Taguchi Design Of Experiment Methodology Research Articles

Optimising FDM printing parameters for improved tensile properties in 3D printed ASTM D638 standard samples

ABSTRACT The present study aims to optimise Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) printing parameters to enhance the tensile properties of 3D printed specimens adhering to the ASTM D638 standard. The mechanical integrity of printed components is crucial for their successful application in load-bearing scenarios. Through a systematic exploration of key FDM printing parameters, such as layer height, infill density, print speed, and extrusion temperature, their impact on the tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation at break of the ASTM D638 specimens have been explored. The Taguchi design of experiments methodology has been utilised to efficiently traverse the parameter space and identify the optimal combination of printing settings. Tensile tests were conducted on the 3D printed specimens, produced with different parameter configurations, to evaluate their mechanical performance. The results have been analysed to reveal the significant effects of each parameter on the tensile properties and the interactions between multiple parameters. The optimised parameters identified in this research can be directly implemented to enhance the mechanical performance of 3D printed components in practical applications. Additionally, this work contributes to a broader understanding of the interplay between process parameters and material properties in additive manufacturing, facilitating further advancements in the field. Through rigorous experimentation and optimisation, a suitable range of input parameters was identified to achieve maximum tensile strength. Specifically, the extruder temperature is recommended to be within the range of 207.5°C to 210°C, layer thickness between 0.23 and 0.30 mm, print speed between 40 and 44 mm/sec, and infill density between 94% and 100%.

Evaluation of atrazine degradation by iron persulfate activation process in aqueous phase using Taguchi approach

Atrazine (ATZ) is one of the most widely used herbicides for the control of annual broadleaf and grassy weeds in the world. Its residual in the environment is of great concern. This research work primarily focused on examining ATZ degradation by the ferrous ion activated persulfate (PS) oxidation process (Fe2+-AP process) and the influence of oxidative parameters on the degradation of ATZ in aqueous phase. The Taguchi Design of Experiment methodology was used to explore the effects of various operational parameters, including ATZ concentration, dosage of Fe2+, dosage of PS, and pH condition (Taguchi L9 orthogonal array). The optimal operational conditions were then determined based on the results of ANOVA statistical analysis. Operational conditions included ATZ at an initial concentration of 5 mg/L, with initial concentrations of 1 mM Fe2+, 10 mM PS, and pH = 3, at 20oC, for a reaction time period of 3 h. The sensitivity of factors for the ATZ degradation followed the decreasing order: PS concentration, pH, ATZ concentration and Fe2+ dosage. The results of this study provide useful operational conditions for the Fe2+-AP process, for application to field remediation of ATZ contamination.

Arsenate Removal from the Groundwater Employing Maghemite Nanoparticles

An investigation of the potential of γ-Fe2O3 (maghemite) nanoparticles (MNPs) to remove AsV from groundwater is reported. The MNPs were synthesized using a modified co-precipitation method via refluxing. The morphological and surface characteristics of MNPs were analyzed using XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and Zetasizer techniques. Their AsV removal potential was explored in synthetic water representing the elemental composition equivalent to arsenic-contaminated groundwater of the Ballia district, Uttar Pradesh, India. The arsenic concentration in the samples collected from the study area was observed to be much more than the provisional WHO guideline value for drinking water (10 µg L−1). An orthogonal array L27 (313) of the Taguchi design of experimental methodology was employed to design the experiments and optimization of AsV removal. The ANN tool was trained to evaluate Taguchi’s outcomes using MATLAB. The percentage of ionic species distribution and surface complexation modeling was performed using Visual MINTEQ. The study explored the effects of pH, temperature, contact time, adsorbent dose, total dissolved solids, and shaking speed on the removal process. The adsorption was found to occur through electrostatic interactions. The inter-parametric analysis demonstrated the involvement of secondary sites affecting the adsorption. The charge distribution multi-sites complexation (CD-MUSIC) model and 2pk-Three-Plane-Model (TPM) indicated the involvement of the reactivity of singlet (FeOH−0.5) and triplet (Fe3O−0.5) species in the examined pH range. The developed nanoparticles are observed to be efficient in AsV removal. This information could benefit field-scale arsenic removal units.

AI in AM: An experimental investigation using adaptive neuro-Fuzzy interface system as a prediction tool

Among many Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique, extrusion base AM technique is very popular. Though AM techniques have lot of advantages, Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) falls shorts in strength criteria due to anisotropic behavior. In order to understand the behavior process parameters like liquefier temperature, raster angle and layer height are considered to study their effect on tensile strength. For experimental purpose, specimens are manufactured and are tested as per ASTM D638. For the experimental design purpose, Taguchi design of experiment methodology is considered in the present study. In order to predict the tensile strength as a function of FFF process parameters an adaptive neuro-fuzzy interface system (ANFIS) has been developed. A model has been designed that has the learning abilities of an artificial neural network and fuzzy interface. From the experimental data the a set of rules have been generated and are then tested for its validity. From the ANFIS system, the results show that higher tensile strength is obtained at higher liquefier temperature, lower raster angle and higher layer height. ANFIS prediction values shows greater agreement with experimental results with mean error ∼ 2%.

A generic methodology and a digital twin for zero defect manufacturing (ZDM) performance mapping towards design for ZDM

Over recent years, the manufacturing industry has seen constant growth and change. From one side, it has been affected by the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0). From the other side, it has had to enhance its ability to meet higher customer expectations, such as producing more customized products in a shorter time. In the contemporary competitive market of manufacturing, quality is a criterion of primary importance for winning market share. Quality improvement must be coupled with a concern for high performance. One of the most promising concepts for quality control and improvement is called zero defect manufacturing (ZDM), which utilizes the benefits of Industry 4.0 technologies. ZDM imposes the rule that any event in the production process should have a counter-action to mitigate it. In light of this, the current research developed a methodology the manufacturer can use to correctly select or design appropriate ZDM strategies and equipment to implement at each manufacturing stage. This methodology consists of several steps. The first step is to conduct several simulations using a dynamic scheduling tool with specific data sets to develop a digital twin (DT). The data sets are created using the Taguchi design of experiments methodology. The DT model is created for use in predicting the results of the developed scheduling tool without actually using said tool. Using the DT, multiple ZDM parameter-combination sets can be created and plugged into the model. This process generates ZDM performance maps that show the effect of each ZDM strategy at each manufacturing stage under different control parameters. These maps are intended to provide information for comparing different ZDM-oriented equipment to help manufacturers reach a final decision on correct and efficient ZDM implementation or to assist in the design phase of a ZDM strategy implementation.

Recovery of Tartaric Acid from Aqueous Solution by Liquid Membrane Technique: Optimization by Taguchi Design of Experimental Methodology

Recovery of Tartaric Acid from Aqueous Solution by Liquid Membrane Technique: Optimization by Taguchi Design of Experimental Methodology

Optimization of Machining Parameters on 7075 Aluminum Alloy using Taguchi and ANOVA for Surface Roughness

Optimization of the parameter to provide best solution to reduce the tool wear , surface roughness, cutting forces presented using optimization technique .In present work an experimental study is made. In this Taguchi design of experiment methodology for optimization of parameters on 7075Aluminium alloy using tungsten coated electrode . Experiments were conducted based on L27 standard orthogonal array with three processes parameters are cutting speed, feed, depth of cut . Electrical discharge machining is generally calculated on the basis of Surface Roughness (SR),Tool wear rate (TWR) and cutting force (CF) .The ANOVA(Analysis Of Variance) is used to study the performance characteristics in turning operation . ANOVA placed an important role for producing higher roughness . Finally the software ,MINITAB 17 was used and results obtained .

Optimization of non-detergent treatment for enveloped virus inactivation using the Taguchi design of experimental methodology (DOE)

In mammalian cell culture technology, viral contamination is one of the main challenges; and, so far, various strategies have been taken to remove or inactivate viruses in the cell-line production process. The suitability and feasibility of each method are determined by different factors including effectiveness in target virus inactivation, maintaining recombinant protein stability, easiness—in terms of the process condition, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness. In this research, Taguchi design-of-experiments (DOE) methodology was used to optimize a non-detergent viral inactivation method via considering four factors of temperature, time, pH, and alcohol concentration in an unbiased (orthogonal) fashion with low influence of nuisance factors. Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV1) and Vero cell-line were used as models for enveloped viruses and cell-line, respectively. Examining the cytopathic effects (CPE) in different dilutions showed that pH (4), alcohol (15%), time (120 min), and temperature (25 °C) were the optimal points for viral inactivation. Evaluating the significance of each parameter in the HSV-1 inactivation using Taguchi and ANOVA analyses, the contributions of pH, alcohol, temperature and time were 56.5%, 19.2%, 12%, and 12%, respectively. Examining the impact of the optimal viral treatment condition on the stability of model recombinant protein-recombinant human erythropoietin, no destabilization was detected.

Densification improvement of spark plasma sintered TiB2-based composites with micron-, submicron- and nano-sized SiC particulates

Taguchi design of experiments methodology was used to determine the most influential spark plasma sintering (SPS) parameters on densification of TiB2–SiC ceramic composites. In this case, four processing factors (SPS temperature, soaking time, applied external pressure and SiC particle size) at three levels were examined in order to acquire the optimum conditions. The statistical analysis identified the sintering temperature as the most effective factor influencing the relative density of TiB2–SiC ceramics. A relative density of 99.5% was achieved at the optimal SPS conditions; i.e. temperature of 1800 °C, soaking time of 15 min and pressure of 30 MPa by adding 200-nm SiC particulates to the TiB2 matrix. The experimental measurements and predicted values for the relative density of composite fabricated at the optimum SPS conditions and reinforced with the proper SiC particle size were almost similar. The mechanisms of sintering and densification of spark plasma sintered TiB2–SiC composites were discussed in details.

Enhancing Impact Strength of Fused Deposition Modeling Built Parts using Polycarbonate Material

Objectives: In this research, enhancement of Impact Strength is done using Polycarbonate material by Optimizing the FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) Process Parameter. Methods/Statistical Analysis: This study features four important process parameters namely layer thickness, build orientation, raster angle and raster width whose influence on Impact Strength is studied. Experiments were conducted based on Taguchi Design of Experiments methodology. The current work finds out the optimum parameter settings required to obtain maximum impact strength on Polycarbonate Material. Analysis of Variancetest (ANOVA) was performed to find the most influencing process parameter on Impact strength. A confirmatory test using the optimum process parameters was also carried out. Findings: It was found that all four parameters interact collectively with each other to obtain variation in Impact Strength values. Layer thickness influences Impact Strength the most as compared to the other considered process parameters. The results of the study show that the value of Impact strength corresponding to the optimum input parameters of layer thickness, 0.254 mm; build orientation, 30°; raster width, 0.904 mm and raster angle 60°, was found to be 68.4J/m. The findings of the confirmatory test were very close and in good agreement. Applications/Improvements: The machinists and engineers would be benefitted by selecting the optimized values for enhancing the impact strength of FDM Built parts.

Aplicación del diseño de experimentos taguchi para la identificación de factores de influencias en tiempos de impresión 3D con modelado por deposición fundida

espanolImpresion 3D utilizando Modelado por Deposicion Fundida (MDF) es una de las tecnologias para la fabricacion de piezas unitarias con aplicaciones particulares o especificas que regularmente no se encuentran en el mercado a gran escala. El tiempo de impresion puede demorar horas o dias, lo cual es una debilidad en la tecnologia de Impresion 3D. El tiempo de impresion fue analizado desde dos enfoques: volumen y forma para piezas de tamano regularmente pequenos. A traves de un software de pre-paracion de impresion 3D se simulo un tiempo de impresion es-timado, configurando parametros que pueden influir tanto en los tiempos de impresion como en la calidad de la impresion. A traves del presente estudio, bajo la metodologia Diseno de Experimento Taguchi, se identifico que la Densidad de Relleno y la Velocidad de Impresion del Relleno son los parametros mas influyentes en el tiempo de impresion para este tipo de piezas. English3D printing using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a technology for the manufacture of individual parts with particular or specific applications that cannot be found regularly in the mass market. Printing time can take hours or days, which is a weakness in the technology of 3D printing. Printing time was analyzed from two perspectives: volume and shape for regular small size pieces. Through 3D print prepara-tion software, simulated printing time can be configured by many parameters that influence both printing time and the print quality. Through this study, under the Taguchi Design of Experiment methodology, could be identified that packing density and print speed are the most influential parameters in printing time, for these kind or pieces.

Tribological and thermomechanical analysis of CaO (quicklime) particulates filled ZA-27 alloy composites for bearing application

This research work investigates friction and wears behaviour of CaO filler / particulate reinforced ZA-27 alloy composites. Pin-on-disk tribometer confining to ASTM G 99 standard with EN-31 hardened steel disc was used to simulate the tribological performance experimentally. The tribological parameters were evaluated over a normal load range of 5–45 N, sliding velocity of 1.047–5.235 m/s., sliding distance of 500–2500 m, environment temperature of 25–45℃ and filler content range of 0–10 wt%. The various alloy composites were fabricated under vacuum environment by high-temperature gravity casting technique. The steady-state specific wear rate and coefficient of friction were evaluated under different boundary conditions and thereafter Taguchi design of experiment methodology was adopted to compute the experimental specific wear rate of the proposed alloy composites. The dynamic mechanical analysis and thermo-gravimetric analysis study were also performed in order to observe the thermal characteristics of the composites at higher temperature. Finally, the surface morphology of the worn samples was performed using field-emission scanning electron microscope to understand the wear mechanism prevailed at rubbing surfaces and then atomic force microscopy analysis was studied to evaluate the surface profile of the worn sample. At the end, energy-dispersive spectrometer analysis was also performed to find out the elemental compositions of the worn alloy composites.

Damping studies on fibre-reinforced epoxy polymer concrete using Taguchi design of experiments

In the present study, the damping characteristics of glass fibre-reinforced epoxy polymer concrete is evaluated and compared with that of cast iron. Effect of resin content, fibre content, filler content and aggregate mix type on damping of polymer concrete has been studied using Taguchi design of experiments methodology. Fly ash is used as filler and the foundry sand with different size combinations is used as aggregate. Nine different polymer concrete mix proportions based on Taguchi L9 array were tested for damping ratio. The samples were prepared and tested through vibration analyser, which is used for modal analysis. It has been concluded that the fibre reinforced polymer concrete has damping ratios two to three times higher than the cast iron. The aggregate mix proportion is the most important factor affecting damping of fibre reinforced epoxy polymer concrete. Further, an optimised combination is obtained that gives maximum damping ratio.

Potential of biogenic hydrogen production for hydrogen driven remediation strategies in marine environments

Fermentative production of bio-hydrogen (bio-H2) from organic residues has emerged as a promising alternative for providing the required electron source for hydrogen driven remediation strategies. Unlike the widely used production of H2 by bacteria in fresh water systems, few reports are available regarding the generation of biogenic H2 and optimisation processes in marine systems. The present research aims to optimise the capability of an indigenous marine bacterium for the production of bio-H2 in marine environments and subsequently develop this process for hydrogen driven remediation strategies. Fermentative conversion of organics in marine media to H2 using a marine isolate, Pseudoalteromonas sp. BH11, was determined. A Taguchi design of experimental methodology was employed to evaluate the optimal nutritional composition in batch tests to improve bio-H2 yields. Further optimisation experiments showed that alginate-immobilised bacterial cells were able to produce bio-H2 at the same rate as suspended cells over a period of several weeks. Finally, bio-H2 was used as electron donor to successfully dehalogenate trichloroethylene (TCE) using biogenic palladium nanoparticles as a catalyst. Fermentative production of bio-H2 can be a promising technique for concomitant generation of an electron source for hydrogen driven remediation strategies and treatment of organic residue in marine ecosystems.

A Taguchi Optimization of Cooling Slope Casting Process Parameters for Production of Semi-solid A356 Alloy and A356-5TiB2in-situ Composite Feedstock

The cooling slope technique is the oncoming semi-solid process. The primary objective of this research is to optimize the process parameters of the cooling slope casting process and to generate the semi-solid feedstock suitable for thixoforming process. Taguchi design of experiments methodology has been employed to examine the effects of process parameters mainly the pouring temperature, slope angle and cooling length on the hardness behavior of A356 alloy processed by cooling slope casting route. The optimum parameter combination was obtained by using the analysis of signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio with hardness of semi-solid A356 alloy as the response variable. The level of importance of the parameters on the hardness determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) resulted in the optimal values of 640oC pouring temperature, at a slope angle of 60o and 300mm cooling length for higher hardness of the alloy and composites. The pouring temperature was the most influential parameter on the hardness of the semi-solid feedstock generated by cooling slope casting route.

Optimization for Biodegradability of Polylactic Acid by Using Taguchi Design of Experimental Methodology

The purpose of this research is to raise the initial hydrolysis rate of polylactic acid (PLA) during the entire decomposing process, and then enhance the decomposition rate of PLA in natural environment. This research uses Taguchi method to do the parameter design of PLA hydrolysis. And then main effect analysis is applied to find out the significant factors and the optimal hydrolysis conditions for PLA. By the results of the confirmation experiments, the optimal conditions of the PLA hydrolysis rate got by these experiments are all located on the 95% confidence interval. This indicates that these experiments are with reproducibility and reliability.

Optimization of critical factors to enhance polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) synthesis by mixed culture using Taguchi design of experimental methodology

Optimizing different factors is crucial for enhancement of mixed culture bioplastics (polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)) production. Design of experimental (DOE) methodology using Taguchi orthogonal array (OA) was applied to evaluate the influence and specific function of eight important factors (iron, glucose concentration, VFA concentration, VFA composition, nitrogen concentration, phosphorous concentration, pH, and microenvironment) on the bioplastics production. Three levels of factor (21×37) variation were considered with symbolic arrays of experimental matrix [L18–18 experimental trails]. All the factors were assigned with three levels except iron concentration (21). Among all the factors, microenvironment influenced bioplastics production substantially (contributing 81%), followed by pH (11%) and glucose concentration (2.5%). Validation experiments were performed with the obtained optimum conditions which resulted in improved PHA production. Good substrate degradation (as COD) of 68% was registered during PHA production. Dehydrogenase and phosphatase enzymatic activities were monitored during process operation.

Numerical analysis on water treeing deterioration of XLPE cable insulation using combination of FEM and Taguchi method

AbstractWater treeing is one of the main deterioration phenomena affecting the service lifetime of the underground crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) power cables. Factors influencing the water tree growth can be classified in two major groups, namely, the external factors (operational factors) and the internal factors (material factors). The influences of the external factors on the number and the growth rates of water trees have fully understood through the long‐term research around the world for the past four decades. However, the effects of the internal factors have been not so much investigated as those of the external ones. Especially, it has been hardly discussed which among the probable internal factors is the most influential to the water treeing phenomena until now. In this paper, the authors have investigated the contributions of individual factors influential to the electric field distribution in the tip of the water tree initiated from the outer surface of XLPE cable insulation considering its thermal degradation, using both the finite element method (FEM) and Taguchi design of experiment methodology (Taguchi method). The numerical and water treeing experiments show that the dielectric properties of the water tree and the XLPE host material are more influential to the enhancement of the electric field intensity in the tree tip than its geometrical parameters, and that the permittivity distribution inside the tree is the most influential factor among all of the internal factors. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Synthesis of Silicon Nitride Using Taguchi Planning Methodology

Silicon Nitride is considered as an important material for use in structural applications. Its performance is severely influenced by modern synthesis processes. In the present work, silicon nitride powder synthesis was performed using liquid silicon tetrachloride and gaseous ammonia, at low temperature and inert atmosphere. Diimide pyrolisis was made on temperature between 1300 and 1500 0C. A Taguchi design of experiments methodology was applied, aiming to obtain powders with appropriated characteristics for structural applications. On pyrolisis, the use of alumina based substrates resulted on SIALON phase formation, probably originated from oxygen reaction, provided from alumina. Silicon carbide substrates and alumina recovered with silicon nitride enhance synthesis of pure silicon nitride powder.

Ex situ slurry phase bioremediation of chrysene contaminated soil with the function of metabolic function: Process evaluation by data enveloping analysis (DEA) and Taguchi design of experimental methodology (DOE)

Bioremediation of chrysene in soil matrix was evaluated in soil slurry phase bioreactor in conjugation with metabolic functions (aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic), microenvironment (single and mixed) conditions and nature of mixed consortia (native/resident mixed microflora and bioaugmented inoculum). Twelve experiments were operated independently in agitated-batch reactor keeping all other operating conditions constant (substrate loading rate – 0.084 g chrysene/kg soil-day; soil loading rate – 10 kg soil/m 3-day (3:25 soil water ratio); operating temperature – 35 ± 2° C). Data envelopment analysis (DEA) procedure was employed to analyze the performance of experimental variations in terms of chrysene degradation and pH. The efficacy of anoxic metabolism over the corresponding aerobic and anaerobic metabolic functions was documented. Aerobic metabolic function showed effective degradation capability under mixed microenvironment after augmentation with anaerobic inoculum. Anaerobic metabolic function showed lowest degradation potential. Application of bioaugmentation showed positive influence on the chrysene degradation rate. Design of experimental methodology (DOE) by Taguchi approach was applied to evaluate the effect of four selected factors (native soil microflora, microenvironment, metabolic function and bioaugmentation) on the chrysene degradation process. The optimized factors derived from analysis depicted the requirement of native soil microflora under anoxic metabolic function using mixed microenvironment after augmenting with anaerobic inoculum for achieving effective chrysene degradation efficacy.