Taekwondo Training Research Articles

The effects of modified Taekwondo on measures of functional fitness in older adults: a pilot study

Functional fitness represents the physical capacity needed to perform activities of daily living, independently without undue fatigue, deteriorates with age. Taekwondo is a traditional form of martial arts training that has shown several positive effects on fitness in younger adults. However, a paucity of research has investigated the impact of modified Taekwondo training in older adults. Therefore, this study aimed to implement a modified Taekwondo program for older adults over the age of 60 and determine its impact on functional fitness. Fifteen participants from a Taekwondo exercise class (average age: 72.7 years) and 10 non-exercising controls (average age: 73.8 years) participated. Functional fitness for all participants was pre-tested and post-tested using the following measures: = finger to nose test (FTNT) = timed single-leg stance (TSLS), timed up and go (TUG) = 30-second sit to stand test (30S2ST), 30-second arm curl test (ACT), two-minute step in place (2SIPT), chair sit and reach test (CSRT), back scratch test (BST). No significant differences were found between pre-test and post-test measures for both groups. Effect sizes showed that the intervention had a small effect on hand-eye coordination, timed single-leg balance, upper limb strength, aerobic fitness, and lower limb flexibility. Despite no functional effect, six weeks of modified Taekwondo training still reached improvements in balance, aerobic fitness, and lower limb flexibility.

The Effect of a Psychological Skill Training Package on the Mental Readiness of Taekwondo Athletes

This research aims to 1) explore the psychological demands and prepare a psychological skill training (PST) package for taekwondo athletes; and 2) study the effect of a PST package on the mental readiness of a taekwondo athlete. Phase 1 is a discussion about the sports psychology skills needed for athletes. The PST package was developed and confirmed by 7 experts. In phase 2, 26 amateur taekwondo athletes from the eastern region of Thailand were divided into 2 groups. The experimental group had traditional taekwondo training combined with a program supplement of sport psychology skills training and the control group had only traditional taekwondo training: physical exercise, skills, and technique. The program duration was 8 weeks (3 times a week, approximately 30 - 45 minutes for each session). The tools used in this study included: 1) the PST package consisting of breathing control, muscle relaxation, complete relaxation, self-talk, and imagery techniques; and 2) the athletes’ mental readiness for competition questionnaire. A t-test was used to analyze the data. The results found that the experimental group had a higher mean score of the mental readiness in all aspects than the control group with significance at 0.05. In conclusion, the findings provide further evidence to suggest that psychological skills training packages are effective for the mental readiness of taekwondo athletes.

A Study on Youth TAEKWONDO Revitalization Plana

Purpose: The growing number of youth Taekwondo practitioners gives them the opportunity to live a mentally and physically healthy life by learning not only the techniques of Taekwondo, but also the theory and the mind. The goal of this study is to look into ways to expand and revitalize the youth Taekwondo training population, as well as to provide basic data. Method: The electronic literature platform search was used for the research method and data collection method used to achieve the purpose of this study. After reconfirming the title and summary of each literature, the literature judged to be highly relevant to this study was finally chosen, and its validity as data was verified using triangulation with a peer expert group. Results: To revitalize youth Taekwondo, a year must be set aside to actively and extensively promote inter-esting and fun Taekwondo for youth, educate leaders about current youth popular culture, develop instructional methods, and hold Taekwondo competitions. Various competitions are held in accordance with the sports policy, including group exhibitions for underprivileged youth and women s group competitions, so it should be reviewed on a long-term basis in accordance with the understanding of sociality and the flow of popular culture. ‘Forgery’ is the conduct of fabricating non-existing data or research outcome and recording or reporting them as true and existing. Conclusion: It is critical to continue to focus on the vitalization of youth Taekwondo, and understanding and accepting youth popular culture will aid in revitalizing youth Taekwondo. It is interpreted as a problem of ac-ceptance and convergence, and it is thought that efforts should be made to support it, develop a Taekwondo training program, and nurture professional leaders, according to the flow of popular culture.

A Study on TAEKWONDO Curriculum in the United States

Purpose: This study sought to analyze the American Taekwondo curriculum and standardize the Amer-ican Taekwondo curriculum to ensure that it can meet the Taekwondo educational goals pursued by Kukkiwon, the world Taekwondo headquarters. The standardized American Taekwondo curriculum will contribute to the educational use of Taekwondo in the United States. Method: As one of the data collection methods to study social and cultural phenomena, the method of collecting necessary information through existing literature data was selected. This thesis was a p-proached as a qualitative research method that collects data and i nterprets the meaning of the phe-nomenon through the intuitive insight of the researcher. Results: The world Taekwondo headquarters, Kukkiwon dispatches the Kukkiwon masters to 53 countries to teach and evaluate Taekwondo according to the standard curriculum. However, the US does not currently have a Kukkiwon master dispatched. Moving forward, the Kukkiwon masters should be dispatched to supply the standard curriculum relative to the Taekwondo training population. The “Taekwondo Standard Curriculum” presented by Kukkiwon and the Korea Taekwondo Association in 2019 divided the subjects to be completed by the non-Poom-and-Dan-holders and Poom and Dan holders into the mandatory and optional courses. 1) Non-Poom-and-Dan-holders must complete the training period(40 hours x 9 levels = 360 hours) for 40hours of unit time for each level from level 1 through level 9, respectively. 2) As for 1 Poom and Dan holders, the time of completion for each unit is 80 hours, with the time of completion for the training period(80 hours x 3 units = 240 hours), and as for 2 Poom and Dan holders, the time of completion for each unit is 80 hours, with the time of completion for the training period(80 hours x 6 units = 480 hours), as for 3 Poom and Dan holders, the time of completion for each unit is 80 hours, with the time of completion for the training period(80 hours x 9 units = 720 hours), and as for 4 Poom and Dan holders, the time of completion for each unit is 80 hours, with the time of completion for the training period(80 hours x 12 units = 960 hours) are required, respectively. Conclusion: That is, for the Taekwondo curriculum, the trainees should not only comply with the per i-od required after the promotion of Poom and Dan, but also should be required to complete the mand a-tory training time, thereby making it an even more effective approa ch toward achieving the educational goal of Taekwondo.

The Effect on Training Satisfaction and Training Continuation in the TAEKWONDO Gym Training Program

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data for the leaders of Taekwondo to plan effectively their training programs by practically analyzing the training satisfaction and training contin-uation of the trainees according to the training program for the trainees who are practicing Taekwondo. Method: The subjects are elementary school 4-6 graders, middle school students, and high school stu-dents who are training Taekwondo in Jeon-la Province, and the total number of subjects are 305, and the data was processed through frequency analysis, independent t-test, One-Way ANOVA, correlation analy-sis, and linear regression analysis, and the result is as follows. Results: First, regarding the satisfaction of training according to gender, women was higher than men at Taekwondo and body strength(p<.01), (p<.05). Regarding the satisfaction of training according to training period, the trainees who trained for less than 1 year was higher than the trainees who trained for more than 3 years at personality and leadership(p<.05). Regarding the satisfaction of training accord-ing to the objective of training, It was higher than the development of character at body strength(p<.05). Second, regarding the continuation of training according to having official grade, the trainees who have the official grade was higher than the trainees who was delayed at the will of conveying the know-how(p<.05). Regarding the continuation of training according to training period, the trainees who trained less than 1 year was higher than the trainees who trained more than 3 years at the will of conveying the know-how(p<.05). Third, regarding to the correlation between satisfaction and continuation of training according to Taekwondo training program, satisfaction of training showed statistically meaningful posi-tive effect to continuation of training(p<.001). Fourth, regarding to satisfaction of training according to Taekwondo training program, Taekwondo, body strength, and leadership showed statistically meaningful positive effect at every lower grade factor of continuation of training, and personality showed statistically meaningful positive effect at the will of recommendation and the will of conveying know-how. Conclusion: Regarding to the correlation between satisfaction and continuation of training according to Taekwondo training program, satisfaction of training showed statistically meaningful positive effect to continuation of training. regarding to satisfaction of training ac-cording to Taekwondo training pro-gram, Taekwondo, body strength, and leadership showed statistically meaningful positive effect at every lower grade factor of continuation of training, and personality showed statistically meaningful positive effect at the will of recommendation and the will of conveying know how.

EFFECT OF PLYOMETRIC TRAINING PROGRAM ON ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE IN YOUNG TAEKWONDO ATHLETES

&lt;p&gt;The aim of this study is to examine the effect of plyometric training program on athletic performance in young male taekwondo players. 20 volunteer male taekwondo athletes between the ages of 17-22 who regularly practice taekwondo participated in our study. Two different groups were formed as 10 athletes as experimental group and 10 athletes as control group. A plyometric training program was applied to the experimental group 3 days a week for 8 weeks. During the study, both groups continued their normal taekwondo training. The subjects were explained in detail how the study would be carried out. During the study, they were asked not to use diet or nutritional supplements and not to do separate exercises. The body weight, height, body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BFP), anaerobic power, back strength, hand grip strength, speed and flexibility values of the participating athletes were measured before starting the plyometric training program and after the training was completed. SPSS 22.0 program was used for statistical analysis. Paired Samples T-Test was used for in-group comparisons. Statistical results were evaluated at p&amp;lt;0.05 significance levels. Anaerobic power, BFP, vertical jump, back strength, hand grip strength right, hand grip strength left, speed and flexibility values of the experimental group were found to be significant at p&amp;lt;0.05 level. Only flexibility values of the control group were found to be significant at p&amp;lt;0.05 level. As a result, it can be said that the 8-week plyometric training program has a positive effect on the athletic performance of taekwondo athletes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0996/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Para taekwondo

Sport and physical activity can play significant role in the lives of persons with disabilities. Participating in sports can improve their health and physical capacities, promote constructive use of their time, as well as provide a better way to integrate and be included in the community. The aim of this qualitative study was to gain insight into perspectives of six coaches regarding their work as para taekwondo trainers. The results present the challenges in the coaches’ work, ways of dealing with difficulties related to para taekwondo training, and positive training outcomes. The challenges faced by coaches indicate acceptance of the abilities of the athletes, ascribed incompetence to athletes with disabilities, lack of trust in the abilities of athletes among people in their social environment, and aggressive behaviour exhibited by persons with intellectual disabilities. Other challenges include limited financial resources, the importance of becoming aware of one’s own prejudice about the capabilities of individuals with disabilities, and building relationships with athletes with disabilities. The coaches deal with difficulties related to para taekwondo training by educating themselves and others, applying an individualised approach to training, cooperating with people from the social environment of athletes with disabilities, and considering the work done with athletes with disabilities as a reward. They recognise positive training outcomes for athletes with disabilities through improvements in bodily functioning, better self-image, and further inclusion in the community.

The Effect of Taekwondo Training on Children’s Functional Movement Screen (FMS) Scores and Athletic Performance Parameters

Taekwondo sport has a significant risk of injury. This can be reduced with a pre-accession screening tool that can identify the risk of injury. The Functional Movement Screen (FMS®) is used as a reliable clinical tool to predict athletes' injury risk. The aim of this prospective, single-blind observational study is to investigate the effect of taekwondo on functional movement analysis (FMS®) scores, balance, strength and vertical jump in school-age children. The research was conducted on athletes aged 7-18 (n=30) who have been attending taekwondo training for at least one year (n=15) and who have just started this education (maximum 2 weeks) (n=15). The demographic data of the children (age, gender, bmi*) were recorded, and the evaluation of FMS, balance, strength and vertical jump was applied by an evaluator who did not know which group the children were in. Among the children included in the assessment, the mean age of the group that received taekwondo training was 10.33± 2.12 years, and the mean age of the group that had just started education was 11.73± 2.12 years. No significant difference was found between groups in FMS®, strength, balance and vertical jump measurements (p˃0.05). As a result, taekwondo training alone in children is insufficient in reducing the risk of injury and improving physical fitness parameters. We think that it would be appropriate to give additional corrective exercises together with taekwondo training. Moreover, this result emphasized the importance of pre-participation screenings once again.

Foot and Ankle Injuries in Elite Taekwondo Athletes: A 4-Year Descriptive Analysis.

Background:Foot and ankle injuries are a common but underestimated problem in taekwondo. Detailed data on injury incidence rates (IIRs), patterns, and injury mechanism are missing.Purpose:The primary aims were to evaluate the prevalence of foot and ankle injuries and the exposure-adjusted IIR of elite taekwondo athletes during matches while training (ie, sparring) and in competitions. The secondary aims were to evaluate injury site, type, sport-specific mechanism, and time loss.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiology study.Methods:Athletes from a single national Olympic taekwondo training center were assessed prospectively for foot and ankle injuries over 4 years (between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2019). Data were collected regarding number and type of injuries, anatomic location, and total exposure time during training and competition for each athlete. Injury mechanism and dominant foot were assessed via personal interview. Time loss from sport was analyzed retrospectively. The injury prevalence and IIR were calculated. Correlation between mechanism and injury type, location, and dominant foot was evaluated. Time loss according to location and injury type was assessed. The chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used to test for differences in sex, age, and taekwondo experience and for comparison of injury location and type, injury mechanism, and side dominance, respectively. Training and competition IIRs and prevalence were calculated with 95% CIs (for Poisson rates).Results:From an initial 107 athletes, 79 (73.8%) were included in the final data set. Of these athletes, 38 were injured (n = 112 injuries) for a prevalence of 48.1% (95% CI, 43%-52%). The overall IIR of the ankle joint was 13.14 injuries per 1000 athletes (95% CI, 1.5-25.9) and was significantly higher during competition versus training (P < .001). Ankle joint injuries were most common (n = 71; 63%). Significantly more noncontact versus contact ankle ligament injuries (n = 46; 83%) occurred (P < .001). The forefoot (n = 18; 66%) was mainly affected by contact injuries (P < .001). Time loss was the highest for midfoot fractures (mean ± SD, 23.0 ± 0.6 days; range, 23-24 days).Conclusion:Noncontact ligamentous ankle injuries were most common, with a higher incidence during competition. Improvement of strength, endurance, and postural stability under strain is recommended for prevention.

CONTENT ANALYSIS OF SOME DOCTORAL THESIS STUDIES CARRIED OUT IN TURKEY ON THE BRANCH OF TAEKWONDO IN THE FIELD OF SPORTS SCIENCES

&lt;p&gt;Taekwondo is an old martial art with a Korean origin that is performed with hands and feet, where several combined techniques are used together, and nerve-muscle use levels are high (Mark, 1984; Kim et al., 2011). The history of taekwondo may be traced back to centuries ago. Initially, this branch used to be taught for the person to defend themselves. Afterwards, throughout the centuries, it has been spread around the world as an artistic form. In addition to having an artistic form, the branch of taekwondo also requires high competitive strength. Taekwondo is a competitive sport that requires the displacement of the body parts of the opponent. As words, ‘tae’ means foot strike, ‘kwon’ means hand strike, and ‘do’ means philosophy (Kazemi et al., 2006). Taekwondo competitions are divided into two categories as sparring and poomsae. Sparring is performed against an opponent, while poomsae (imaginary sparring) is a branch where a single person performs. Taekwondo that is known as a demonstration sport showed itself for the first time in the 1988 Seoul and 1992 Barcelona Olympics. Its inclusion in official competitions occurred in the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games (Kazemi et al., 2004; Gupta, 2011). Taekwondo as an Olympic sport is a branch performed by 75-120 million individuals in more than 140 countries (Razi, 2016). Innovations made in equipment in time, changes in rules, safety measures, organization of competitions, and its prominent media- and education-related aspects have increasingly raised the interest in this branch and helped it gain its popularity today. With the increase in the popularity of the branch and the prominence it has gained in the Olympics, World Taekwondo has recently made some changes in the rules. Some changes may be listed as changes in the scoring system (increase in the point score of techniques applied on the head region), smaller game dimensions, enaction of the 10-sec rule and changes in penalty points (Moenig, 2015). Competitions are held in the form of 3 rounds of 1.5 minutes each for the Juniors and Teens categories and 3 rounds of 2 minutes each for the Youths and Adults categories, with 1 minute of rest between the rounds (Birrer, 1996; Toskovic et al. 2004; Heller ve ark., 1998). Competitions consist of various techniques applied on the head and torso regions. These techniques may be applied in the form of attack, counterattack and combined techniques. Athletes are scored based on the region on which they apply the techniques and the degree of difficulty. For athletes to receive points, they need to have multiple physical qualities. For competitive performance, taekwondo requires various factors including physical (Heller ve ark., 1998; Gao, 2001; Melhim, 2001; Ball et al.,2011; Estevan et al., 2011), psychological (de Prado, 2012), technical (Bridge et al., 2011; Cular et al., 2011) and tactical (Falcó et al., 2009; González et al., 2011) factors. This is why taekwondo training has been structured in a way to target these specific performance mediators (Heller et al., 1998; Gao, 2001). From this perspective, the purpose of taekwondo training is to prepare athletes in terms of both their physical activities and meeting of the physiological demands of competition (Marković et al., 2005; Pieter, 1991; Casoline et al., 2012). As strikes are important in taekwondo, athletes need to have explosive leg strength, aerobic resilience, balance and flexibility (Heller et al., 1998; Marković et al., 2005). Taekwondo athletes must have the capacity to rapidly produce muscle strength through kicks, because 80% of taekwondo skills are related to kicking (Shirley, 1992). Although these characteristics are not the only determinants of performance, they are among helpful pieces of information for trainers. There are studies in the literature on the physical and physiological characteristics of athletes. Nevertheless, it is important to increase the number of these studies and select the suitable training method for this group of athletes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0985/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Effects of Taekwondo Training on Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Taekwondo training on body composition and to evaluate the magnitude of the effect. Methods: Databases were used to select studies related to the effectiveness of Taekwondo training, and the inclusion criteria were as follows. Results: Thirty-seven studies were selected. We found statistically significant differences from the control group in weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist–hip ratio (WHR), body fat mass, body fat percentage, lean mass, and muscle mass. Also, the age group was statistically significant in control variables on weight, BMI, and body fat percentage. Conclusions: Taekwondo training had a positive effect on body composition, and these results suggest that Taekwondo training is an effective exercise method to lower obesity.

The Poomsae in Taekwondo is an effective therapy for executive function in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is pathology of genetic and neurological etiology and results in significant impairment of social and academic activity among children. Martial arts play an important role in the development of cognition especially among children with ADHD. The cognitive complexity of physical activity in Taekwondo Training Program is exemplified in poomsae (“forms”), which is a series of choreographic physical movements performed with technical precision in a particular order.

The Psychosocial Effects of Taekwondo Training: A Meta-Analysis.

Taekwondo is a Korean martial art and international sport, and its psychosocial benefits for its trainees have been studied extensively. This review aims to systematically assess and meta-analyze the effects of Taekwondo training on sociality, character, etiquette, and school life adjustment. We searched the RISS, NDSL, and KISS electronic databases between January 1985 and December 2019. We also included gray literature, such as theses, in addition to peer-reviewed articles. R software (version 3.6.2, R Core Team, Vienna, Austria) was used to synthesize the effect sizes and perform moderation analyses. Twenty-eight studies (24 cross-sectional and four intervention studies) were included in the final meta-analysis. Significant positive effects of Taekwondo training were found on sociality (MD = 0.266, 95% CI: 0.191 to 0.341), character (MD = 0.446, 95% CI: 0.331–0.560), etiquette (MD = 0.562, 95% CI: 0.500–0.624), and school life adjustment (MD = 0.308, 95% CI: 0.195–0.421). Overall, the findings of this meta-analysis support that Taekwondo can have a positive impact on the psychosocial factors of trainees. Due to several limitations discussed, well-designed RCTs and multiple levels of Taekwondo intervention studies should be conducted in future research to validate the current findings.

Effects of 16 Weeks of Taekwondo Training on the Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity, Circulating Neurotransmitters, and Subjective Well-Being of Obese Postmenopausal Women.

We investigated the effects of Taekwondo training on the body composition, serum lipid profiles, plasma neurotransmitter levels, cerebral blood flow velocities, and subjective well-being of 24 obese postmenopausal women. The women were randomly assigned into the experimental (n = 12) and control (n = 12) groups. The experimental group underwent Taekwondo training five times per week for 16 weeks, while the control group did not. All participants underwent evaluation for the following parameters before and after the intervention: body composition; serum lipid profiles; plasma serotonin and dopamine levels; cerebral blood flow velocities; positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS) scores; satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) scores. After the intervention, it was observed that the weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and PANAS-NA (negative affect in the PANAS questionnaire) scores were significantly decreased (p < 0.05)—while the plasma serotonin levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05)—in the experimental group. Conversely, there were no significant changes in the cerebral blood flow velocities (p > 0.05). Taekwondo training can be effective in not only reducing obesity, but also in increasing the circulating neurotransmitters and enhancing the subjective well-being of obese postmenopausal women.

태권도 수련활동이 청소년들의 참여만족도와 생활스트레스에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Taekwondo training on participation satisfaction and life stress for teenagers in G metropolitan city, and it was divided into two groups, male and female. Participation satisfaction was measured by questionnaire method, and life stress was measured by salivary α-amylase. For statistics, an independent t-test and frequency analysis were performed to see the difference between the two groups. The participation satisfaction of the youth through Taekwondo training was high in both groups of male and female students: Questions 1 (I enjoy participating in Taekwondo training), 14 (there are many unnecessary events in Taekwondo), and 18 (Pride in Taekwondo) ) and 21 (I have a colleague who is not on good terms at the same time). In addition, life stress was found to be higher in female students than male students.<BR> In summary, through the results of the participation satisfaction and life stress of the youth participating in the Taekwondo training activities, the results were derived to know the use of the Taekwondo training program and the direction of guidance. Considering this aspect, it should be devised so that young people can actively and actively engage in Taekwondo training activities on their own.

초등학교 태권도 수련생의 수련에 대한 재미와 운동지속의도의 관계에서 신체적 자기효능감과 주관적 행복의 매개효과

Based on the research conducted with the aim of providing basic data on the continuation of exercise for elementary school Taekwondo trainees through the analysis of the intermediate effects of physical self-effectiveness and subjective happiness in the relationship between fun and exercise persistence. First, fun had a static effect on physical self-effectiveness and subjective happiness. Second, physical self-effectiveness and subjective well-being had a significant effect on the degree of sustainability of exercise. Third, physical self-effectiveness and subjective euphoria had a mediating effect in the relationship between interesting and exercise continuity. The findings show that the fun of training Taekwondo increases physical self-effectiveness, can feel happiness, and these factors provide an incentive to continue exercising. This is believed to bring positive growth physically, emotionally and psychologically through Taekwondo training for elementary school students in their childhood.

Application of intelligent edge computing technology for video surveillance in human movement recognition and Taekwondo training

With the explosive growth of global data volume, the centralized cloud computing computing model cannot provide low-latency, high-efficiency video surveillance services. Therefore, a distributed computing model is proposed, which directly processes peripheral video data to reduce transmission pressure, the burden of the central cloud server and the processing delay of the video surveillance system. Combined with the federated learning algorithm, a light neural network model is proposed. The light neural network is used to generate calculation models in different scenarios, and the generated models are reasonably arranged in edge devices. With the continuous development of technology, human motion analysis has become a hot research field in recent years, and human motion recognition is developed on the basis of human motion analysis. With the development of society, the level of Chinese Taekwondo has improved compared to before. Therefore, Chinese Taekwondo classes have gradually developed, but behind this phenomenon there is a problem of uneven teaching quality. In order to help solve the teaching problems in the learning process of Taekwondo and further improve the level of Chinese Taekwondo, the author carried out specific research in conjunction with D.A. Cooper's empirical learning theory. Future work will continue to study federated learning algorithms, optimize general neural network weight update methods, further improve detection results, and introduce neural network compression acceleration algorithms to make the system meet real-time requirements. This research uses scientific and technological means as a guide to study technical actions and strategies, and apply these strategies to specific teaching experiments for testing.

Effects of Four Weeks of Concurrent Taekwondo Plus Resistance Training on Post-exercise Blood Biomarkers of Physiological Stress in Previously-Trained Individuals

Background: Various training protocols have been used in combat sports, including Taekwondo (TKD), to rapidly improve performance and to avoid injury by balancing the exercise intensity and the athletes’ metabolic tolerance and hormonal response. However, little is known about such metabolic responses in previously-trained individuals. Objectives: To investigate the effects of a concurrent TKD plus resistance (RT) training program on post-exercise blood biomarkers of physiological stress in previously-trained individuals. Methods: Twenty-eight (16 males: 12 females) previously-trained individuals aged 20 - 26 years were matched by gender and randomly divided into either moderate- to vigorous-intensity exercising group (MODG) or a high-intensity exercising group (HIG). The MODG performed TKD training at a target training intensity of 55 - 70% (weeks 1 - 2) and 70 - 85% (weeks 3 - 4) maximum heart rate (HRmax) and RT training for four sets of 10 - 15 repetitions for each of the 13 whole-body RT exercises. The HIG performed TKD training at a target training intensity of 85 - 100% (weeks 1 - 2) and 95 - 100% (weeks 3 - 4) HRmax and RT training for five sets of 10 - 15 repetitions for each of the 13 whole-body RT exercises. A structured taekwondo tasks (sTT) test was conducted before and after the training period. Results: Significant post-exercise improvements were found for total testosterone (P = 0.02), free testosterone (P = 0.01), C/T ratio (P = 0.03) and lactate (P = 0.03) in the mixed gender HIG. With regards to the specific gender effects, post-exercise improvements were found in S-CPK in the male MODG and HIG, with improvements in uric acid only in the male HIG. In turn, post-exercise improvements were found for total testosterone, testosterone binding globulin, free testosterone in the female MODG and HIG, with post-exercise improvements in S-CPK and uric acid in the female HIG only. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that even a short period of concurrent taekwondo and resistance training improves adaptation and post-exercise responses to physiological stress, and such adaptation may even be more marked in previously-trained female athletes. Thus, this mode of training may provide a novel exercise training modality to rapidly improve an individuals’ capacity to exercise, especially in situations of plateau, while avoiding overtraining and an increased concomitant chance of illness and musculoskeletal injury.

Effect of Regular Taekwondo Self-Defense Training on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Markers in Postmenopausal Women

We aimed to investigate the effect of a 12-week Taekwondo self-defense training course on oxidative stress and inflammation in postmenopausal women. Sixteen middle-aged women participated and were randomized into two groups: a control group (CG, n = 8) and a Taekwondo self-defense training group (TSDG, n = 8). The TSDG was trained for 60 min, four times per week, for 12 weeks. Following the Taekwondo training intervention, side-step was significantly higher in the TSDG than in the CG (p < 0.001). Malondialdehyde levels were significantly lower after the intervention than before in the TSDG (p < 0.01). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were also significantly higher after the intervention than before in the TSDG (p < 0.001). After the Taekwondo training intervention, SOD levels were significantly higher in the TSDG than in the CG (p < 0.01). Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels were significantly lower after the intervention than before in the TSDG (p < 0.05). After the Taekwondo training intervention, TNF-α levels were significantly lower in the TSDG than in the CG (p < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that Taekwondo self-defense training is an effective exercise that improves agility, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses in postmenopausal women.

Structural relationship between commitment velocity and relationship maintenance intention in the core service quality and relationship benefits of Taekwondo

The purpose of this study was to investigate the structural relationship between the commitment velocity perceived by parents and the intention to maintain the relationship between the core service quality and relationship benefits provided by Taekwondo. It was extracted using the convenient sampling method for parents of Taekwondo trainees in the metropolitan area. As analysis methods, frequency analysis, descriptive statistics analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, structural equation model analysis, And mediating effect revalidation was performed. As a result of the study, there was a significant influence relationship between each variable set in this study, and the partial mediating effect of the parameters was verified.