Taguchi Design Method Research Articles

Lead removal by a spiral-wound woven wire mesh rotating cylinder electrode: optimisation using Taguchi design method

Lead removal from a simulated wastewater was achieved using a spiral-wound woven wire mesh rotating cylinder electrode. The operating parameters for the cathodic deposition of lead were optimised by Taguchi approach. Three operating parameters were considered as control variables. These are: initial lead concentration (25–125 ppm), rotation speed (200–1,000 rpm) and current (0.1–0.5 A). Removal efficiency was considered as a response for the optimisation process. The results indicate that the current has the most significant influence on the removal efficiency than the other parameters. The optimum operating parameters were a current of 0.5 A, rotation speed of 600 rpm and Pb(II) initial concentration of 100 ppm, in which the initial lead concentration was deceased from 100 ppm to less than 5ppm resulting in a removal efficiency of 95.65% within 30 min of electrolysis while a complete removal was achieved at 50 min. Taguchi methodology was proved to be successful for optimising lead removal process.

Regression modeling and comparative analysis on CNC wet-turning of AISI-1055 & AISI-4340 steels

This study focuses on the investigations of regression models and the comparative analysis in CNC turning of AISI-1055 & AISI-4340 steels under wet-condition in terms of average surface roughness (Ra) and material removal rate (MRR). In this study, optimal cutting-parameters were also investigated to minimize the “Ra” and maximize the “MRR” in CNC wet-turning of AISI-1055 & AISI-4340 steels using Taguchi design method. All the experiments were conducted with cutting tool-insert of coated cemented carbide under wet-cutting condition using conventional cutting fluid (flood coolant) and using L9 Taguchi orthogonal array (OA) design. A statistical analysis method, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to investigate the influence of cutting-parameters on Ra and MRR. All the experimental data obtained for Ra and MRR were utilized to develop second-order regression-models. The developed regression-models for both Ra as well as MRR could be utilized to predict the responses in CNC wet-turning of AISI-1055 & AISI-4340 steels with a very small error. At last, a comparison between AISI-1055 and AISI-4340 steels on the basis of Ra and MRR obtained in CNC wet-turning were carried out. Comparative analysis between CNC wet-turning of both the materials show that the machinability of AISI-4340 steel is better than the machinability of AISI-1055 steel on the basis of Ra and MRR obtained

Lead removal by a spiral-wound woven wire mesh rotating cylinder electrode: optimisation using Taguchi design method

Lead removal by a spiral-wound woven wire mesh rotating cylinder electrode: optimisation using Taguchi design method

An Experimental Study on Evaluation of Factors Influencing the Viscosity and Viscoelastic Properties of Waxy Crude Oil

The influences of several operating factors on the viscosity of the Isfahan refinery waxy crude oil sample are studied through conducting some rheological shear rotational tests. The Taguchi design method is adopted to determine the impact of factors such as shear rate, temperature, cooling rate, wax content, and asphaltene content on the viscosity of the waxy crude oil. The results show that temperature with a contribution of 53.61% is the most influential factor. The wax content, shear rate, and asphaltene content have a contribution of 20.86, 14.75, and 3.11% respectively. The cooling rate does not have a statistically significant effect on the viscosity. The results of the rheological oscillatory tests confirm that the temperature and wax content change the viscoelastic properties of the waxy crude oil completely. An increase in the wax content from 12 to 22 wt.% raises the wax appearance temperature (WAT) from 19.1 to 34.9 °C and improves the gel point from 13 to 34.1 °C. By decreasing the temperature or increasing wax content, the viscoelastic nature of the oil sample changes from a viscoelastic fluid to a viscoelastic solid.

An application of Taguchi experiment design methods on optimization of mortar mixture composition with Silica Fume as a partial substitute for cement

The development of concrete technology in infrastructure also triggers the progressive cement manufacture, where cement production also contributes significantly to the emission of CO2. To minimize the use of cement and increase mortar quality, the addition of additive substance material is needed with a quality control method. The purpose of this research is to establish the proportions of the materials with the optimum partial replacement of cement by silica fume to the compressive strength and physical properties of the 56 days old mortar using Taguchi Method design of experiment. This research uses 3 factors, which are silica fume proportion, sand proportion, and cement proportion. Each factor consists of 3 levels, with silica fume content is ±20% from the total weight of the cement. The mortar is based on 9 combinations of materials on the orthogonal matrix L9(34) created with dimensions of 50 x 50 x 50 mm cube. The results show that the optimum proportion is 150 gr of silica fume, 660 gr of cement and 1400 gr of sand which is equivalent to replacing 18.52 % cement with silica fume, which gains 54.00 MPa compressive strength, pH 9.75 and 5.369 % water absorption.

Study and Investigate Effects of Cutting Surface in CNC Milling Process for Aluminum based on Taguchi Design Method

Study and Investigate Effects of Cutting Surface in CNC Milling Process for Aluminum based on Taguchi Design Method

Karakteristik Mutu Kadar air , kadar abu dan Organoleptik pada Penyedap Rasa instan

Flavoring is a product that is absolutely needed in people's lives today. The fact is that there are now many foods that contain unhealthy flavoring, especially MSG, Nike and anchovy have high levels of glutamate acid, so Nike and anchovy can be used as raw materials for natural flavoring. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that provide optimal results on the quality of instant flavorings produced and determine the effect of drying time, drying temperature and type of fish used on water content, ash content of organoleptic properties of instant flavoring. This study uses the Taguchi method design with 3 factors and mixed levels (2 and 4 levels) to optimize product and process design so that an optimal response is produced. The factors used are Drying Time (A), Drying Temperature (B), and Fish Type (C). The drying time used is 7 hours (A1); 8 hours (A2); 9 hours (A3) and 10 hours (A4). Drying temperatures used are: 500 (B1) and 600 (B2), while the types of fish used are wet anchovies (C1) and nike fish (C2). While the response variables used to determine the quality of instant flavorings are water content, ash content and organoleptic properties. Organoleptic quality response and shelf life will be determined by the optimization objectives in the Minitab program 16. The results of the research produced the best flavoring seen from water content is flavoring from Nike fish with a drying time of 10 hours and drying temperature of 800C, whereas if viewed from ash content, then the best flavoring is the flavoring of nike fish with a drying temperature of 800C and a long drying time of 8 hours

Application of Taguchi design method for optimization of spark plasma sintering process parameters for Ti-6Al-4V/h-BN binary composite

Taguchi design method of optimization facilitates standard experimental research, lowers cost, conserves energy and time, minimizes waste and ensures optimal outcomes. In this work, Taguchi L9 34 orthogonal array, signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical procedures were applied to evaluate the influence of sintering parameters/levels on the relative densification and microhardness of Ti-6Al-4V/h -BN binary composite sintered. The S/N ratios revealed that heating rate with delta value of 0.24, followed by temperature with delta value of 0.22 impart the most significant influence on the optimal quality characteristics. One-way ANOVA statistical analyses showed that heating rate imparts the greatest influence on relative densification with 36.25% contribution, followed by temperature with 31.33% contribution, whereas temperature gave the highest contribution of 34.12%, followed by heating rate with 23.31% contribution for microhardness. The optimal parameters/levels for most desirable characteristics were obtained at 1000 °C, 30 MPa, 100 °C min−1 and 10 min. The spark plasma sintered Ti6Al4V-3h-BN composite with the optimized parameters/levels attained nearly full theoretical densification of 99.54% and the sintered composite gave a microhardness value of 716.43 HV which is more than 200% that of the monolithic alloy. The confirmation test revealed that the improvement in relative densification and microhardness at the optimum parameters/levels are 1.55% and 19.2% of the arithmetic means of the initial relative densification and microhardness measurements respectively.

Removal of Lead by Tetra Hydroxyl Phenyl Porphyrin-Linked Magnetic Nanoparticles: Process Optimization by Using Taguchi Design Method

Fe3O4@SiO2@THPP (MSTHPP) nanocomposite was prepared as an adsorbent for the removal of lead ions. The structural characteristics of thisnanocomposite were determined using Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and N2 adsorption-desorption analyses. SEM images showed that the magnetic nanoparticles have uniform morphologies with a mean size of 20 nm. The magnetic properties of the synthesized nanocomposite were measured on a VSM with maximum saturation magnetization values of 40 emug-1 and 10 emug-1 for Fe3O4@SiO2 and MSTHPP nanocomposites, respectively. MSTHPP has been efficiently used to remove lead ions from aqueous solutions. After the lead sorption process, the nanocomposite was magnetically separated from the mixture and showed good reusability. The effects of pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and initial concentration of lead in the removal of lead were investigated. Optimization of the parameters was performed by using Taguchi design method to obtain the maximum removal efficiency. The optimized condition can be achieved when pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and initial concentration of lead are 5.3 min, 30 min, 50 mg, 20 ppm, respectively. The M, MS, and MSTHPP lead removal efficiency was found to be 18%, 25%, and 97%, respectively.

Influence of varied process parameters on the microstructure, densification and microhardness of spark plasma sintered Ti-6Al-4V/h-BN binary composite

The influence of varied process parameters involving three levels of temperature, pressure, heating rate and dwell time on the microstructure, densification and microhardness of spark plasma sintered Ti-6Al-4V/h-BN binary composite was studied. Taguchi design method was adopted to randomize the SPS process parameter levels. The microstructure was analyzed by optical microscopy, densification was determined based on the principle of Archimedes and Vickers microhardness tester was used to evaluate the microhardness of the sintered composite. The consolidation of Ti-6Al-4V powder and nanoparticles of 3 wt.% of h-BN via SPS produced nearly full theoretical densification of 99.77% and the sintered composite gave a microhardness value of 710.37 HV which is more than 200% that of the monolithic alloy. The best combination of relative densification and microhardness were obtained at the sintering parameters of 1000 °C of temperature, 40 MPa of pressure, 100 °C/min heating rate and 15 min of dwell time. Generally, it was found that improved microstructure, densification and microhardness were influenced by the high temperature of sintering and low rate of heating that gave room for adequate diffusional mass transport resulting in solid bonding between the particles of the matrix and the ceramic reinforcement.

Optimization on thermal treatment synthesis of lactoferrin nanoparticles via Taguchi design method

Lactoferrin is a globular protein-based biopolymer which has many applications in pharmacy and food industry. In this study, human lactoferrin nanoparticles were synthesized by thermal treatment technique. Taguchi array design was employed to minimize the size of nanoparticles. To gain as this purpose, four main factors with four different levels involved as: lactoferrin concentration (1–4 mg/mL), pH values (6–9), heating rate of (2–5 °C/min) and final temperature of (60–90 °C) were investigated. In the following, prepared nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy analysis. Analysis of variance showed that lactoferrin concentration with the contribution percentage of 45% is most important in the preparation of nanoparticles. Also, optimal conditions for synthesized nanoparticles by thermal treatment technique were: LF concentration of 3 mg/mL, pH 8, heating rate of 3 °C/min and final temperature of 90 °C to achieve particle size of 188.8 nm, polydispersity index of 0.317 and zeta potential of − 52.2 mV.

Multi-parameter analysis of curing cycle for GNPs/glass fabric/ epoxy laminated nanocomposites

In this study, a multi-parameter analysis, using Taguchi method for design of experiments, has been conducted to investigate the optimum curing conditions for GNPs/E-glass fabric/epoxy laminated nanocomposites. The independent variables in the L25 Taguchi orthogonal array were heating rate, curing temperature and curing time, addressing five levels each. Tensile and 3-point bending tests were performed for each experiment number (run number) of the Taguchi L25. The analysis shown that the most significant para­meter for tensile strength is the time and for flexural strength is the tem­pe­ra­ture. Also, it shown that the optimum performance was obtained for tem­pera­ture values greater than the glass transition temperature Tg.

A robust bi-objective multi-trip periodic capacitated arc routing problem for urban waste collection using a multi-objective invasive weed optimization.

Urban waste collection is one of the principal processes in municipalities with large expenses and laborious operations. Among the important issues raised in this regard, the lack of awareness of the exact amount of generated waste makes difficulties in the processes of collection, transportation and disposal. To this end, investigating the waste collection issue under uncertainty can play a key role in the decision-making process of managers. This paper addresses a novel robust bi-objective multi-trip periodic capacitated arc routing problem under demand uncertainty to treat the urban waste collection problem. The objectives are to minimize the total cost (i.e. traversing and vehicles' usage costs) and minimize the longest tour distance of vehicles (makespan). To validate the proposed bi-objective robust model, the ε-constraint method is implemented using the CPLEX solver of GAMS software. Furthermore, a multi-objective invasive weed optimization algorithm is then developed to solve the problem in real-world sizes. The parameters of the multi-objective invasive weed optimization are tuned optimally using the Taguchi design method to enhance its performance. The computational results conducted on different test problems demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can generate high-quality solutions considering three indexes of mean of ideal distance, number of solutions and central processing unit time. It is proved that the ε-constraint method and multi-objective invasive weed optimization can efficiently solve the small- and large-sized problems, respectively. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed on one of the main parameters of the problem to study the behavior of the objective functions and provide the optimal policy.

Treatment of carwash wastewater by electrocoagulation using Ti electrode: optimization of the operating parameters

Electrocoagulation process using Ti electrode was employed for carwash wastewater treatment. Taguchi experimental design method was applied to identify the optimized values of operating parameters for chemical oxygen demand, anionic surfactant and oil–grease removals. The effects of operating parameters on the removal of selected pollutants were investigated. The operating variables were selected as pH: 4–8; current density: 2.5–30 A/m2; stirring speed: 150–350 rpm. 84% chemical oxygen demand, 99.3% anionic surfactant and 82% oil–grease removal efficiencies were achieved under the optimized conditions. The operating cost was calculated as 9.67 $/m3 for these conditions. The analysis of variance results indicated that the current density had the greatest effect on the removals. EC sludge produced at the optimum conditions was analyzed using environmental scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X–ray and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses. The results indicated that Taguchi design method was suitable to determine the optimum values of operating parameters for EC treatment of carwash effluents. High chemical oxygen demand, anionic surfactant and oil–grease removals showed that electrocoagulation process using Ti electrode can be used for the removal of organic matters from carwash effluents.

Stabilisation of a rotary inverted pendulum system with double-PID and LQR control: Experimental verification

Rotary inverted pendulum (RIP) system is an under-actuated system. The RIP system consists of a pendulum, which is rotating freely in the vertical plane. A swing-up action using a pivot arm in the horizontal plane would then result in the pendulum to achieve upright equilibrium point. This paper describes the design of double proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controls with a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controller for the stabilisation control of a RIP system. Besides, the dynamic model of the RIP system is described too. The LQR controller was tuned using Taguchi method of design of experiments (DoE). The double-PID controller was designed using Ziegler-Nichols second method, which the LQR controller is embedded in the RIP system to improve the stabilisation performance. The effectiveness of the double-PID and LQR controller is clarified with a RIP experimentally. The proposed controller has demonstrated succeed stable the pendulum within 0.5 degrees in three seconds and the rotary arm within 22.5 degrees.

Optimization of porosity and tensile strength of electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous membranes

We prepared polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibrous membranes via electrospinning and investigated the effects of the oven-drying and thermal-pressing conditions on their porosity and tensile strength. A total of 27 different samples were prepared via the Taguchi design method (based on an L27 orthogonal array) using Minitab to optimize the process parameters for the porosity and tensile strength of the samples. PAN 1 (porosity of 56.75% and tensile strength of 36.21 MPa), PAN 2 (porosity of 60.80% and tensile strength of 32.66 MPa), and PAN 3 (porosity of 67.26% and tensile strength of 20.62 MPa) exhibited high porosity and tensile strength. The optimized PAN nanofibrous membranes were used as lithium-ion coin-cell separators. The coin cell with the PAN 2 membrane as the separator exhibited the highest specific capacity of 117.92 mAhg−1 at a C-rate of 1 C. Additionally, this coin cell showed a Coulombic efficiency of up to 99.6% and retained 89.36% of its initial capacity at the 1 C rate. The results indicate that the PAN membranes prepared in this study can be used as separators in lithium-ion batteries.

Taguchi Design of PZT-Based Piezoelectric Cantilever Beam with Maximum and Robust Voltage for Wide Frequency Range

Piezoelectric energy harvesting—an eco-friendly technology—is gaining more interest from researchers owing to its high power density. Among the various piezoelectric types, many studies have focused on the PZT-based piezoelectric cantilever beam because it can easily achieve the resonance effect compared to other types. In real applications, however, it is not easy to match the loading frequency with the resonance frequency owing to environmental factors. This prevents the application of piezoelectric energy harvesting to real life products because the efficiency of energy extraction decreases considerably outside the resonance frequency domain. In this research, the Taguchi design, which is an effective methodology used to improve product quality without controlling any noise factors, ensures that the PZT-based piezoelectric cantilever beam can obtain robust and high output voltage over a wide frequency range. The PZT-based piezoelectric cantilever beam should be implemented using the multi-response signal-to-noise ratio of the Taguchi design method because it has the two important responses, the output voltage and its deviation. Experiments are performed to measure the output voltage of various harvesters at the resonance frequency and several other frequencies. Based on the experimental results, the Taguchi design method is implemented considering the characteristics of the responses, and an optimal design combination is selected. As a result, the selected optimal combination results in a 9.86% output voltage reduction and an 18.14% decrease in voltage deviation.

A multi-objective invasive weed optimization algorithm for robust aggregate production planning under uncertain seasonal demand

This paper addresses a robust multi-objective multi-period aggregate production planning (APP) problem based on different scenarios under uncertain seasonal demand. The main goals are to minimize the total cost including in-house production, outsourcing, workforce, holding, shortage and employment/unemployment costs, and maximize the customers’ satisfaction level. To deal with demand uncertainty, robust optimization approach is applied to the proposed mixed integer linear programming model. A goal programming method is then implemented to cope with the multi-objectiveness and validate the suggested robust model. Since APP problems are classified as NP-hard, two solution methods of non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) and multi-objective invasive weed optimization algorithm (MOIWO) are designed to solve the problem. Moreover, Taguchi design method is implemented to increase the efficiency of the algorithms by adjusting the algorithms’ parameters optimally. Finally, several numerical test problems are generated in different sizes to evaluate the performance of the algorithms. The results obtained from different comparison criteria demonstrate the high quality of the proposed solution methods in terms of speed and accuracy in finding optimal solutions.

Optimization of Turning Parameters to Minimize Burr by Using Taguchi Design Method

Reducing burr formation in machining operations is of vital importance as they can decrease the functionality of components and can cause injuries. Nowadays, additional processes for deburring are often necessary. To avoid deburring, the modification of turning processes is a promising approach. Here, different parameters have a significant influence on burr formation. This paper presents the influence of cutting parameters like cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut on the burr size of 5A06, 6061 and 6063 aluminum alloy during turning on CNC lathe. A plan of experiments based on Taguchi method has been used to acquire the data. An orthogonal array, signal to noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA) are employed to investigate machining characteristics using fine turning tool within the domain of experiments considered. Experimental runs were chosen following L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi. Analysis of variance was undertaken to find out the influence of process parameters on the response noted. Predicted values are finally checked for accuracy through a confirmation test. Confirmation tests have been carried out to predict the optimal setting of process parameters to validated the proposed method and obtained the values 0.024 mm, 0.006 mm, and 0.009 mm for burr height of 5A06, 6061 and 6063 aluminum alloy respectively. In this paper, methods for burr minimization in various cutting processes are presented. Burr reduction strategies for turning of different materials are presented.

Proposal of the “Total Error Minimization Method” for robust design

We propose a new approach for the robust design of a product with single or multiple performances/outputs without axioms. When there are no theoretical models, experimental methods (e.g., the popular and robust Taguchi and Nakazawa design methods) with an orthogonal array are important. Meanwhile, if mathematical or physical models are available, other robust design approaches using, for example, a genetic algorithm, are applicable. The proposed approach is compatible with both experimental and theoretical approaches. The approach is proposed through the minimization of the total difference (i.e., error) between the required specification and experimental output for different variables with noise. We applied the approach to an electric circuit problem to obtain the required specification and target cost. The optimal results are the same as those obtained using the Nakazawa method. Additionally, a genetic-algorithm-based design with a proposed metric, namely the optimal design under contentious variables, is presented. The obtained performance/output better matches the required specification when using the proposed approach than when using the discrete approach. Employing the proposed method, we expect a united robust design without an axiom.