home care communication.FindingsThe study's findings provide practical insights for long-term home care workers to enhance their communication skills while interacting with older people.Research limitations/implicationsThe results could contribute to improving the quality of care services provided to older people and address their specific communication needs.Originality/valueTo the best of the author’s knowledge, this paper is the first attempt to identify contextually specific communication accommodations to older people in existing literature of gerontological sociolinguistics that addresses language, communication and older age. The salience of the findings in this study can be further enhanced if they were applied in the development of training programs for future Taiwanese long-term home care workers.

Enhancing human resilience beyond COVID-19-related stress: public responses to multi-benefits of home gardening

The SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused a public health crisis globally. Against the backdrop of global resilience, studies have demonstrated the therapeutic value of home gardening as a measure to strengthen human health. However, there is a lack of comparative studies on its benefits across countries. Studies need to examine the role of home gardening in improving public health in various societies to understand and encourage this practice broadly and effectively. We chose Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam as case studies, which have suffered substantial pandemic impacts, with millions of infections and thousands of deaths. We explored and compared the perceptions of people on home gardening and its health benefits during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted online surveys in three countries between May 1 and September 30, 2022, with a total of 1172 participants. Data were collated on perceived pandemic stress, challenges and solutions in gardening, home gardening intentions, and mental and physical health benefits. In these countries, we found that perceived pandemic stress positively affects home gardening intentions, whereby the motivation of Vietnamese people is the highest. Challenges hinder gardening intentions, while the solutions only positively affect gardening intentions in Taiwan and Vietnam. Home gardening intentions positively affect mental and physical health, whereby there are higher mental health benefits in Taiwanese people than in Thai people. Our findings potentially support public health recovery and promote healthy lifestyles during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Continuation, Reinterpretation and Reflection of Confucianism after Taiwan's Restoration

The people of Taiwan have pioneered and developed in Taiwan for 400 years with Confucianism, a Chinese national culture, as their regular proper path. Confucianism, as the mainstream of traditional Chinese culture, has carried many important responsibilities in determining the direction of Taiwan's cultural development. Confucianism in Taiwan after the Restoration has emerged as "official Confucianism" and "folk Confucianism" with different orientations of purpose. We interpret "official Confucianism" and "folk Confucianism" through historical narratives, and summarize the experience of the development of Confucian thought in Taiwan since the Restoration, as well as the dialectical imagery between it and tradition and modernization. In the process of modernizing Confucianism in Taiwan after the Restoration, a paradigm shift in research has occurred, i.e., a shift from political interpretation to a literary-historical interpretive research paradigm, and a shift from "discussing politics with history" to "talking about history with history".

Politics matters for individual attitudes toward vaccine donation: cross-national evidence from the United States and Taiwan

BackgroundVaccine equity has been a major concern during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the principle of vaccine equity, donor countries should apply the criterion of needs to make decisions about vaccine donation instead of considering recipient countries’ economic status. We examine whether people follow the same criterion or consider other factors to decide which country to donate vaccines and how many vaccines should be delivered.MethodsWe conducted online surveys with the design of conjoint experiment in the United States and Taiwan in 2021. 1,532 American citizens and 1,587 Taiwanese citizens were interviewed. The respondents were broadly quota-matched to their respective demographic proportions on the dimensions of age, gender, and education. We estimated the average marginal component effects (AMCEs) of the conjoint attributes by using the OLS regression models with standard errors clustered at the respondent level.Results15,320 and 15,870 decisions on vaccine donation generated by conjoint experiment respectively in the United States and Taiwan were included in the analysis. Both American and Taiwanese people tend to donate vaccines to countries that suffer severe consequences of COVID-19 and democracies compared to authoritarian countries. However, they are less willing to donate vaccines to those with higher levels of capability in response to COVID-19. Taiwanese people tend to donate vaccines to countries having formal diplomatic relations with Taiwan (AMCE 13.4%, 95% CI 11.8%-15.1%). Nonetheless, American people would rather donate vaccines to countries without formal diplomatic relations with the United States (AMCE − 4.0%, 95% CI -5.6%--2.4%).ConclusionsThe findings reveal that politics plays a significant role in people’s decisions about vaccine donation. Under electoral pressure, political leaders must think about how to respond to the public’s preferences over vaccine donation to achieve vaccine equity and address the global health crisis.

One China Policy dan Dampaknya Bagi Hubungan Indonesia-Taiwan

Within international relation, a state’ policy may influence other state policy. “One China Policy” for example. It views that there is “one China” which is People’s Republic of China and Taiwan (Republic of China) is part of it. It is also a recognition of the government of the People’s Republic of China as the “sole legal government of China”, but not acceptance that that government represents or speaks for the people of Taiwan. PRC always promote and assert this policy into its diplomatic relations. Indonesia is one of the states to commit it, and not recognise and establish a diplomatic relations to Taiwan. The aim of this article is to review the impact of “one china policy” in Indonesia’s relations with Taiwan. In spite of not having diplomatic relations among them, Indonesia and Taiwan establish multi-cooperation such as economy and trade, investment, tourism, education, transportation, culture and agricultural technology. Both state also assigns economic and trade office respectively. In general, PRC accept those kind of relationsips, however Indonesia’s commitment to the policy were questionable frequently by PRC, due to Taiwan’s official visit to the state. The impact of implementation of one china policy on Indonesia and Taiwan relation is simply the indonesia’s prudent attitude to keep in PRC’s mind with respect to the policy. Indonesia’s ambigous purpose is to stick to policy while keep in mutual symbiosis with Taiwan.

Medication overload: A closer look at polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medications among older people in Taiwan and Japan

BackgroundPolypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) are widely recognized as vital quality indicators of pharmacotherapy in older adults. As Taiwan and Japan grapple with the ongoing challenges of population aging, obtaining an accurate understanding of the prevalence of these indicators is crucial for developing effective strategies to optimize pharmacotherapy in older populations. The present study aims to comprehensively evaluate the prevalence of polypharmacy and PIMs in Taiwan and two Japanese cohorts, shedding light on the similarities and differences in prescribing practices across these populations. MethodsThis study employed a cross-sectional design to investigate individuals aged ≥65 years in Taiwan, as well as two Japanese cohorts: Japan Cohort 1 (dispensing data from chain pharmacies; year 2014 and 2019) and Japan Cohort 2 (claims data; year 2017 and 2019). The prescription records of these participants were collected from the national claims database in Taiwan for the years 2014, 2017, and 2019. To identify polypharmacy and hyper-polypharmacy, the study defined the use of 5–9 and 10+ drugs, respectively. Furthermore, the study identified PIMs based on the STOPP-J criteria. Notably, the study further explored the most frequently used PIMs (by categories) in Taiwan. ResultsIn the year 2019, the prevalence of polypharmacy exhibited similar rates in Taiwan (35.4%) and Japan Cohort 2 (33.1%), while surpassing that of Japan Cohort 1 (25.6%). Nonetheless, the incidence of PIMs in Taiwan was the highest (66.5%), exceeding those of the two Japanese cohorts (Cohort 1: 43.7% and Cohort 2: 40.2%) in the same year. Notably, the top three categories of commonly used PIMs in Taiwan comprised non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antithrombotic drugs, and benzodiazepines. ConclusionsThis study highlights the varying prevalence of polypharmacy and PIMs between Taiwan and Japan, but emphasizes the need for collaborative efforts towards optimizing pharmacotherapy in older adults.

Oral and inhalation bioaccessibility of mercury in contaminated soils and potential health risk to the kidneys and neurodevelopment of children in Taiwan.

Health risk assessments of exposure to mercury (Hg) from soils via ingestion and inhalation are indispensable for Taiwanese people living in the vicinity of Hg-contaminated sites. In this study, anthropogenic soils were collected from various polluted sources in Taiwan. In vitro oral and inhalation bioaccessible fractions of Hg were analyzed to avoid from overestimating the exposure risk. Discrepancies in oral and inhalation bioaccessible levels of Hg in soils were found using different in vitro assays with different pH levels and chemical compositions. The freshly contaminated soil (soil S7) polluted by chlor-alkali production activity sampled before the site was remediated had the highest total Hg concentration of 1346mg/kg, with the highest oral bioaccessibility of 26.2% as analyzed by SW-846 Method 1340 and inhalation bioaccessibility of 30.5% as analyzed by modified Gamble's solution. The lesser extent of aging of Hg in soil S7 increased the Hg availability for humans, which was also found based on results of a sequential extraction procedure. Results of the hazard quotient showed that soil ingestion was the main pathway causing non-carcinogenic risks for children and adults. Children were also exposed to higher risks than were adults due to higher frequencies of hand-to-mouth behaviors and lower body weights. Furthermore, hazard index results adjusted for oral and inhalation bioaccessible Hg were lower than those obtained based on the total Hg content; however, an unacceptable value of the non-carcinogenic risk (> 1) for children living near soil S7 was still observed. This study suggests that children living near sites polluted for a short period of time may suffer potential renal effects regardless of the bioaccessibility. Our findings provide suggestions for decision makers on setting new strategies for managing risks of Hg-contaminated soils in Taiwan.

The Effect of Physical Activity on Body Constitution and Psychological Health in Older Adults: Evidence From an Analysis of a Biobank Research Database.

This study aims to describe the relationship between physical activity, suboptimal health status based on traditional Chinese medicine, and psychological health in older people in Taiwan. A total of 4,497 older individuals were selected from the Taiwan Biobank Research Database. Suboptimal health status was assessed using a body constitution questionnaire to measure yang deficiency, yin deficiency, and stasis. The results showed that older adults involved in physical activity had a lower likelihood of yang/yin deficiency and stasis constitutions than physically inactive people. Participants with yang deficiency or stasis constitutions had a higher likelihood of poor psychological health, whereas those with yin deficiency had a greater likelihood of depression. People involved in physical activity had a lower likelihood of depression than physically inactive people. Compared with male older adults, females had a lower percentage of physical activity habits, poorer body constitutions, and poorer psychological health.

Conditions for Social Exclusion Leading to Distress Change in Chinese Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual (LGB) People.

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people are likely to be at risk of distress because of social exclusion, including the feelings of resentment, resistance, and rejection they might experience from society. Nevertheless, the conditions for social exclusion leading to changes in distress are empirically unclear, especially in Chinese LGB people. To examine these conditions, this study surveyed 303 Chinese LGB people in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and various places in Mainland China. For comparability with other LGB studies, the study did not explicitly identify asexual, demisexual, or pansexual people in the LGB group. Results show that the retrospective reporting of social exclusion in 2016 did not significantly and unconditionally predict levels of distress in 2017. However, the reporting of exclusion significantly predicted current distress when the retrospective report of distress in 2016 was high. These results from the stress-vulnerability model indicate that prior distress is a vulnerability condition that allows social exclusion to exert its stressful effect. This study implies the need to prevent the social exclusion of highly distressed LGB people.

Health and cultural integrity of indigenous peoples in Taiwan

Health and cultural integrity of indigenous peoples in Taiwan

Association of Body Mass Index and Cardiometabolic Factors With Elderly Suicide: A Cohort Study of 101,518 Older Taiwanese

Older people have the highest suicide rate across age groups in most countries. The prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors also increases with age. We investigated the association between body mass index (BMI), cardiometabolic risk factors, and suicide in a large cohort of older people in Taiwan. We conducted a cohort study using data from an elderly health examination program in Taipei City, Taiwan (2005-2010), linked to the national cause-of-death data files. We used competing risk Cox regression models to investigate the associations of BMI (kg/m2) and cardiometabolic factors with suicide after adjusting for sex, age, socioeconomic variables, chronic diseases, psychological distress, and cognitive function. Among 101,518 individuals aged ≥ 65 years, 92 died by suicide during an average follow-up of 3.9 years. Underweight (BMI<18.5) was associated with increased suicide risk (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]=2.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20-4.52) (reference: normal weight). Low diastolic blood pressure was associated with increased suicide risk - aHR was 0.51 (95% CI 0.29-0.91) and 0.55 (95% CI 0.31-0.99) for the third and fourth quartiles of diastolic blood pressure (reference: the lowest quartile), respectively. Older people with a higher waist circumference (aHR per 1-standard-deviation increase=0.60 [95% CI 0.37-0.98]) and a higher number of metabolic syndrome criteria (aHR per 1-criterion increase=0.65 [95% 0.46-0.92]) had lower suicide risk. Systolic blood pressure, pulse rate, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profiles were not associated with suicide risk. Underweight, low diastolic blood pressure, and low waist circumference may be markers of increased suicide risk in older people.

Y chromosome review of the Atayal and Truku Tribes of Taiwan and their relationship with other groups of East and Island Southeast Asia

Background: The Truku indigenous people of Taiwan share strong cultural and genetic relationships with the Atayal tribe. Archaeological and linguistic studies show that their line of descent is associated to Proto-Austronesian speaking groups from Southeast Asia who settled in Taiwan in the early Neolithic, 6000 years ago.

Understanding the Value of Hierarchical Medical Care through Telemedicine Practices During the Pandemic

&lt;p&gt;Covid-19 Pandemic 三年多來，台灣至今有超過1000 萬人確診，及1 萬多人不幸逝世！隨著病毒的突變，和防疫政策的調整，民眾、醫界乃至台灣社會都接受著不同的考驗和試煉。尤其是2022 年的Omicrone ，在半年多有超過1000 萬民眾的大規模感染。然而台灣的社會並沒有人心浮動，遑論社會動亂；經濟發展如常，GDP依舊上升。這除了台灣人民優異的健康素質，堅靭的醫界體系功不可沒！大醫院在原本急、重、難、罕的醫療照顧之外，更負責COVID重症病患的收治；基層醫療也不遑多讓，除了持續提供一般疾病、慢性病照護、疫苗接種之外，更承擔輕症確診者的遠距判讀、遠距診療及遠距居家照顧；醫院、診所分工合作，充分展現了分級醫療的價值，共同守護了台灣人民的健康，也成為全球的典範。&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic 3 years ago, the total number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Taiwan has exceeded 10 million and over 10,000 people have died from the disease. Following the mutations of the virus and the adjustments made to pandemic prevention policies, Taiwan citizens, the medical field, and Taiwan&amp;rsquo;s society have overcome and continue to face different challenges. During the prevalence of the Omicron variant in 2022, over 10 million citizens were infected within 6 months. Taiwanese people have shown unwavering resilience in the face of pandemic, let alone the possibility of social unrest. Instead, economic development continued as normal and Taiwan&amp;rsquo;s GDP continued to grow. In addition to Taiwan citizen&amp;rsquo;s excellent health literacy, the contributions of Taiwan&amp;rsquo;s firm and robust medical care system plays a crucial role in controlling the pandemic. Large-scale hospitals not only provide health care services for patients with acute, severe, difficult-to-treat, and rare diseases, but also shoulder the responsibility to receive and treat patients with severe COVID-19 symptoms. Similarly, the primary level of the medical care system not only continue to provide services, including offering care for common and chronic diseases and vaccination, but also contributing to the telemedicine diagnosis, treatment, and home-based care for patients with mild symptoms of COVID-19. The division of labor between hospitals and clinics comprehensively demonstrates the value of hierarchical medical care, which jointly safeguards the health of Taiwanese people and serves as a global paradigm.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

THE UNITED STATES AND CHINA RIVALRY AND ITS IMPACTS ON WASHINGTON AND BEIJING RELATIONS WITH HISTORICAL COMPLEXITY OF TAIWAN

This paper aims to analyze the United States and China rivalry which impacts their relationship with Historical Complexity of Taiwan using the Balance of Threat Theory and qualitative research method. Both the United States and China have different perspectives on the Taiwan issue. China considers that historically Taiwan is part of China. However, the disintegration that Taiwan faces makes some Taiwanese people not feel part of China. This incident was later used by the United States in intervening and expanding its influence in the East Asia region since the 1950s. As a result, the Taiwan area has become a battleground for the United States and China as they compete for regional influence. The Taiwan Relations Act (TRA) in 1979, provides Washington a legal framework to continue selling weapons to Taiwan. On the other hand, Beijing took the initiative to open a free market with Taipei under the Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement (CSSTA) in 2013. This paper suggests that both Beijing and Washington have always refrained from escalating into an open conflict that ended in war. Thus, a future war is unlikely.

The Reception of Chopin – the Poet of the Piano – and his Music in Taiwan. An initial assessment, based on a questionnaire for choir singers

Although the popularity of Chopin and his music in East Asia is a well-known phenomenon, we know quite little about how exactly Asian people understand and listen to Chopin’s music. This article aims to show the general situation of the reception of Chopin and his music in Taiwan by examining three different aspects. Presented in the first part are the results of a questionnaire about Taiwanese choir singers’ impressions of Chopin and his music and their experience of listening to excerpts of four different compositions by the composer, while the second part deals with the cultural image of Chopin in Taiwanese books, textbooks and film. The results suggest that the designation ‘poet of the piano’ plays an integral role in Chopin reception in Taiwan. In order to understand how Taiwanese people’s understanding of beauty in poetry can affect their understanding of Chopin’s music, an aesthetic category called yijing, frequently used in literary and art criticism in Taiwan, is introduced in the last part of the article. It seems that the epithet ‘poet of the piano’ encourages Taiwanese people to understand Chopin’s works according to yijing (by seeing imaginary scenes and feeling the expression, they experience the deeper beauty and meaning of the music) and to associate them with poetry representative of that aesthetic category. Moreover, the Taiwanese tend to perceive Chopin’s music as lyrical and sentimental and to consider such qualities as characteristic of his oeuvre.

Colonial legacies and the barriers to educational justice for Indigenous peoples in Taiwan

ABSTRACT Whilst in the past three decades Taiwan has developed a powerful policy and legal framework to protect and support Indigenous rights and development, culminating in the establishment of the Historical Justice and Transitional Justice Committee, Indigenous peoples are still the most disadvantaged, marginalised, and vulnerable group in the country. This article draws on 24 in-depth semi-structured and unstructured interviews with Indigenous educators, leaders, and academics. Drawing on postcolonial and de-colonial lenses the analysis demonstrates how the legacies of colonialism prevent efforts to address and redress the inequities and injustices Indigenous peoples face. I argue that for transitional and historical justice processes to be successful in supporting Indigenous justice, decolonisation of education needs to become a central purpose.

Association between Health Literacy and Depressive Symptoms among Middle-aged and Elderly People in Taiwan

&lt;p&gt;目的：為了解台灣中老年族群健康識能與憂鬱症狀的關聯，本研究以收案具國家代表性的中老年族群資料庫進行分析。研究將納入各項可能與老年憂鬱相關的因子，以檢驗健康識能是否為與中老年族群憂鬱症狀相關的獨立因子。&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;方法：本研究利用2015年衛生福利部國民健康署的「台灣地區中老年身心社會生活狀況長期追蹤調查」資料庫進行分析，共收案5,304人。本研究以卡方檢定、獨立t檢定分析各變項與憂鬱風險的單變項關聯，以多元線性迴歸分析自變項與憂鬱分數的關聯，並採用逐步迴歸分析加入健康識能進行分析，另以羅吉斯迴歸分析主要自變項與憂鬱風險的關聯。&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;結果：低憂鬱風險(CES-D&lt;10)族群健康識能平均為40.1分，而高憂鬱風險(CES-D&amp;ge;10)族群健康識能平均為23.9分，兩者具有顯著差異(p&lt;0.05)。線性迴歸分析結果顯示健康識能分數愈高(&amp;beta;=-0.13)，則憂鬱傾向愈低。健康識能較佳、分數高於平均值（即38分及以上）者，相較於健康識能較差、分數低於平均值（即37分及以下）者，能夠降低48.5%憂鬱風險(OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.40-0.66)。&lt;p&gt;結論：健康識能較高的中老年民眾罹患憂鬱風險較低。增進健康識能可能是未來中老年族群心理健康研究的一個方向。&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Purpose: To understand the relationship between health literacy and depressive symptoms in the middle-aged and older population in Taiwan, the study analyzed nationally representative data and directed its attention to various factors related to depression in middle-aged and elderly people to examine whether health literacy can be an independent factor correlated with depressive symptoms in this population.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Methods: The study analyzed the data from the 2015 Taiwan Longitudinal Survey on Aging conducted by National Health Administration of the Ministry of Health and Welfare. A total of 5,304 cases were enrolled. The chi-square test and the independent t-test were used to analyze the univariate association between variables and depression risk. Multiple linear regression was performed to analyze the relationship between independent variables and depression scores, with health literacy added in the stepwise regression analysis. In addition, logistic regression was applied to examine the relationship between the main independent variables and depression risk.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Results: The average health literacy score of the low-depression risk group (CES-D&lt;10) was 40.1, while that of the high-risk group (CES-D&amp;ge;10) was 23.9, indicating a statistically significant difference (p&lt;0.05). The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that the higher the score of health literacy (&amp;beta;=-0.13), the lower the risk of depression. Cases with good health literacy and scoring above the average (38 or higher) were able to reduce the risk of depression by 48.5% (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.40-0.66), compared with those with poor health literacy and scoring below the average (37 or lower).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Conclusion: Middle-aged and older people with higher health literacy are at a lower risk of depression. Improving health literacy therefore merits further studies for its contribution to mental health.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

Water Hardware Maintenance Diagnosis System-- Taking Faucet Mixing-Cartridge Diagnosis as an Example

In order to encourage Taiwanese people to DIY, install or repair faucets and other water hardware products by themselves, a water hardware maintenance diagnosis system will be developed in the study. People can purchase water hardware products by themselves and try to install and repair by themselves. The study attempts to build a faucet diagnosis system to help people quickly and correctly judge the problem of water hardware and obtain related key components for repairing. The decision-making model of the diagnostic system has been developed, and the platform of hardware DIY experts has been built. The model of water hardware DIY will be promoted and tested.

A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of the personality constructs in CPAI-2 in Taiwanese Hakka populations.

Here in this study we adopted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to investigate the genetic components of the personality constructs in the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory 2 (CPAI-2) in Taiwanese Hakka populations, who are likely the descendants of a recent admixture between a group of Chinese immigrants with high emigration intention and a group of the Taiwanese aboriginal population generally without it. A total of 279 qualified participants were examined and genotyped by an Illumina array with 547,644 SNPs to perform the GWAS. Although our sample size is small and that unavoidably limits our statistical power (Type 2 error but not Type 1 error), we still found three genomic regions showing strong association with Enterprise, Diversity, and Logical vs. Affective Orientation, respectively. Multiple genes around the identified regions were reported to be nervous system related, which suggests that genetic variants underlying the certain personalities should indeed exist in the nearby areas. It is likely that the recent immigration and admixture history of the Taiwanese Hakka people created strong linkage disequilibrium between the emigration intention-related genetic variants and their neighboring genetic markers, so that we could identify them despite with only limited statistical power.