Tag Questions Research Articles

Determining Evidence for Family Caregiver Communication: Associating Communication Behaviors With Breakdown and Repair.

Communication is fundamental for dementia care. The trouble source repair (TSR) framework can identify strategies that facilitate or impede communication in dyadic interactions. A secondary analysis of videos (N = 221) from a clinical trial of a family caregiver telehealth intervention was analyzed using sequential behavioral coding of communication behaviors and breakdowns for 53 caregiver and person with dementia dyads. Coded data from 3,642 30-s observations were analyzed using penalized regression for feature selection followed by Bayesian mixed-effects modeling to identify communication strategies associated with communication breakdown and repair. Breakdown (coded as 0) was associated with caregivers changing topic (median = -11.45, 95% credibility interval [CrI; -24.34, -4.37]), ignoring (median = -11.49, 95% CrI [-24.49, -4.72]), giving commands (median = -10.74, 95% CrI [-24.22, -3.38]), and taking over the task (median = -4.06, 95% CrI [-7.28, -1.77]). Successful repair of breakdown was associated with verbalizing understanding (median = 0.46, 95% CrI [0.09, 0.86]), tag questions, (median = 2.4, 95% CrI [0.33, 5.35]), and silence (median = 0.78, 95% CrI [0.42, 1.15]) and negatively associated with ignoring and changing topic (median = -3.63, 95% CrI [-4.81, -2.57] and -2.51 [-3.78, -1.33], respectively). The TSR was effective in identifying specific communication strategies to avoid (changing topic, ignoring, commands, and taking over the task) and to use to repair breakdown (verbalize understanding, tag questions, and silence). Future research is needed to test these strategies and explore the potential effects of dementia stage, diagnosis, and dyad characteristics in additional samples. Behavioral coding provides evidence of communication best practices as a basis for family caregiver communication training.

Similarities and Differences in the Pragmatic Functions of Tag Question in Oral Discourse and Fiction

Similarities and Differences in the Pragmatic Functions of Tag Question in Oral Discourse and Fiction

DETERMINING EVIDENCE FOR EFFECTIVE FAMILY CAREGIVER COMMUNICATION: STRATEGIES LEADING TO BREAKDOWN AND REPAIR

Abstract Communication is fundamental for dementia care and identifying evidence for strategies that facilitate or impede communication is needed. We analyzed 221 videos from a randomized controlled trial of a family caregiver telehealth intervention (FamTechCare) using Noldus second-by-second behavioral coding of communication behaviors and breakdowns in interactions between 53 caregiver-person with dementia dyads. Coded data from 3,642 30-second observations were first analyzed using penalized regression for feature selection (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; LASSO) to identify strategies most important for predicting prevention and successful repair of communication breakdown. Bayesian mixed modeling was then used to identify communication strategies associated with successful versus unsuccessful prevention and repair of communication breakdown taking into account of the dyadic structure of our data. Results showed that given our data, communication breakdown was associated with caregivers changing topic (Mdn=11.23, 95% CrI [4.39, 24.43]), ignoring (Mdn=11.47, 95% CrI [4.75, 24.17]), making commands (Mdn=10.55, 95% CrI [3.41, 23.22]) and taking over the task (Mdn=4.04, 95% CrI [1.69, 7.23]). Successful repair of breakdown was associated with caregivers verbalizing understanding (Mdn=-0.47, 95% CrI [-0.88, -0.09]), tag questions, (Mdn=-2.44, 95% CrI [-5.35, -0.33), and silence (Mdn=-0.78, 95% Crl [-1.18, -0.40) while ignoring and changing topic were associated with unsuccessful repair (Mdn=3.63, 95% Crl [-2.56, 4.78; and 2.51 [1.39, 3.74]). These results provide evidence for development and testing of evidence-based communication strategy training for family caregivers of persons with dementia. Future analyses will identify effects of dementia stage, diagnosis, and dyad characteristics on associations.

An Analysis of Women's Language Features used by the Three Indonesian Female Travel Bloggers

This research focuses on women’s language features used by the three Indonesian female travel bloggers on blogspot.com and wordpress.com. It was aimed to investigate types of women’s language features used by the three Indonesian female travel bloggers and the most dominant types of women’s language features used by the three Indonesian female travel bloggers. This research was carried out using descriptive qualitative research. The data came from the script of 15 blog posts written by the three Indonesian female travel bloggers. The findings revealed that the three Indonesian female travel bloggers utilized nine types of women’s language features, they are lexical hedges or fillers, tag question, rising intonation on declaratives, empty adjectives, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, super polite forms, avoidance of strong swear words, and emphatic stress. The scripts of the three Indonesian female travel bloggers contain a total of 628 language features. During the analysis of the data, it revealed that the researchers were unable to discover precise colour terms because it was unrelated to the 15 blog posts. There was no correlation among the theme on 15 blog posts and the ability to use precise colour terms back then. The three Indonesian female travel bloggers dominantly employed hypercorrect grammar to prove that they concerned about their grammar.

Moroccan female leaders between femininity and masculinity: A case study of Nabila Mounib (the first female leader of a political party)

Women are ‘intruders’ in the political world, they often find themselves at odds with a world that has established its values and rules according to men’s ways of doing things. When women enter politics, their socially constructed gender clashes with the tough world of politics. Often the feminine style collides with doing political leadership, a leadership that requires toughness, assertiveness and even violence. Women are socially constructed to behave in the complete opposite of this values. The first Moroccan female leader was elected as the head of her political party, Partie Socialist Unifié [PSU], in 2012. Nabila Mounib was faced with the dilemma of how she is going to lead a political party as a female in a patriarchal and conservative society. Should she lead using her feminine leadership style or should she adapt the masculine style that seems to conform with the political world? This paper attempts to explore her leadership style using Feminist Critical discourse analysis FCDA with a focus on the following linguistic features: interruption, hedges and tag questions, and the I vs We.

Interrogative Constructions in Guaraní: Grammatical, Pragmatic and Typological Aspects

This article is set in the framework of typological and functional studies on interrogativity, and focuses on the study of Guaraní, based on primary data collected in Formosa (Argentina). Interrogative constructions encode the speaker’s request for information, and their intention to confirm the underlying statement of the information that is the focus of the question. This topic has been partially addressed in previous descriptive works on Guaraní. There are, however, aspects in this domain yet to be explored. One involves the functions and meanings of the different interrogative strategies this language exhibits and the semantic particularities of their combination. In this regard, we analyze the distribution, meaning and pragmatic function of clitics =pa and =piko in polar and content questions. Furthermore, a preliminary analysis of tag questions (as a subtype of polar questions) is advanced here. Finally, we also discuss the way how the concurrence of interrogative words and clitics in Guarani is pragmatically and semantically motivated by the speaker’s epistemic attitude when posing the question.

Linguistic Features Used by Female and Male Characters in Black Widow Movie

The title of this study is Linguistic Features Used by the Female and Male Character in “Black Widow” Movie. The problems discussed in this study are the kinds of women’s language features used by female and male characters in the “Black Widow” movie also the speech functions expressed. The study aims to identify the women’s language features found in Natasha’s and Alexei’s utterances and to define the speech functions they expressed. The data were taken from the “Black Widow” movie and supported by the English subtitle, obtained from Disney+ Hotstar. The method used to collect the data is documentation and the technique used is note-taking. The descriptive qualitative method is used to analyze the data, the steps used to analyze the data are identifying the female and male characters by using the women’s language theory which is proposed by Lakoff (2004), and describing its speech functions based on Holmes (2013) theory. The analysis was presented descriptively in the form of a paragraph. There are seven features of women's language found in the female and male utterances. Those are lexical hedges, tag questions, rising intonation on declaratives, empty adjectives, intensifiers, super polite forms, and emphatic stress. The functions of speech that were expressed in the features they used are expressive function, directive function, referential function, metalinguistic function, and phatic function.

Keeping the conversation going: How progressivity is prioritised in co-remembering talk between couples impacted by dementia.

This article explores how partners keep the conversation going with people living with dementia (PLWD) when speaking about shared memories. Remembering is important for PLWD and their families. Indeed, memory loss is often equated with identity loss. In conversation, references to shared past events (co-rememberings) can occasion interactional trouble if memories cannot be mutually recalled. This article analyses partners' interactional practices that enable progressivity in conversations about shared memories with a PLWD. In previous research, both informal and formal carers have reported that they can find interacting with PLWD difficult. Identifying practices used by partners is one way to begin addressing those difficulties. Analytical findings are based on over 26 hours of video data from domestic settings where partners have recorded their interactions with their spouse/close friend who is living with dementia. The focus is on 14 sequences of conversation about shared memories. We show how particular practices (candidate answers, tag questions and single-party memory of a shared event) structure the interaction to facilitate conversational progression. When partners facilitate conversational progressivity, PLWD are less likely to experience stalls in conversation. Our findings suggest the actual recall of memory is less relevant than the sense of shared connection resulting from the conversational activity of co-remembering, aiding maintenance of individual and shared identities. These findings have relevance for wider care settings.

Women Linguistic Features Used by Elle Evans in The Kissing Booth 2 Movie

Language makes people understand each other and interact in daily life. Most importantly, language has become an important tool in communication. The way men and women speak is different. They have different features although they speak the same language. The title of this undergraduate thesis is "Women's Language Features Used by Elle Evans in The Kissing Booth 2 Movie". The main purpose of this research was to identify and describe the types of women's language styles and to find out functions and factors of the use of women's language. This research is a descriptive-qualitative study and the primary data were expressions in dialogues related to women's language in the movie. The method that was used to collect the data was the documentation method through the note-taking technique. The data analysis was conducted using the theory proposed by Robin Lakoff (1975). The result of this study showed that not all types of women’s language features were used by Elle Evans in the movie The Kissing Booth 2 Movie. The researcher found eight types of women's language features. They are: lexical hedges or fillers, tag questions, empty adjectives, hypercorrect grammar, super polite form, intensifiers, the avoidance of strong swear words and emphatic stress. The precise color terms and rising intonation on declaratives were not found in Elle's utterances. However, the key problem of Lakoff's theory of women's linguistic features is that apparently, men also use women's speech in their dialogue. Lakoff's theory would have been more interesting if she had considered the use of women's speech used by men and the use of strong swear words used by women in her book.
 
 
 

Women’s Language Features on The Upper Class Female Characters of The Great Gatsby Movie

This study is entitled Women’s Language Features on The Upper Class Female Characters of The Great Gatsby Movie. There are two aims of this study: identifying the type of women’s language features on the upper class female characters of The Great Gatsby and the sociological function that influenced the characters to use the feature. The data were taken from a movie entitled The Great Gatsby that was released in 2013. There are three characters whose utterances were analysed in this movie: Daisy, Jordan, and Daisy’s mother. The data was gathered from the movie by watching the movie through an online movie streaming service and reading the script. Qualitative research method was used to collect the data. Then the data was analysed mainly with women’s language theory by Robin Lakoff and supported with other theories and opinions from numerous experts in this field. There are seven out of ten women’s language features found in the female characters’s utterances of this movie. The features are lexical hedges, empty adjectives, tag question, intensifier, avoidance of swear words, rising intonation on declaratives and emotional emphasis. There is also an analysis on how their social class may have been the influence in the amount of women’s language features they used in their utterances.
 
 
 

Women's Language Features Used by Taylor Swift in the 2015 Grammy Interview Video

This study entitled Women’s Language Features Used by Taylor Swift in Grammy Interview Video 2015 is aimed to identify women’s language features and to analyze the language function used by Taylor Swift. All of the data were taken from the utterances delivered by Taylor Swift. The transcribe of the video were made by the author. Documentation method and note-taking were applied in collecting the data. In analyzing the data, Mixed-method was applied using Lakoff (2004) and the theory about language function proposed by Judy Pierson (1985) as supporting theory. As a result, there are 95 features of women’s language. Those were lexical hedges or filler, intensifier, hypercorrected grammar, super polite form, avoidance of strong swear words, and emphatic stress. The most dominant features occur in her utterance is intensifier. She used those features because she wanted to deeply emphasize or strengthen her utterances to attract the audience’s and the presenter’s attention. Not all types of women’s language features were used by her. Taylor Swift did not use four kinds of features such as tag questions, rising intonation on declarative, empty adjectives and precise color terms. Based on the findings of the features, there were three language features element in her utterances, such as to soften an utterance, to start a discussion and to express feelings or opinions. The language function element such as to express uncertainty and to get response were not found in her utterances. Each of the women’s language feature have one language function.

The Language Structures of Interrogatives in Charles Dickens's "A Tale of Two Cities": A Stylistic Study

This study aims at analyzing the structures of interrogatives used in Dickens's novel "A Tale of Two Cities". It is directed to identify and categorize these structures; and then to ferret out Dickens's stylistic tendencies of using them in the novel under study. A qualitative approach was used as a research design of the study. The data were extracted from the material of the novel after having an extensive reading. The structures were identified and then categorized. Out of more than 800 interrogatives in the novel, ten examples for each category were selected randomly. In addition to categorizing, they have been interpreted stylistically. The qualitative analysis of the data revealed that the author used various categories of interrogative structures in the conversational parts of the novel. These included regular full-formed structures of interrogatives, elliptical structures of interrogatives, statement-formed structures of interrogatives, parenthetical structures in interrogatives, vocative structures in interrogatives, and structures with question tags. In terms of stylistic interpretation, these structures revealed the author's stylistic tendencies to employ these interrogative structures which are linguistic features of spoken language in conversations for enhancing the dialogic language. This dialogic language can be manifested in the utilization of features of an oratorical style in Dickens's novel in hand

Language Features of Men and Women in Tekotok Animated Videos

The purpose of this research was to describe the language features of men and women in the animated video in the Tekotok Youtube Channel. In addition, to describe how the videos describe men and women. The research method used was qualitative research. The data source used in this study was speech from the figures in several animated videos from Youtube Channel Tekotok taken randomly. The results showed that based on the language features raised by the Lakoff, the majority was not in accordance with the speech mentioned by woman character where there were no Color Words, Empty Adjectives, Hedge, Intensifiers, Question Tags, and Emphatic Stress. Even some of the language features are contrary to what was delivered by Lakoff’s theory. For example, the Hypercorrect Grammar feature in this context is Indonesian not found. Likewise with the Super Polite Form, for example, there are several swear words of feed delivered by the woman character.

Subsequent Actions Engendered by the Absence of an Immediate Response to the Proposal in Mandarin Mundane Talk.

When there is no immediate response after a proposal and normally the silence is longer than 0.2 s, the proposer would take subsequent actions to pursue a preferred response or mobilize at least an articulated one from the recipient. These actions modulate the prior deontic stance embedded in the original proposal into four trends as follows: (1) maintaining the prior deontic stance with a self-repair or by seeking confirmation; (2) making the prior deontic stance more tentative by making a revised other-attentiveness proposal, providing an account, pursuing with a tag question, or requesting with an intimate address term; (3) making the prior deontic stance more decisive by making a further arrangement (for the original proposal), closing the local sequence, or providing a candidate unwillingness account (for the recipient's potential rejection); and (4) canceling the prior deontic stance by doing a counter-like action. Additionally, these trends inherently embody a decisive-to-tentative gradient. This study would penetrate into the phenomena occurring in Mandarin mundane talk with the methodology of Conversation Analysis to uncover the underflow of deontic stance.

WOMEN’S LANGUAGE FEATURES ON UTTERANCES OF CHARLIE’S ANGELS MOVIE

The study entitled Women's Language Features on Utterances of Charlie's Angels Movie seeks to examine women's language features and the reasons of using the features by the three main women character. The data was taken from the utterances of the Charlie's Angels (2019) movie. The researchers used Lakoff's hypothesis to investigate women's language features. Lakoff (1975) suggested ten language features for women, but this analysis only found nine features in this movie, namely lexical hedges or fillers, intensifiers, tag question, emphatic stress, rising intonation on declaratives, avoidance of strong swear words, super polite forms, empty adjectives, and hypercorrect grammar. The findings indicated that intensifiers appeared to be the most prominent attribute utilized among the three main women’s characters in the movie (45.4%), and the least feature is the tag question (1.81%). Regarding the reasons for using Women's Language Features as the most frequent feature in this movie, the feature occurs when the speakers try to give a strong opinion or persuade the other person. Furthermore, the reason of tag question occurs in this movie because to convenience the hearer about what the speaker’s said.

Https://awej.org/current-theses/

English Question Formation in the Saudi context has received very little attention. To the best of our knowledge, there are two studies conducted in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA): one looked at the difficulties Saudi students faced when constructing English questions with specific regard to wh and yes/no questions, and the primary problems associated with their difficulties (Al-Hassaani, 2016). Another study analyzed the errors Saudi EFL learners made when forming wh questions and the reasons behind making them (Addaibani, 2017). Therefore, this current study is seen as the first study that aims to analyze Saudi students’ errors in constructing tag questions (canonical tag questions), wh questions, and yes/ no questions at King Khalid University (KKU). It found out the reasons behind making such errors and the difficulties that they faced when forming these English question types. For achieving this study’s aims, a mixed-method research approach was employed, and data were collected from grammatical tests and interviews (open-ended interviews). Saudi students’ errors were examined by using the grammatical test in which they were required to generate wh, yes/no, and canonical tag questions. Further, to examine Saudi students’ difficulties and causes of making errors, the researcher conducted open-ended interviews. After reaching out to the findings of this study, it showed disagreement with similar previous studies. First, the most difficult English type in terms of formation was wh questions, including the highest number of errors in the “Wrong Wh Question Word” category. Then tag questions (canonical tag questions) came to be in the second rank of difficulty, and “Mis-formation Alternating Forms” was the highest category of errors. Lastly, yes/no questions were the easiest ones for Saudi EFL learners, and the common type was the “Wrong Auxiliary” category. This current study has also revealed that some of the students’ errors were due to lack of practice and community as affected reasons, and intensive curriculum and unqualified teachers as less affected reasons.

The Analysis of Man and Woman Main Character's in Movie ``Music and Lyric'' Based on Women's Language Features Theories

Language is not limited in one aspect but reach out almost all the aspects and features that are intended to bring out the meaning of the language itself. Therefore, this study was analyzed woman and man main characters’ language in movie “Music and Lyric” by using women’s language features by Lak off (1975) while also counted number of features that spoken by woman and man main characters and compare them to find out the phenomena that happened in this movie. In addition, this study also analyzed the factors of that phenomena. The data were taken and collected from woman and man main characters’ conversation in movie “Music and lyric” in order to find out the women’s language features that spoken by them. The women’s language features that proposed by Lak off that used to analyze the man and woman main characters in that movie are lexical hedges or fillers, tag question, rising intonation on declarative, empty adjectives, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, super polite form, avoidance strong swear words and also emphatic stress. While the factor that caused the phenomena happened was analyzed by using Coates Theories (1986) such as: Social status, subordinate groups, prestige and stigma, social network and the acquisition of sex differential language.
 Keywords: man, woman, sex, language features, women’s language features

Overlapping Reactions During Tag Questions

This article examines the form and the functions of what we label overlapping reactions. These are premature responses which overlap utterances containing a variable interrogative tag, e.g., It’s nice, isn’t it. They are orientated towards the proposition contained in the tag question. Our research is grounded in a corpus of spoken British English and, employs methods and insights from corpus linguistics, conversation analysis and phonetics. Based on the clustering of observed grammatical, discoursal and prosodic features we propose a typology of the interactional functions of overlapping responses, i.e., acknowledgements, continuers, disagreements, non-committals and turn-competitive early responses. We show that such responses are not errors but rather function as part of the well-oiled machinery of spontaneous dialogue. We show that the typology of overlaps proposed by Jefferson ([1983]. “Two Explorations of the Organization of Overlapping Talk in Conversation.” Language and Literature 28: 1–33) is unable to fully distinguish between the functional categories identified in our data. Hence we suggest that a taxonomy of overlaps must be based on the patterning of formal and functional features. Our data provide evidence that tag questions are responded to a syntagmatic wholes rather than as a sequence of two parts: anchor and tag.

Функции вопросительных предложений в русском и американском политическом дискурсе: сравнительный анализ

Abstract. Despite the vast research on questions in linguistics, little is known about their functioning in political discourse. So the paper considers questions, their types and functions in political discourse. We pay attention to polar, embedded and non-canonical questions (rhetorical, tag, declarative, special and echo questions), and study their functions depending on discourse participants’ intentions. We also make a qualitative and quantitative analysis and compare the use of questions by V. Putin (Russia) and J. Biden (USA) in interviews to TV channels and during press conferences in order to identify types of questions asked by both presidents and journalists, their functions and connection of the proposed meaning of questions and their interpretation in 60 fragments of political discourse. The study shows that four types of questions are typical for political discourse of Russia and the USA: polar (10% and 34.5%), rhetorical (60% and 65.5%), special (15% and 0%) and echo questions (15% and 0%). Unlike their proposed meaning, polar questions are structured so that the interviewer can get a preferred response; echo questions are aimed at drawing the attention of journalists and the audience to certain parts or expressing negative emotions; rhetorical questions are used by politicians to make the audience think about specific facts, events or consequences or highlight the role of the country on the world arena. Special questions are asked to get accurate information that coincides with their original connotation. The results obtained are promising for further study of the functioning of questions in the speech of politicians.

Question Tags: The Case Study of ¿no ve? in the Spanish-Aymara Bilinguals’ Speech

This article offers a first insight into tag questions description in Bolivian Spanish. In particular, it explores the pragmatic functions of tag question ¿no ve? in the variety of Bolivian Spanish spoken by Aymara-Spanish bilingual speakers. The analysis identifies the relation between the position of ¿no ve? and its pragmatic functions. Furthermore, it displays this tag question multidimensionality that may operate on different conversational layers at the same time. The study also describes the impact of social factors (sex, age and education) on the use of ¿no ve?. The original data used for the present analysis comes from the Corpus oral del español hablado por bilingües de aymara-español.