Taiwanese Culture Research Articles

Evaluating the impact of place-based education: insights from a river environmental program in Taiwan

PurposeThe current education paradigm is often criticized for fostering human dependence and failing to reduce environmental impacts. This has led researchers to propose alternative approaches. One alternative approach, place-based education, integrates a specific location’s natural and social context into learning experiences. By deepening students’ connection to their surroundings, place-based environmental education aims to enhance students’ sense of interdependence with a place and their place attachment in cognitive and affective dimensions. While widely practiced, its effectiveness remains largely unevaluated, particularly in the East Asian context. The gap hinders the development of impactful pedagogical approaches for educators.Design/methodology/approachThe authors examine a river environmental education program located upstream of Taiwan’s capital, offering a valuable case study within the East Asian context. The program’s design is analyzed, and its impact on enhancing students’ place attachment is assessed through a pre- and post-survey approach.FindingsThe results indicate a substantial increase in students’ place attachment following program participation, particularly pronounced among children with limited prior experience with the river. Importantly, this increase is comparable to or exceeds those observed in similar studies from other regions.Originality/valueThe considerable increase in place attachment observed in this program demonstrates its effectiveness in fostering environmental connections, particularly among children with limited prior experience. The magnitude of the increase might be partially attributable to the interdependent orientation of Taiwanese culture. This suggests that place-based education might yield significant positive outcomes in other non-Western countries with strong interdependent cultural orientations.

The Comparative Study of Bilingualism in East and Southeast Asia

The comparative study of bilingualism in East (Taiwan) and Southeast Asia (Vietnam) includes two interrelated investigations. This study provides valuable insights into the processes of language and literacy development among children from minority groups and examine patterns of language acquisition within school-age populations in bilingual communities. The research contributes to a deeper understanding of how bilingualism affects educational outcomes in these distinct cultural and linguistic contexts. Study A involved in-depth interviews with 62 Vietnamese immigrant participants and aimed to explore their language learning experiences and related issues of adaptation to Taiwanese culture. Study B, which was located in the Thái-speaking district of Bá Thước in Thanh Hóa province, involved fieldwork that primarily focused on the development of bilingual children in first grade. In the Chinese-speaking community of Taiwan, evidence suggests that immigrant parents make significant progress in the second language learning of Chinese. In turn, first generation children appear to be making progress that is parallel to that of their Chinese native-speaking peers. Similarly, in the Thái-speaking communities, progress in mastering the national language, Vietnamese, as a second language is comparable to that in Vietnamese-speaking communities (Kinh monolingual children).

Explore Impact of Cultural Differences Between Taiwan Region and the Chinese Mainland on English Literary Translation: Take the Example of Two Translation Versions of Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone

This study explores the cultural disparities between Taiwan and the Chinese mainland and their impact on English literary translations within these regions, focusing on the Taiwanese and mainland Chinese versions of Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone. Employing text close reading and comparative analysis methods, this research unveils significant translation differences stemming from the subcultural nuances inherent in Taiwanese culture. These variations manifest in alterations to the books title, personal names, and sentence structures in the respective translations. In essence, both the Taiwanese and mainland Chinese translations contribute to the rich tapestry of Chinese literary translation history. Recognizing these disparities and capitalizing on their individual strengths is vital for the advancement of Chinese literary translation. This analysis underscores the significance of understanding and appreciating cultural distinctions in literary translation, ultimately enhancing the quality and depth of cross-cultural literary exchanges.

Teatr tańca Brama Chmur w poszukiwaniu chińskiej i tajwańskiej tożsamości kulturowej

CLOUD GATE DANCE THEATRE IN SEARCH OF CHINESE AND TAIWANESE CULTURAL IDENTITYThis paper shows the dynamics of topical, aesthetical and political changes in the world-known contemporary dance group – Cloud Gate Dance Theatre of Taiwan (Yunmen Wuji), created by Lin Hwai-min in 1973. Those metamorphoses are observed in a broad socio political and cultural context, in the rapidly changing reality of Taiwan, Mainland China and the whole world at the turn of the 20th and 21st century. Short analyses of the most iconic dance compositions by Lin Hwai-min make it possible to trace the direction of the changes, starting from search for Chinese cultural identity, through the quest for definition of Taiwanese cultural and national identity, gaining the feeling of being rooted in traditional Chinese aesthetics and finally confirming the importance of local Taiwanese tradition as an equally meaningful source of creative inspiration.

Going to Taiwan in Fraught Times: Affordability, Learning Productivity, and Positive Student Experiences

This study adopted a participant observation method and reflected on planning and operating a nine-week nine-credit Taiwanese culture and Mandarin study abroad program. The program ran successfully in the face of surging COVID-19 cases in Kaohsiung and increased political tension associated with Nancy Pelosi’s visit in Taiwan during the summer of 2022. This program resulted from a new international partnership between West Virginia University (WVU) in the United States and National Sun Yat-Sen University in Taiwan (NSYSU) through the Taiwan’s Huayu Bilingual Exchanges of Selected Talent (BEST) initiative funded by Taiwan’s Ministry of Education in 2021. This paper discusses how the administrative and pedagogical collaboration between WVU and NSYSU has made the study abroad programs affordable and accessible for students and productive for WVU student and faculty participants alike. The primary objective of the paper is twofold. First, the faculty lead’s experience is shared to offer insights for higher education institutions in the U.S. and Taiwan interested in taking part in BEST or other grant-funded programs as they evaluate their options for developing study abroad programs. Second, administrators and faculty who have completed their study abroad programs can reflect on the feedback from both students and the faculty lead in the study as they assess their programs.

Designing game for helping people learning Taiwanese culture

Taiwanese culture holds immense value, with its rich heritage and history being recognized worldwide. While efforts have been made to preserve tangible cultural heritage, intangible aspects such as knowledge and beliefs have often been overlooked. To address this gap and contribute to the preservation of Taiwanese cultural heritage, technology has been harnessed, with games emerging as a popular medium.This study explores the advantages of using games to promote understanding and appreciation of Taiwanese culture. Through a literature review and examination of existing serious games related to Taiwanese culture, a research game was developed. Expert interviews were then conducted with professionals from the game industry and cultural creativity sector, providing diverse perspectives and invaluable insights.The feedback obtained from these expert interviews demonstrates a positive reception towards the concept of using games as a tool for cultural education. Furthermore, the suggestions and recommendations provided by the experts have significantly contributed to the enhancement and refinement of the prototype game. As a result, valuable guidelines have been derived, serving as a roadmap for future designers interested in creating serious games centered around Taiwanese culture.

Herbs for lochia discharge used among postpartum women in Taiwan

Ethnopharmacological relevanceIn the traditional Taiwanese culture of “postpartum confinement”, the term “lochia discharge” is a synonym for assisting postpartum uterine involution. Postpartum women in Taiwan consult traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) pharmacies to obtain various TCM formulations that facilitate lochia discharge. Aim of the studyAs an ethnopharmacy study, we aimed to conduct field investigations to explore the herbal composition of TCM formulations for lochia discharge provided by TCM pharmacies in Taiwan and to identify the pharmaceutical implications of these TCM formulations. Materials and methodsThrough stratified sampling, we collected 98 formulations for postpartum lochia discharge from TCM pharmacies, which used a total of 60 medicinal materials. ResultsThe most common plant families of the medicinal materials found in Taiwanese lochia discharge formulations were Fabaceae and Lauraceae. Abiding by the TCM theory of nature and flavor, most drugs were warm in nature and sweet in flavor, and predominantly focused on the traditional functions of qi tonifying and blood activating. Correlation and network analyses of the medicinal components of lochia discharge formulations identified 11 core herbs, which, in the order of most to least frequently used, include Angelica sinensis, Ligusticum striatum, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Zingiber officinale, Prunus persica, Eucommia ulmoides, Leonurus japonicus, Lycium chinense, Hedysarum polybotrys, Rehmannia glutinosa, and Paeonia lactiflora. These 11 herbs formed a total of 136 drug combinations in the 98 formulations, with 2–7 herbs in each combination. In addition, in the center of the network were A. sinensis and L. striatum, which jointly appeared in 92.8% of the formulations analyzed. ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically review lochia discharge formulations in Taiwan. The results of this study could provide an important basis for subsequent research in the clinical efficacy of Taiwanese lochia discharge formulations and the pharmacological mechanisms of their herbal components.

Parachute Kids by Betty C. Tang

Reviewed by: Parachute Kids by Betty C. Tang Danica Ronquillo Tang, Betty C. Parachute Kids; written and illus. by Betty C. Tang. Graphix/ Scholastic, 2023 [288p] Trade ed. ISBN 9781338832693 $24.99 Paper ed. ISBN 9781338832686 $12.99 Reviewed from digital galleys R Gr. 4-7 It's February 1981, and ten-year-old Feng-Li is excited to go on vacation to America with her family, only to be confused and enraged when she and her siblings find out they'll be staying in California permanently while their parents go back to Taiwan. Not only are the kids leaving their friends and old life behind in Taiwan, but they must adapt to a new country and confront new problems. Feng-Li is struggling to learn English while taking on adult responsibilities; Jia-Xi is striving for perfection at school while juggling household responsibilities; and Ke-Gāng is trying to be the ideal son while figuring out his sexual identity. Besides having to negotiate peace between her bickering siblings, Feng-Li must also worry about the threat from law enforcement and the children's status as undocumented immigrants. Tang's debut graphic novel effectively telegraphs the characters' fears and anxieties with focused perspectives and animated panels, underscoring the obstacles immigrants must face, and the language barrier is represented in different colored speech bubbles to represent Mandarin and English. There are joyful and humorous moments to help the children cope with their feelings of abandonment and loneliness, and despite breaking promises and making mistakes, Feng-Li's parents have good intentions to provide them the best opportunities in America at a time when Taiwan is facing political issues. The siblings' emotional journey and ultimate ability to appreciate and honor both Western and Taiwanese cultures with friends and family make an aspirational model for young people trying to make the best of relocating in unforeseen situations. Copyright © 2023 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Reconsidering disability in Taiwan: a perspective on globalisation and postcolonialism

Postcolonial perspectives on disability studies argue that globalisation has significantly impacted disability politics in many countries. This study uses secondary analysis to explore how globalisation has affected Taiwan’s disability politics. It selects three different themes to illustrate the development of disability politics in Taiwan: special education, disability terminology, and disability classification. These cases show that missionaries, colonisers, and international organisations were the main actors in changing Taiwan’s traditional understandings of disability. However, this development, which differs markedly from that in Western industrialised countries, mainly followed a top-down approach, lacking the political mobilisation of disabled people on the ground. Consequently, the implementation of disability human rights failed to empower Taiwanese disabled people effectively and led to some unexpected outcomes for them. Furthermore, medical and traditional charity-focused thinking about disability has not been altered and remains prevalent in Taiwan.

Evaluation of the optimal cutoff number of types of social participation activities in older people

Social participation activities have a close association with health aging. However, the clinical significance of numbers of social participation activities and its cutoff value has not been defined. We recruited 516 people aged ≥55 years. Twelve social participation behaviors modified according to Taiwanese culture were investigated, and the adequacy of cutoff number was determined by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) according to the results of cluster analysis of individual activities and scores of the Brief Symptom Rating Scale-5 (BSRS-5) and the Chinese Happiness Inventory (CHI). Demographic, BSRS-5 and CHI data were then compared according to the candidate cutoff numbers. The distribution of the numbers of social activities suggested that the highest partition of numbers of social activities was 3 in women and 4 in men. The AUC regarding the cluster of activity types was 0.917, with the highest Youden's J value located between 3 and 4. The AUC regarding the cluster of activity types and scores of the BSRS-5 and the CHI was 0.929, with similar cutoffs. If 3 and 4 were used as cutoffs, the between-group differences of both the CHI and the BSRS-5 were significant. More types of social activities had a different engaging frequency with the 3 and 4 cutoffs. Our findings found an adequate cutoff with better differential power in the psychopathology and happiness of older people that provided a basis for application in intervention and policy formation.

The life of Dr. Hu Shih as a scientist, diplomat, revolutionary and politician

Dr. Hu Shih is a Chinese scientist, especially a philosopher in education, diplomat and leading advocate of political liberalism. But he is also a very important Elite in the history of Chinese and Taiwanese culture, with wide interests. It has contributed greatly to the adoption of the spoken language as an official writing language. As an influential supporter of American pragmatism, he advocated the creation of a new society through mass education rather than a political revolution. Dr. Hu Shih was born in Shanghai on December 17, 1891 and died in Taiwan on February 24, 1962. This study is conducted to reveal the biography of Dr. Hu Shih, a distinguished Chinese scientist, along with his intellectual, literary and political personality. Our goal while making this study is not only to tell his life story, but also to establish a relationship between his ideas and actions, and especially to reveal his contributions to the intellectual and cultural life of China and the world. The important thing is that no matter how much he tries to stay away from politics, his contributions to the cultural and political development of China and then Taiwan with his duties and liberal ideas will be demonstrated.

Meeting of Cultures and Architectural Dialogue: The Example of the Dominicans in Taiwan

This article introduces how, even if in a context refractory to the Gospel, the evangelization of the Dominicans started a kind of dialogue between the symbols embodied in the Catholic cosmology and the ones belonging to the traditional Taiwanese culture. The opposition of the local population to the presence of Westerners, and the fact that the Dominicans, being Spaniards, did not benefit from the protection of France, as happened for other religious orders working in China, are all factors that impacted the evangelization carried out by the Dominicans, and they have prevented the Christian message from taking a hegemonic position in Taiwanese culture. By observing better, however, the places and buildings affected by the missionaries’ evangelization, one can read the traces of a fruitful dialogue between the teaching of the missionaries, and therefore of the Catholic cosmology that they were bringing, and the artistic and architectonic cultural heritage of the Taiwanese tradition. Both public places, such as churches, and private places, such as houses of converts, show signs of the adaptation of Catholicism to local tradition, and likewise signs that local culture began to accept Christian symbols and cosmology.

The ‘national’ imagining of contemporary Taiwan: the representation of cultural heritage from the Japanese colonial era

ABSTRACT This study aims to discuss how the government and society of Taiwan have appropriated the heritage from Japanese colonial rule into the discourse of Taiwanese culture to bolster the national identity of Taiwan. The interconnected theoretical concepts of ‘imagined communities’ and ‘nationalising the past’ ground the analytical framework of this study. With a focus on the ‘selective’ presentations of the colonial heritage in historic Tainan City, this study explores how the official and social discourses have trivialised, reorganised, simplified, and recontextualised the historical intricacies of legacies of the Japanese colonial era through the process of heritagisation. The research results suggest that the meaning of colonial legacies has been shaped and reshaped from being a mark of the dark past and deprivation to constitute a glorious contribution fulfilling the discourse of multi-faceted Taiwanese culture. This case also suggests the possibility for a post-colonial society to extricate itself from a mimicking mentality and to redevelop their culture discourse as a buttress of the national identity.

Re‐imagining the ‘Taiwanese’ nation in the interpretation of the Chinese‐oriented heritage

AbstractThis study aims to discuss how Chinese‐oriented heritage from Ming and Qing dynasties has been incorporated in the discourse of ‘Taiwanese’ culture to bolster the identity of Taiwan. Drawing upon the interconnected theoretical concepts of ‘imagined communities’ and ‘nationalising the past’, this study focuses on the ‘selective’ presentation of the Chinese‐oriented monuments in historic Tainan City, where the documented history of Taiwan began. This study concludes that these Chinese‐oriented monuments are represented as containing a wealth of transposable imagery, as one embodiment in the context of Taiwanese culture, and the mark of political distinction between ‘Taiwan’ and ‘China’, in the process of heritagisation. In the interpretation of heritage, this research result also suggests that the state of Republic of China (ROC) re‐invented ‘Taiwanese’ nationhood and that the state's goals of cultural establishment could be reinforced through social agents.

A History of Taiwan Literature transed. by Christopher Lupke

Reviewed by: A History of Taiwan Literature transed. by Christopher Lupke Géraldine Fiss (bio) Christopher Lupke, translator and editor. A History of Taiwan Literature by Ye Shitao. Cambria Press, 2020. 385 p. Ye Shitao 葉石濤 (1925-2008), a pioneering writer and historian, specialized in the literary history of Taiwan and the lives of ordinary Taiwanese people. A History of Taiwan Literature is his most important work that conveys the uniqueness of Taiwanese culture, ethnicity, and historical experience in contrast to mainland China. In this masterful translation of Ye Shitao's opus, which won the 2021 MLA Aldo and Jeanne Scaglione Prize for a translation of a scholarly study of literature, Christopher Lupke allows readers to gain insight into the evolution of Taiwan literature throughout centuries of colonization and subjugation by foreign powers. He highlights the crucial link between literature and "a new consciousness that reflects an awareness of the historical legacy" of Taiwan (12). Framed by Lupke's incisive introduction and epilogue, this book presents a rigorous, comprehensive treatment of Taiwan's literary history in a fair and even-handed way. It devotes attention to major and minor writers whose accomplishments were ignored for decades since there was a virtual denial or ignorance of their literary worth. The work foregrounds Ye Shitao's outlook as a "doubly marginalized" (4) bentu 本土 (of this land) writer of southern Taiwan who advocated an understanding of Taiwanese culture and literature as separate from mainland China. Due to Lupke's inclusion of extensive notes for each chapter, both by Ye Shitao and two Japanese scholars, as well as a rich bibliography and a helpful index, this work is a valuable resource for anyone interested in learning about the historical events, authors, literary journals, and texts that lie at the core of Taiwan's literary heritage. Published in the watershed year of 1987, when martial law in Taiwan was finally lifted, the ultimate goal of this history is to consider Taiwan's literature as a complex, variegated whole and to correct the unbalanced role Taipei had played in Taiwanese literary history. Evoking the "centripetal" effect of Taipei as a "cultural island within the island of Taiwan" (4), Lupke's introduction emphasizes Ye Shitao's life-long purpose to focus on and elucidate other locations and [End Page 145] cultural elements on the island, such as the rural south, that have little in common with the northern capital Taipei. What also becomes clear is Ye Shitao's strong concern with authentic realism that reflects the lived experiences of the vast majority of Taiwanese people. The book begins 220 million years ago "when land first protruded from the sea to form an island" (15) and then concisely traces millennia of contact with mainland China when "diplomats were sent to mollify, and troops to quash Taiwan" (17) while the dissemination and transplantation of traditional Chinese literature continued. Discussing travelogues, travel poems and essays by emissaries to Taiwan, Ye Shitao draws a clear distinction between travelers and native people, stating that texts by visiting officials "lacked the depth that could only be attained from the point of view of a native, whose works described hardship among the people" (23). This powerful sense of "native consciousness" (31) is a quality that Ye Shitao situates in the poetry and prose of Taiwanese writers. The heart of Ye Shitao's treatise is Chapter 2, where he describes the historical significance of the Taiwan New Literature Movement during the fifty-one years of the Japanese Colonial Period (1895-1945). During these years, the Taiwan cultural enlightenment movement, strongly influenced by May Fourth thinkers on the mainland, became linked to the Taiwan vernacular movement as well as Taiwan's striving for national self-determination and resistance to the Japanese. The problem of language comes to the foreground here since nativist writers sought to emulate the people's spoken vernacular to "penetrate the world of the broad masses" (70). Tracing the difficult tensions at the heart of this moment in Taiwan's literary history, Ye Shitao sheds light on thinkers like Zhang Wojun 張我軍 (1902-1955) and Lai He 賴和 (1894-1943), who sought to provide a theoretical foundation for the "essence, content, and style of New Taiwan...

“In the Dark Places, Getting Burned”: Portrayals of Street Culture in Taiwan Cinema Today

Abstract Street culture is represented in two mid-2010 Taiwan films, The Kids (Xiaohai, 2015) and Thanatos, Drunk (Zui sheng meng shi 2015), in such stunning and beautiful ways that this essay sets out to etch each of them not only into the annals of Taiwan’s most memorable urban films ever made, but also position them as essential texts within the emergent field of street culture more broadly. Both movies depict physical and ideological boundaries that separate urban spaces from Taiwanese culture at large, and reveal the extent to which their young protagonists are perceived as “abnormal” even as they use street literacy in sophisticated ways to interact with formal actors (such as school teachers and the police) and informal actors (such as hooligans and petty criminals). These two films arguably present the best vantage point to understand the peripheral status of Taiwan’s urban young people who do not conform to hegemonic norms.

The Intersection of Confucianism and Western Teaching in Taiwanese Adult Education

Adult education is a significant feature of the Taiwanese education landscape and is recognized as significantly contributing to national economic development. Given the importance of adult education in Taiwan, an investigation of teaching approaches and an understanding of interplay of teaching approaches with Taiwanese culture is worthwhile because such investigations provide a platform for reflection and subsequent evolution of teaching approaches. In the present article, the authors delve into the heritage of Taiwan to explore teaching practices from the standpoint of the teachings of Confucius and Western teaching approaches. Data were collected via survey of 39 randomly selected adult educators from premium universities in Tapai along with interviews. The results point to the persistent dominance of Confucian instructional methods despite some use of Western teaching approaches.

Gestalt perception: A game designed to explore players’ gameplay self-efficacy and anxiety reflected in their learning effects

Gestalt perception relates to inferring a holistic scene from separate elements. Using this theory, an application game named Gestalt Puzzle was designed for students to play by recognizing a few parts of an image to reason the whole image of a particular object. Cognitive style can be divided into field independence (FI) and field dependence (FD) depending on individuals’ ability to identify minor components of a whole image. To understand the gameplay learning effect, this study explored how players’ field-independent cognitive style (FI-CS) interacted with their gameplay performance as the two types of cognitive styles were mediated by their self-efficacy and gameplay anxiety in a competition setting. Data from 112 sixth-grade students were collected for confirmatory factor analysis with structural equation modeling. First, participants completed a trial to familiarize themselves with the functions and mechanism of the game; second, all of the participants were divided into teams to compete against each other for 15 minutes by identifying Chinese paintings; they then completed a questionnaire. The results of this study indicated that FI-CS was positively related to gameplay self-efficacy, but negatively related to gameplay anxiety; perceived utility value could be positively predicted by gameplay self-efficacy, but negatively predicted by gameplay anxiety; and perceived value was positively related to game performance. Moreover, FI-CS was positively related to perceived value mediated by gameplay self-efficacy and gameplay anxiety. The implication of this study is that the Gestalt perception game may engage FI-CS learners with higher levels of gameplay self-efficacy, perceived value, and performance, but a lower level of gameplay anxiety. The present study findings imply that teachers can use Gestalt perception games to promote students’ learning of Taiwanese culture.

Nursing Experience Using Art Therapy With Parents Facing the Death of a Newborn

When a newborn requires immediate hospitalization due to a potentially life-threatening situation, parents face a sudden and significant increase in stress. This situation and the potential loss of their child will bring great grief and loss to the parents, which may lead to conditions that foster dysfunctional family dynamics. This article describes the author's experience providing hospice care to a dying infant with a group B streptococcus infection in the neonatal intensive care unit. The author served as the primary care nurse from April 5th to July 6th, 2019. Data were collected during direct care provision, observations, and interactions with parents, while overall systemic assessments were used in analysis to establish that the health problems of the case were: (1) existing infection: related to group B streptococcus; (2) ineffective tissue perfusion: insufficient perfusion of multiple organs, including brain, heart, lung, and kidney, due to sepsis infection; and (3) caregiver grief: facing the death of a newborn. Nursing care provided to the patient included maintaining individualized physical functions and retaining physical integrity during the end-of-life period. The nursing care provided to the parents included the use of art therapy to encourage them to express their inner emotions through the writing of memoirs and diaries and their participation in companionship. This intervention was designed to help the parents transition from the grief of denying the collapse to the fact that their baby had died. As Taiwanese culture typically avoids discussions of death, the nursing experience described in this article may provide a reference for caring for similar patients. This article highlights the beauty of nursing through art therapy, demonstrates the achievement of whole-person and family-centered nursing, shows how the case was successfully helped through the crisis, and illustrates how normal family functions may be maintained.

Introducing Taiwanese-Language Cinema in Europe

Abstract How do you get people interested in something they know nothing about? Something old, forgotten—and in black and white with subtitles? ‘Taiwan’s Lost Commercial Cinema: Recovered and Restored’ is a project to screen old Taiwanese-language films (taiyupian), mostly from the 1960s, in Europe. It was a learning experience in working with Taiwanese culture in Europe. This report is my effort to reflect on that experience and I try to answer two questions. First, what is so interesting about these films? Second, why was it so difficult to make the initial breakthrough and what made it possible in the end? There are many different elements at play. But I have come to understand that the environment for screening alternative, archive, and art films has changed over the decades to create both new problems and new possibilities, among which the potential for universities to be cultural incubators has been crucial.