Tag Storage Research Articles

Design and Implementation of Digital Calibration Certificate for RFID Tag Storage.

The digital transformation of metrology is one of the most active activities in the field of metrology at present, where the digital calibration certificate (DCC) being developed is the topic receiving the most concern in the current digital transformation. In practical industrial applications, the issue of storage carrier for the DCC plays a crucial role in its promotion and implementation. To address this issue, a DCC meta-model called DCC-Lite schema has been designed along with a corresponding processing method. This solution involves compressing and segmenting the DCC to make it suitable for storage using RFID tags. These RFID tags are affixed to the instruments and accompany them throughout their usage. Additionally, the DCC-RFID processing system has been developed to validate the effectiveness of the DCC meta-model and its corresponding processing method within a wireless temperature acquisition system. Experimental results demonstrate that the system successfully reads and writes the DCC stored within the RFID tag group. Furthermore, it enables automated parsing of the DCC calibration data by the machine and real-time compensation of measurement data to reduce measurement errors.

The Drosophila Estrogen-Related Receptor promotes triglyceride storage within the larval fat body.

The Estrogen-Related Receptor (ERR) family of nuclear receptors (NRs) serve key roles in coordinating triglyceride (TAG) accumulation with juvenile growth and development. In both insects and mammals, ERR activity promotes TAG storage during the post-embryonic growth phase, with loss-of-function mutations in mouse Esrra and Drosophila melanogaster dERR inducing a lean phenotype. However, the role of insect ERRs in controlling TAG accumulation within adipose tissue remains poorly understood, as previous transcriptomic and metabolomic studies relied on whole animal analyses. Here we address this shortcoming by using tissue-specific approaches to examine the role of dERR in regulating lipid metabolism within the Drosophila larval fat body. We find that dERR autonomously promotes TAG accumulation within fat body cells and regulates expression of genes involved in glycolysis, β-oxidation, and mevalonate metabolism. As an extension of these results, we not only discovered that dERR mutant fat bodies exhibit decreased expression of known dHNF4 target genes but also found that dHNF4 activity is decreased in dERR mutants. Overall, our findings indicate that dERR plays a multifaceted role in the larval fat body to coordinate lipid storage with developmental growth and hint at a conserved mechanism by which ERR and HNF4 homologs coordinately regulate metabolic gene expression.

Outsourced Privately Verifiable Proofs of Retrievability via Blockchain

Outsourced Proofs of Retrievability (OPoR) with private verification enables a third party verifier to periodically check cloud data on behalf of users. However, such a scheme requires the verifier to keep a copy of the user's data and generate tags for the data like the data owner. In other words, in addition to storing the data and tags from the user, the cloud server also needs to store tags uploaded by the verifier. To overcome this limitation, we propose a concrete construction of outsourced privately verifiable PoR (OPVPoR) without requiring the additional tag storage from the verifier. Furthermore, we extend the OPVPoR scheme to the multi-user setting and build a MOPVPoR scheme, where users storing the same data to the cloud server also share the tag information to further reduce the storage cost. Finally, we implement both schemes to evaluate their performance in practice.

Unveiling the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying sucrose accumulation and oil reduction in peanut kernels through genetic mapping and transcriptome analysis

Sucrose content is a key factor for the flavor of edible peanut, which determines the sweet taste of fresh peanut and also attribute to pleasant flavor of roasted peanut. To explore the genetic mechanism of the sucrose content in peanut, an F2 population was created by crossing the sweet cultivar Zhonghuatian 1 (ZHT1) with Nanyangbaipi (NYBP). A genomic region spanning 28.26 kb on chromosome A06 was identified for the sucrose content through genetic mapping, elucidating 47.5% phenotypic variance explained. As the sucrose content had a significantly negative correlation with the oil content, this region was also found to be related to the oil content explaining 37.2% of phenotype variation. In this region, Arahy.42CAD1 was characterized as the most likely candidate gene through a comprehensive analysis. The nuclear localization of Arahy.42CAD1 suggests its potential involvement in the regulation of gene expression for sucrose and oil contents in peanut. Transcriptome analysis of the developing seeds in both parents revealed that genes involved in glycolysis and triacylglycerol biosynthesis pathways were not significantly down-regulated in ZHT1, indicating that the sucrose accumulation was not attributed to the suppression of triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Based on the WGCNA analysis, Arahy.42CAD1 was co-expressed with the genes involved in vesicle transport and oil body assembly, suggesting that the sucrose accumulation may be caused by disruptions in TAG transportation or storage mechanisms. These findings offer new insights into the molecular mechanisms governing sucrose accumulation in peanut, and also provide a potential gene target for enhancing peanut flavor.

SecDedup: Secure data deduplication with dynamic auditing in the cloud

In the era of big data, data explosion has brought challenges to cloud storage management. To improve cloud storage efficiency and save network communication bandwidth, cloud data deduplication has emerged as a research hotspot, especially in the field of encrypted cloud data storage. How to enhance the security of encrypted data deduplication by resisting various attacks on deduplication has become an important research issue. However, existing solutions suffer from security flaws and are vulnerable to a series of attacks, e.g., duplicate faking attacks, file ownership spoofing attacks, and file tampering attacks. Besides, dynamic data operation is rarely considered or audited. To solve the above problems, we propose a novel scheme, named SecDedup, to enhance the security of encrypted cloud data deduplication with dynamic auditing. SecDedup applies a homomorphic authenticator and designs a multi-functional data tag with optimized storage to support deduplication and auditing at the same time with security guarantee against various attacks as mentioned above. In particular, We embed multi-set hash functions into data tags to achieve dynamic data auditing. In addition, SecDedup supports batch auditing with optimized computational cost for multiple deduplication auditing tasks. We formally prove the correctness and security of SecDedup, showing that it can successfully achieve our design goals for resisting the above listed attacks. We also analyze and evaluate the performance of SecDedup in terms of computation, communication, and tag storage overheads by comparing them with existing works. The results show its effectiveness and scalability.

BTB-X: A Storage-Effective BTB Organization

Many contemporary applications feature multi-megabyte instruction footprints that overwhelm the capacity of branch target buffers (BTB) and instruction caches (L1-I), causing frequent front-end stalls that inevitably hurt performance. BTB is crucial for performance as it enables the front-end to accurately resolve the upcoming execution path and steer instruction fetch appropriately. Moreover, it also enables highly effective fetch-directed instruction prefetching that can eliminate many L1-I misses. For these reasons, commercial processors allocate vast amounts of storage capacity to BTBs. This letter aims to reduce BTB storage requirements by optimizing the organization of BTB entries. Our key insight is that today's BTBs store the full target address for each branch, yet the vast majority of dynamic branches have short offsets requiring just a handful of bits to encode. Based on this insight, we organize the BTB as an ensemble of smaller BTBs, each storing offsets within a particular range. Doing so enables a dramatic reduction in storage for target addresses. We also compress tags to reduce the tag storage cost. Our final design, called BTB-X, uses an ensemble of five BTBs with compressed tags that enables it to track 2.8x more branches than a conventional BTB with the same storage budget.

Low-intensity exercise diverts cardiac fatty acid metabolism from triacylglycerol synthesis to beta oxidation in fructose-fed rats

Context Excessive fructose consumption causes ectopic lipid storage leading to metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases associated with defective substrate utilisation in the heart. Objective Examining the preventive impact of low-intensity exercise on alterations related to fructose-rich diet (FRD) on cardiac fatty acid (FA) transport and metabolism. Materials and methods Male Wistar rats were divided into control and two groups that received 10% fructose for 9 weeks, one of which was additionally exposed to exercise. Results FRD elevated plasma and cardiac TAG, FATP1 in plasma membrane, Lipin 1 in microsomes and HSL mRNA, while mitochondrial CPT1 was decreased. Exercise decreased plasma free FA level, raised CD36 in plasma membrane and FATP1 in lysate, mitochondrial CPT1 and decreased microsomal Lipin 1 in fructose-fed rats. Conclusions FRD changed plasma lipids and augmented partitioning of FA to TAG storage in the heart, whereas exercise in FRD rats switched metabolism of FA towards β-oxidation.

Dietary protein insufficiency: an important consideration in fatty liver disease?

Dietary protein insufficiency has been linked to excessive TAG storage and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in developing countries. Hepatic TAG accumulation following a low-protein diet may be due to altered peroxisomal, mitochondrial and gut microbiota function. Hepatic peroxisomes and mitochondria normally mediate metabolism of nutrients to provide energy and substrates for lipogenesis. Peroxisome biogenesis and activities can be modulated by odd-chain fatty acids (OCFA) and SCFA that are derived from gut bacteria, for example, propionate and butyrate. Also produced during amino acid metabolism by peroxisomes and mitochondria, propionate and butyrate concentrations correlate inversely with risk of obesity, insulin resistance and NAFLD. In this horizon-scanning review, we have compiled available evidence on the effects of protein malnutrition on OCFA production, arising from loss in mitochondrial, peroxisomal and gut microbiota function, and its association with lipid accumulation in the liver. The methyl donor amino acid composition of dietary protein is an important contributor to liver function and lipid storage; the presence and abundance of dietary branched-chain amino acids can modulate the composition and metabolic activity of the gut microbiome and, on the other hand, can affect protective OCFA and SCFA production in the liver. In preclinical animal models fed with low-protein diets, specific amino acid supplementation can ameliorate fatty liver disease. The association between low dietary protein intake and fatty liver disease is underexplored and merits further investigation, particularly in vulnerable groups with dietary protein restriction in developing countries.

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Hypercholesterolemia: Roles of Thyroid Hormones, Metabolites, and Agonists.

Background: Thyroid hormones (THs) exert a strong influence on mammalian lipid metabolism at the systemic and hepatic levels by virtue of their roles in regulating circulating lipoprotein, triglyceride (TAG), and cholesterol levels, as well as hepatic TAG storage and metabolism. These effects are mediated by intricate sensing and feedback systems that function at the physiological, metabolic, molecular, and transcriptional levels in the liver. Dysfunction in the pathways involved in lipid metabolism disrupts hepatic lipid homeostasis and contributes to the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hypercholesterolemia. There has been strong interest in understanding and employing THs, TH metabolites, and TH mimetics as lipid-modifying drugs. Summary: THs regulate many processes involved in hepatic TAG and cholesterol metabolism to decrease serum cholesterol and intrahepatic lipid content. TH receptor β analogs designed to have less side effects than the natural hormone are currently being tested in phase II clinical studies for NAFLD and hypercholesterolemia. The TH metabolites, 3,5-diiodo-l-thyronine (T2) and T1AM (3-iodothyronamine), have different beneficial effects on lipid metabolism compared with triiodothyronine (T3), although their clinical application is still under investigation. Also, prodrugs and glucagon/T3 conjugates have been developed that direct TH to the liver. Conclusions: TH-based therapies show clinical promise for the treatment of NAFLD and hypercholesterolemia. Strategies for limiting side effects of TH are being developed and may enable TH metabolites and analogs to have specific effects in the liver for treatments of these conditions. These liver-specific effects and potential suppression of the hypothalamic/pituitary/thyroid axis raise the issue of monitoring liver-specific markers of TH action to assess clinical efficacy and dosing of these compounds.

An Efficient GPU Cache Architecture for Applications with Irregular Memory Access Patterns

GPUs provide high-bandwidth/low-latency on-chip shared memory and L1 cache to efficiently service a large number of concurrent memory requests. Specifically, concurrent memory requests accessing contiguous memory space are coalesced into warp-wide accesses. To support such large accesses to L1 cache with low latency, the size of L1 cache line is no smaller than that of warp-wide accesses. However, such L1 cache architecture cannot always be efficiently utilized when applications generate many memory requests with irregular access patterns especially due to branch and memory divergences that make requests uncoalesced and small. Furthermore, unlike L1 cache, the shared memory of GPUs is not often used in many applications, which essentially depends on programmers. In this article, we propose Elastic-Cache, which can efficiently support both fine- and coarse-grained L1 cache line management for applications with both regular and irregular memory access patterns to improve the L1 cache efficiency. Specifically, it can store 32- or 64-byte words in non-contiguous memory space to a single 128-byte cache line. Furthermore, it neither requires an extra memory structure nor reduces the capacity of L1 cache for tag storage, since it stores auxiliary tags for fine-grained L1 cache line managements in the shared memory space that is not fully used in many applications. To improve the bandwidth utilization of L1 cache with Elastic-Cache for fine-grained accesses, we further propose Elastic-Plus to issue 32-byte memory requests in parallel, which can reduce the processing latency of memory instructions and improve the throughput of GPUs. Our experiment result shows that Elastic-Cache improves the geometric-mean performance of applications with irregular memory access patterns by 104% without degrading the performance of applications with regular memory access patterns. Elastic-Plus outperforms Elastic-Cache and improves the performance of applications with irregular memory access patterns by 131%.

IGFBP5 suppresses oleate-induced intramyocellular lipids deposition and enhances insulin signaling.

Excess intramyocellular lipids are often accompanied by muscle insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes. The mechanism of the formation of intramyocellular lipids is unclear yet. In this study, we optimized the cellular model of intramyocellular lipids from differentiated C2C12 cells and identified that the expression of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) is diminished in this process. Then, we added exogenous recombinant IGFBP5 during myocyte triglyceride (TAG) formation and found decreased lipids accumulation. In addition, IGFBP5 could promote lipolysis when added to the cellular model after the formation of intramyocellular lipids. Moreover, IGFBP5 could enhance myocyte insulin sensitivity by inhibiting the expression of the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) and arrestin domain-containing 4 (ARRDC4), which are a negative regulator of insulin signaling in both cases. Meanwhile, IGFBP5 also inhibited the expression of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAM) and diglyceride acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2), which were involved in TAG synthesis from a fatty acid. IGFBP5 also reduced TAG storage by promoting lipolysis. Therefore, IGFBP5 may play a role in the excess accumulation of lipid in muscle cells of diabetic patients and serve as a reference for further research and treatment of muscle IR and diabetes.

TAG synthesis and storage under osmotic stress. A requirement for preserving membrane homeostasis in renal cells

Hyperosmolarity is a controversial signal for renal cells. It can induce cell stress or differentiation and both require an active lipid metabolism. We showed that hyperosmolarity upregulates phospholipid (PL) de novo synthesis in renal cells. PL synthesis requires fatty acids (FA), usually stored as triglycerides (TAG). PL and TAG de novo synthesis utilize the same initial biosynthetic route: sn-glycerol 3P (G3P) → phosphatidic acid (PA) → diacylglycerol (DAG). In the present work, we evaluate how such pathway contributes to PL and TAG synthesis in renal cells subjected to hyperosmolarity. Our results show an increase in PA and DAG formation under hyperosmotic conditions; augmented DAG production, due to lipin enzyme activity, lead to the increase of both TAG and PL. However, at early stages (24 and 48 h), most of the de novo synthesized DAG was directed to PL synthesis; longer treatments downregulated PL synthesis and the DAG formed was mainly driven to TAG synthesis. Hyperosmolarity induced ACC and FASN transcription which mediated FA de novo synthesis. New FA molecules were stored in TAG. Silencing experiments revealed that hyperosmotic-induction of lipin-1 and -2 was mediated by SREBP1. Interestingly, SREBP1 knockdown also dropped SREBP2, indicating a modulatory action between both isoforms. Impairing SREBP activity leads to a decline in TAG levels but not PL. Membrane homeostasis is maintained through the adequate PL synthesis and renewal and constitute a protective mechanism against hyperosmolarity. The present data reveal the relevance of TAG synthesis and storage for PL synthesis in renal cells.

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIPID STATUS OF ATLANTIC SALMON SALMO SALAR L. jUVENILES OF DIFFERENT AGES FROM THE VARZUGA RIVER (KOLA PENINSULA)

The lipid and fatty acid spectrum of juvenile atlantic salmon (aged 0+, 1+, 2+, 3+ (smolts)) from the Varzuga River (Porokushka rapid) was studied in the summer period. a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids with the dominance of docosahexaenoic 22:6(n-3) and eicosapentaenoic 20:5(n-3) fatty acids was revealed. Smolts (3+) had an elevated proportion of physiologically active 22:6(n-3), 20:5(n-3) and 20:4(n-6) fatty acids, which is characteristic of marine fish and is associated with their preparation for smoltification and transition to life in the sea. an increased level of monounsaturated fatty acids with the dominance of 18:1(n-9), 16:1(n-7) and 18:1(n-7) acids was shown for juveniles aged 0+, 1+ and 2+. In smolts, however, the level of these fatty acids was reduced, which posi tively correlates with changes in TaG storage and is characteristic of salmon smolts. as compared to 1+ and 2+ parr, fingerlings (0+) and smolts (3+) had a low content of storage TaGs and the TaG/PL index, which is most likely due to a high metabolic rate. The early development and completion of the preparation of salmon smolts for transition to the marine environment were facilitated by ‘launching’ the mechanisms of biochemical adaptations, including those involving individual lipids and fatty acids that play an important role in maintaining homeostasis in an organism exposed to changing environmental conditions.

ETag: Tag-Comparison in Memory to Achieve Direct Data Access based on eDRAM to Improve Energy Efficiency of DRAM Cache

As 2.5D/3D die stacking technology emerges, stacked dynamic random access memory (DRAM) has been proposed as a cache due to its large capacity in order to bridge the latency gap between off-chip memory and SRAM caches. The main problems in utilizing a DRAM cache are the high tag storage overhead and the high lookup latency. To address these, we propose tags-in-eDRAM (embedded DRAM) due to its higher density and lower latency. This paper presents an eTag DRAM cache architecture that is composed of a novel tag-comparison-in-memory scheme to achieve direct data access. It eliminates access latency and comparison power by pushing tag-comparison into the sense amplifier. Furthermore, we propose a Merged Tag to enhance the eTag DRAM cache by comparing last-level cache tags and DRAM cache tags in parallel. Simulation results show that the eTag DRAM cache improves energy efficiency by 15.4% and 33.9% in 4-core and 8-core workloads, respectively. Additionally, the Merged Tag achieves 32.1% and 48.7% energy efficiency improvements in 4-core and 8-core workloads, respectively.

Fat Caches for Scale-Out Servers

Emerging scale-out servers are characterized by massive memory footprints and bandwidth requirements. On-chip stacked DRAM caches have been proposed to provide the required bandwidth for manycore servers through caching of secondary data working sets. However, the disparity between provided capacity and working set sizes precludes their effective deployment in servers, calling for high-capacity cache architectures. High-capacity caches--enabled by the emergence of high-bandwidth memory technologies--exhibit high spatiotemporal locality due to coarse-grained access patterns and long cache residency periods stemming from skewed dataset access distributions. The observed spatiotemporal behavior favors a page-based organization that naturally exploits spatial locality while minimizing tag storage requirements and enabling a practical in-SRAM tag array architecture. By storing tags in SRAM, caches avoid the complexity of in-DRAM metadata found in state-of-the-art DRAM caches.

Dgat1 and Dgat2 regulate enterocyte triacylglycerol distribution and alter proteins associated with cytoplasmic lipid droplets in response to dietary fat

Enterocytes, the absorptive cells of the small intestine, mediate efficient absorption of dietary fat (triacylglycerol, TAG). The digestive products of dietary fat are taken up by enterocytes, re-esterified into TAG, and packaged on chylomicrons (CMs) for secretion into blood or temporarily stored within cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLDs). Altered enterocyte TAG distribution impacts susceptibility to high fat diet associated diseases, but molecular mechanisms directing TAG toward these fates are unclear. Two enzymes, acyl CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (Dgat1) and Dgat2, catalyze the final, committed step of TAG synthesis within enterocytes. Mice with intestine-specific overexpression of Dgat1 (Dgat1Int) or Dgat2 (Dgat2Int), or lack of Dgat1 (Dgat1−/−), were previously found to have altered intestinal TAG secretion and storage. We hypothesized that varying intestinal Dgat1 and Dgat2 levels alters TAG distribution in subcellular pools for CM synthesis as well as the morphology and proteome of CLDs. To test this we used ultrastructural and proteomic methods to investigate intracellular TAG distribution and CLD-associated proteins in enterocytes from Dgat1Int, Dgat2Int, and Dgat1−/− mice 2h after a 200μl oral olive oil gavage. We found that varying levels of intestinal Dgat1 and Dgat2 altered TAG pools involved in CM assembly and secretion, the number or size of CLDs present in enterocytes, and the enterocyte CLD proteome. Overall, these results support a model where Dgat1 and Dgat2 function coordinately to regulate the process of dietary fat absorption by preferentially synthesizing TAG for incorporation into distinct subcellular TAG pools in enterocytes.

Novel Codon-optimization Genes Encoded in Chlorella for Triacylglycerol Accumulation

Abstract Microalgae have been recognized as one of the potential resources for biodiesel production based on its fast growth or its high total lipid content depending on species. Expression of Kennedy pathway genes, which encodes GPAT, LPAAT, PAP, and DGAT for increasing the metabolic flux towards the TAG storage in Chlorella sp. from 20 to 46 wt% and total lipid accumulation from 35 to 60 wt.% corresponding to each specific gene combination under autotrophy, compare to the wild type (vector only). The highest TAG content was found in cells expressing a quadruple-gene construct (GPAT-LPAAT-PAP-DGAT) in the Kennedy pathway, corresponding to 46 wt.% of TAG and 60 wt.% of total lipid content. This work provides the optimization of TAG production in Chlorella sp. can be achieved by manipulating the selected genes, in turns making commercially producing biodiesel practical.

Heat stress enhances adipogenic differentiation of subcutaneous fat depot-derived porcine stromovascular cells.

Heat stress (HS) results from excessive heat load on animals such that all adaptive mechanisms used to dissipate the heat do not return the body to normal body temperature. In pigs, HS results in increased fat deposition compared with pair-fed animals in a thermoneutral environment. Although there is evidence that HS increases activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in adipose tissue of heat stressed pigs, the fundamental causes of the increased adiposity are still unknown. It remains unclear whether HS directly alters metabolism in adipocytes. Therefore, to understand the mechanism of HS effects on porcine adipocytes, we used an in vitro adipocyte differentiation model to characterize cellular responses that occur during differentiation of pig adipocytes. Preadipocytes (stromovascular cells) were differentiated for 9 d at a normal (37°C) or HS (41.5°C) temperature under 5% CO. Expressions of HS genes such as heat shock proteins (HSP; HSP27, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90), adipogenic markers peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins α (C/EBPα), fatty acid synthase (FAS), adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), fatty acid translocase 36 (CD36), fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP4), fatty acid transport protein 6 (FATP6), LPL, glucose transporter protein type 4 (GLUT4), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1 or PEPCK-C), and glycerol kinase (GK) and adipokines (adiponectin and leptin) were determined by real-time-PCR and immunoblotting or ELISA. Cellular triglyceride (TAG) and ATP concentrations were also determined. As expected, HS increased ( < 0.05) the expressions of HSP genes. There was no HS treatment effect on the level of PPARγ, although C/EBPα was induced ( < 0.05) in HS. So it remains unclear whether HS affects adipocyte differentiation. However, HS leads to increased expressions of genes involved in fatty acid uptake and TAG synthesis (FAS, aP2, CD36, FATP4, FATP6, LPL, GLUT4, PCK1, and GK). This is supported by increased cellular TAG under HS. Therefore, HS promotes increased adipocyte TAG storage, perhaps through upregulation of genes involved in fatty acid uptake and TAG synthesis.

Toll-like Receptor Agonists Promote Prolonged Triglyceride Storage in Macrophages

Macrophages in infected tissues may sense microbial molecules that significantly alter their metabolism. In a seeming paradox, these critical host defense cells often respond by increasing glucose catabolism while simultaneously storing fatty acids (FA) as triglycerides (TAG) in lipid droplets. We used a load-chase strategy to study the mechanisms that promote long term retention of TAG in murine and human macrophages. Toll-like receptor (TLR)1/2, TLR3, and TLR4 agonists all induced the cells to retain TAG for ≥3 days. Prolonged TAG retention was accompanied by the following: (a) enhanced FA uptake and FA incorporation into TAG, with long lasting increases in acyl-CoA synthetase long 1 (ACSL1) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 (DGAT2), and (b) decreases in lipolysis and FA β-oxidation that paralleled a prolonged drop in adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). TLR agonist-induced TAG storage is a multifaceted process that persists long after most early pro-inflammatory responses have subsided and may contribute to the formation of "lipid-laden" macrophages in infected tissues.

Secure and Efficient LCMQ Entity Authentication Protocol

The simple, computationally efficient HB-like entity authentication protocols based on the learning parity with noise (LPN) problem have attracted a great deal of attention in the past few years due to the broad application prospect in low-cost RFID tags. However, all previous protocols are vulnerable to a man-in-the-middle attack discovered by Ouafi, Overbeck, and Vaudenay. In this paper, we propose a lightweight authentication protocol named LCMQ and prove it secure in a general man-in-the-middle model. The technical core in our proposal is a special type of circulant matrix, for which we prove the linear independence of matrix vectors, present efficient algorithms on matrix operations, and describe a secure encryption against ciphertext-only attack. By combining all of those with LPN and related to the multivariate quadratic problem, the LCMQ protocol not only is provably secure against all probabilistic polynomial-time adversaries, but also transcends HB-like protocols in terms of tag's computation overhead, storage expense, and communication cost.