Behavioral Tactics Research Articles

Intra- and Intersexual Mate Competition in Two Cultures : A Comparison of Women's Response to Mate Competition with Women and Gender-Nonbinary Males in Samoa and among the Istmo Zapotec.

The present study examined women's mate competition tactics in response to female and feminine-male rivals in two cultures in which competition against both occurs. In Samoa and the Istmo Zapotec (Southern Mexico), women not only compete with other women (intrasexually) but also compete with rival feminine males (intersexually) in order to access/retain the same masculine men as sexual/romantic partners. Using a mixed-method paradigm, women were asked about their experiences of intra- and intersexual mate competition, and these narratives were recorded. The tactics reportedly employed by participants, and those attributed to mate competitors, were categorized according to established taxonomies of mate competition tactics, and their frequencies compared. Within-culture, the likelihood that participant women had ever experienced intra- and intersexual mate competition did not differ. Furthermore, participants reported a similar pattern of behavioral tactics whether their rival was another woman or a feminine male. These included benefit provisioning tactics during mate acquisition and cost-inflicting tactics during mate retention. Similarly, the mate competition tactics attributed to rival women and rival feminine males bore a striking resemblance, focused on enticing target men. Results highlight the mate competition tactics employed by women outside of a Euro-American context, and the way cultural factors impact mating landscapes presumed to be exclusively heterosexual. The presence of feminine males, alongside masculine men's willingness to engage in sexual activity with them, induces women in such cultures to compete intersexually in comparable ways to intrasexual competition with rival women.

Key Words as Markers of the Communicative Behavior of the Discursive Personality of the Nominee to the USA Presidency (Based on the Genre of Pre-Election Debates)

Introduction. This paper presents an analysis of the language indicators of communicative behavior of US presidential candidates during election debates. The scientific novelty consists of determining the specifics of the characteristics of the communicative behavior of the discursive personality, which form the basis of the corresponding social type, which can be identified using the methods of linguistic analysis. The study of the discursive personality is reduced to a description of the types of its performative actions; identification of types of communicative tonality that characterize the manner of behavior of a discursive personality and make it recognizable; identification of axiological characteristics of the studied discursive personality. The relevance of the work lies in the study of the problematic aspects of the discursive personality, explaining the specifics of the models of communicative behavior in situations of political communication.Methodology and sources. This study used the methods of corpus linguistics and the interpretative method of discourse analysis. The texts of the genre of election debates, which took place from 2000 to 2020, became the empirical basis of this study. The volume of the corpus of these texts amounted to more than 1.5 million words. A corpus method of keywords, which allows to identify unique tokens of pre-election speeches of each of the presidential candidates; a qualitative analysis method that explains typical communicative actions that representatives of the two ruling parties of the United States, were used to establish the characteristics of the communicative behavior of US presidential candidates.Results and discussion. The results of a comparative study of the discursive personality of the US presidential candidate representatives of the Republican and Democratic parties are presented. The study of keywords showed typical tactics of communicative behavior of candidates for US presidential candidates of the Democratic and Republican parties. It is established that presidential candidates from both parties use prosecution tactics in election debates, Republicans are more likely to resort to direct accusation tactics accusations of violating pragmatic, instrumental values, Democrats prefer indirect accusation tactics, which are based on accusations of violation of moral norms and values by political opponents.Conclusion. The discursive personality of the US presidential candidate reflects the variable socio-ideological component of political discourse, which is manifested in a specific set of speech strategies and tactics and language structures that implement them.

"The Drug Use Unfortunately isn't all Bad": Chronic Disease Self-Management Complexity and Strategy Among Marginalized People Who Use Drugs.

Self-management programs improve health outcomes and self-management is recommended for chronic conditions. Yet chronic disease self-management supports have rarely been applied to people who use drugs (PWUD). Thus, our objective was to explore self-management experiences among marginalized PWUD. We used community-based participatory methods and conducted qualitative interviews. Participants self-identified as having long-term and past year experience using non-prescribed drugs, one other chronic condition, and socioeconomic marginalization. We analyzed the data using reflexive thematic analysis. Although many participants considered drug use a chronic health issue, self-medicating with non-prescribed drugs was also a key self-management strategy to address other health issues. Participants also described numerous other strategies, including cognitive and behavioral tactics. These findings highlight the need for a safe supply of pharmaceutical-grade drugs to support self-management among marginalized PWUD. Self-management supports should also be tailored to address relevant topics (e.g., harm reduction, withdrawal), include creative activities, and not hinder PWUD’s agency.

Behavioral responses of male elk to hunting risk

AbstractPrey respond to predation risk with a range of behavioral tactics that can vary based on space use and hunting mode of the predator. Unlike other predators, human hunters are often more spatially and temporally restricted, which creates a period of short‐duration, high‐intensity predation risk for prey. Consequently, identifying the roles different hunting modes (i.e., archery and rifle), hunts for targeted and non‐targeted species, and landscape features play in altering spatial and temporal responses of prey to predation risk by humans is important for effective management of harvested populations. From 2009 to 2016, we used a large‐scale experiment including 50 animal‐years of location data from 38 unique male elk (Cervus canadensis) to quantify changes in movement and resource selection in response to hunters during 3 separate 5‐day controlled hunts for antlered males (elk archery, deer [Odocoileus spp.] rifle, and elk rifle) at the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range in northeast Oregon, USA. We evaluated competing hypotheses regarding elk responses to varying levels of prey risk posed by the different hunt types. We predicted that the strength of elk behavioral responses would increase with perceived hunter lethality (i.e., weak response to elk archery but similar response to elk and deer rifle hunts) and that prey response would be closely associated with hunter activity within the diel cycle (greater during diurnal than nocturnal hours) and across hunting seasons. Elk responses were strongest during diurnal hours when hunters were active on the landscape and were generally more pronounced during both rifle hunts than during the archery hunt (supporting our perceived lethality hypothesis). Male elk avoided open roads across all periods except during nocturnal hours of the breeding season and alternated between avoidance of areas with high canopy cover during nocturnal hours and selection during diurnal hours. In combination these patterns led to distinct distributional changes of male elk from pre‐hunt to hunt periods. Patterns of male elk selection highlight the importance of managing for heterogeneous landscapes to meet a variety of habitat, harvest, hunter satisfaction, and escapement objectives.

MODERN PSYCHOANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACH IN THE STRUCTURE OF PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND PSYCHOTHERAPY

During the period from 1987 to 2021 in the former USSR (Kazakhstan, Russia) and Israel over 3500 people were examined, the first group consisted of males with substance abuse and alcohol abuse in their diagnoses, both with the main diagnosis and in combination with comorbid pathology (1027). The second mixed group, consisted of men and women with only psychiatric diagnoses (1657 and 989), with schizophrenic spectrum disorders dominating among the diagnoses -70.7%. According to the constitutional type of skeletal structure, in the first group among the patients, asthenics accounted for 37%, and in the second group - 58.7%. Thus, asthenics proved to be the most vulnerable group with respect to the development of psychopathology, yielding only slightly to normosthenics in the first group (41% and 37%). An individual, in extreme conditions, which include stressful situations, frustrating circumstances and the disease itself, usually demonstrates basic priority behavioral tactics for resolving an unfavorable situation. The method of psycho-constitutional psychotherapy is based on an understanding of three characteristic basic behavioral tactics: "Patience" is the typical "freeze" behavioral tactic for hypersthenics, in other words, "wait it out. "Avoidance" is the "flight" behavioral tactic typical of asthenics, i.e., actively move away from the frustrating object or situation; "Persistence" is the normosthenic "fight" behavioral tactic, i.e., the maximum use of one's own volitional qualities to overcome the frustrating situation. The patient's ability to change and model the choice of a behavioral tactic by himself or herself considerably raises not only self-esteem, but also amplifies the psychotherapeutic effect. Regarding clinical practice of pharmacological treatment of psychiatric and drug addiction problems, certain regularities between the choice of a drug, it's possible side effects and the psychoconstitutional structure of the patient's personality have been found.

MODERN PSYCHOANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACH IN THE STRUCTURE OF PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND PSYCHOTHERAPY / СОВРЕМЕННЫЙ ПСИХОАНТРОПОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ПОДХОД В СТРУКТУРЕ ПСИХИАТРИЧЕСКОГО ДИАГНОЗА, ЛЕЧЕНИИ И ПСИХОТЕРАПИИ

During the period from 1987 to 2021 in the former USSR (Kazakhstan, Russia) and Israel over 3500 people were examined, the first group consisted of males with substance abuse and alcohol abuse in their diagnoses, both with the main diagnosis and in combination with comorbid pathology (1027). The second mixed group, consisted of men and women with only psychiatric diagnoses (1657 and 989), with schizophrenic spectrum disorders dominating among the diagnoses -70.7%. According to the constitutional type of skeletal structure, in the first group among the patients, asthenics accounted for 37%, and in the second group - 58.7%. Thus, asthenics proved to be the most vulnerable group with respect to the development of psychopathology, yielding only slightly to normosthenics in the first group (41% and 37%). An individual, in extreme conditions, which include stressful situations, frustrating circumstances and the disease itself, usually demonstrates basic priority behavioral tactics for resolving an unfavorable situation. The method of psycho-constitutional psychotherapy is based on an understanding of three characteristic basic behavioral tactics: "Patience" is the typical "freeze" behavioral tactic for hypersthenics, in other words, "wait it out. "Avoidance" is the "flight" behavioral tactic typical of asthenics, i.e., actively move away from the frustrating object or situation; "Persistence" is the normosthenic "fight" behavioral tactic, i.e., the maximum use of one's own volitional qualities to overcome the frustrating situation. The patient's ability to change and model the choice of a behavioral tactic by himself or herself considerably raises not only self-esteem, but also amplifies the psychotherapeutic effect. Regarding clinical practice of pharmacological treatment of psychiatric and drug addiction problems, certain regularities between the choice of a drug, it's possible side effects and the psychoconstitutional structure of the patient's personality have been found.

Assessment of the State of Competition in the Tourist Market of Ukraine

The article evaluates the intensity of competition and the level of monopolization in the tourism market of Ukraine. It is noted that the most important feature of the tourist market of Ukraine is the intensity of competition – the struggle between tourist organizations for the most favorable conditions of production and sale in order to achieve better business results and business development. In such conditions, the assessment of the intensity of competition and the level of monopolization of the tourism market will allow companies to develop their pricing, product, sales and communication policies, to shape their strategy and tactics of behavior in the market. It is noted that among the indicators most often used to assess the intensity of competition in the industry: market concentration index, Rosenbluth index (Hall-Tydman), Herfindahl-Hirschman index and the relative concentration ratio. It is possible to assess the efficiency of a tourist enterprise, as well as to predict the prospects of its development with the help of a traditional tool – market share. It demonstrates the place of a travel company in the relevant market segment among competitors. It is proved that the information base for the analysis of competition in the market of tourist services of Ukraine is statistical and accounting of enterprises of various types for which tourism is the main, statistics of the Main Department of Statistics of Ukraine, State Agency for Tourism Development of Ukraine, State Statistics Service of Ukraine. The rating of tour operators of Ukraine by the number of served tourists was assessed. It is determined that the leaders in the tourist market and the largest share in the number of tourists served are tour operators “Join UP!”, Travel Company “Anex Tour”, “TEZ Tour”, “Coral Travel”. Indicators of intensity of competition in the tourist market of Ukraine for 2018-2019 are calculated. According to the indicators for assessing the intensity of competition in the market, it was noted that the market is non-monopolized, low-concentrated (moderately concentrated) and high-intensity competition. The results of the assessment of the intensity of competition can be used in the formation of competitive strategies of tour operators in Ukraine, in deciding on the entry of new enterprises in the industry or on the feasibility of continuing to operate effectively in existing firms. Keywords estimation, tourist market, competition, intensity, monopolization, indicators, index, coefficient.

Конфликтный потенциал современных социально-трудовых отношений

The article examines the issues of protection of labour rights by Russian employees, that led to heated discussions at working meetings of employees of the Center for Comprehensive Social Research of FCTAS RAS, when it came to life values ​​and the potential for protest activity. One of the main questions raised by V.V. Petukhov - Why, despite the importance and significance for many Russians of such a sphere of life as work, nevertheless, few people are ready to defend their labour rights by any means, in fact, rather adapting to the situation and often deliberately worsening their situation? The starting point for working on this text was an article by V.V. Petukhov "Crisis and protection of labour rights of citizens”, published in the journal "Sociological Research" in 2016. The main idea expressed in the article is to continue the scientific discussion of the ongoing changes in the social and labour sphere that characterise the behaviour of modern workers in cases of infringement or violation of labour rights. In the presented article, the author, continuing the reflections of V.V. Petukhov, demonstrates, based on the empirical data collected in the course of many years of research by the ISRAS, what tactics of labour behaviour and ways of defending the rights and interests are chosen by Russian workers, how they assess today the level of opportunities to influence the adoption of managerial decisions at the place of work, the ability to influence the improvement of working conditions. Based on the analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that in modern conditions, social and labour relations in Russia are not yet a favourable environment for the development of professional and qualification competencies, for productive and efficient work. Difficulties with the realisation of the labour rights of citizens, when the legal possibility of defending them is either not realised or is blocked, can lead to the radicalisation of certain groups of citizens. Moreover, the "foci" of such radicalisation, in the author´s opinion, will be localised in socio-professional groups and industries where the conditions of short-term (precarious) employment are most widespread.

СТРАТЕГИИ ЛЕГИТИМАЦИИ И ПОДДЕРЖАНИЯ ИМИДЖА В ДИСКУРСЕ РОССИЙСКИХ ГУБЕРНАТОРОВ ВО ВРЕМЯ ПАНДЕМИИ COVID-19

The timeliness of the present study is explained, first, by the new challenges the authorities face during the COVID-19 pandemic, and by the growing popularity of social networks as a platform for political communication. The purpose of the presented research is to study the legitimation strategies and the strategies for maintaining the image in the blogs of regional leaders during the COVID-19 pandemic. The methodological basis of the study constitutes the classification of strategies and tactics of speech behavior by O.N. Parshina (2005), as well as the classification of legitimation strategies by T. Van Leeuwen (2008). Along with qualitative content analysis, the authors employed correlation analysis of data. The results of the study reveal that image maintenance strategies are an integral part of the discourse of legitimation. The highest correlation was found between the strategy of forming the emotional state of the addressee (the strategy of maintaining the image) and the strategies of moral assessment and appeal to authority (the strategy of legitimation). In addition, there were no statistically significant deviations in the use of strategies and tactics in the discourse of the governors participating in the study, which probably allows us to speak of a certain emerging trend in Russian political discourse amid the pandemic.

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ИНВЕСТИЦИОННОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ СУБЪЕКТОВ МАЛОГО БИЗНЕСА (НА ПРИМЕРЕ УЧАСТИЯ КОМПАНИЙ В РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫХ ПРОЕКТАХ)

The article deals with the issues of improving the efficiency of investment activities of small business sector entities through the participation of companies in investment projects of regional and municipal significance. An analysis of the advantages of small private businesses in the implementation of investment processes showed that small enterprises are able to help solve the most important social and economic problems of territorial entities due to natural mobility, innovative orientation, flexible tactics of behavior in the market, quick response to the needs of the consumer and partner sectors. But despite a number of obvious advantages of the small business sector, the article stated the fact that there is no desire for small businesses to participate in projects of regional and municipal significance and the predominance of strategic associations "big business – the state" in the Russian regions. In the course of the study, the reasons for the non-participation of small and medium-sized companies in projects of regional importance were attributed to: the disunity of interests of business and government structures, the unfavorable investment climate in the region of presence, the fictitious measures of state support for small businesses, the instability of the legislative system, the high tax and administrative burden on small and medium-sized enterprises, low level of mutual trust between government and business, instability of the political and economic situation in the country. A consistently negative factor for the development of investment activity in the SME sector within the framework of regional investment projects is the lack of guarantees and excessive regulatory requirements from the state. An analysis of the currently relevant results of sociological studies of federal services has shown that the most popular regional investment projects involve attracting investments in areas with the highest degree of distrust of entrepreneurs. A comprehensive assessment of the impact of natural barriers inherent in the economic activity of the small business sector and environmental factors led to the conclusion that it is expedient for small companies to participate in investment regional projects, subject to a complete transformation of the current relationship between business and government structures

Denigrate Comment Detection in Low-Resource Hindi Language Using Attention-Based Residual Networks

Cyberspace has been recognized as a conducive environment for use of various hostile, direct, and indirect behavioural tactics to target individuals or groups. Denigration is one of the most frequently used cyberbullying ploys to actively damage, humiliate, and disparage the online reputation of target by sending, posting, or publishing cruel rumours, gossip, and untrue statements. Previous pertinent studies report detecting profane, vulgar, and offensive words primarily in the English language. This research puts forward a model to detect online denigration bullying in low-resource Hindi language using attention residual networks. The proposed model Hindi Denigrate Comment–Attention Residual Network (HDC-ARN) intends to uncover defamatory posts (denigrate comments) written in Hindi language which stake and vilify a person or an entity in public. Data with 942 denigrate comments and 1499 non-denigrate comments is scraped using certain hashtags from two recent trending events in India: Tablighi Jamaat spiked Covid-19 (April 2020, Event 1) and Sushant Singh Rajput Death (June 2020: Event 2). Only text-based features, that is, the actual content of the post, are considered. The pre-trained word embedding for Hindi language from fastText is used. The model has three ResNet blocks with an attention layer that generates a post vector for a single input, which is passed through a sigmoid activation function to get the final output as either denigrate (positive class) or non-denigrate (negative class). An F-1 score of 0.642 is achieved on the dataset.

STUDYING ACTIVITIES OF COMPETITORS OF MOTOR TRANSPORT ENTERPRISE

This article discusses the study of competitors’ activity and presents some of the results of our research in this area. The main purpose of the study is to determine the positions, establish the strengths and weaknesses of their activities, assess their own ability to develop on this basis, the strategy and tactics of competitive behavior of the enterprise in the market. Based on the study of literature sources, the shortcomings of the existing model of analyzing competitors are identified, the proposals for its improvement are given. It is proposed to study the activities of competitors in the following sequence: identifying priority competitors, collecting data on their activities, identifying strengths and weaknesses, determining the position of the company among competitors. To determine the priority competitors, the analysis of the correlation field – the cell in the coordinate system – competitor and market segment is offered, in which we obtain the data: the volume of transport services, the market segment share, the share of traffic in total transport work. These indicators are determined for each competitor and show the priority of each competitor. 
 At the first stage of the methodology of analysis of competitors’ activity, an approach to the definition of priority competitors is proposed, which means those of them who have the largest market share, both in the market as a whole and in a particular market segment. Much attention in the study is paid to determining the list of signs of competitors’ priority and establishing sources of information. On the basis of certain values of the enterprise and competitors there is an opportunity to establish the strengths and weaknesses of each of them. On the basis of the signs of enterprises’ activity that characterize their size, it is possible to obtain a generalized assessment of the market position of the trucking company and competitors, their strengths and weaknesses. At the same time, ratings are made without and with taking into account the importance of each criterion of the market position of MTE and competitors. The results of the research can be used in the process of determining the optimal strategy for motor transport enterprises.

Chronic exposure to ∆ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in adolescence decreases social play behaviours.

Background: Cannabis use remains a major public health concern, and its use typically begins in adolescence. Chronic administration of ∆ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive compound in cannabis, during adolescence can produce deficits in adult learning and memory, stress reactivity and anxiety. One possible mechanism behind the disruptions in adulthood from adolescent exposure to THC includes changes in social behaviours, such as social play, which has been shown to be critical to socio-cognitive development. Methods: Here, using an established animal model of adolescent THC exposure in male and female Long-Evans rats, we explored the effects of THC on play behaviour during the chronic administration period. Following puberty onset, as indicated by external changes to the genitalia, THC (5mg/kg) was administered for 14 days. Play behaviour was assessed seven days following the onset of the injection period at approximately 1 hour post treatment. The frequency of nape attacks, the likelihood and tactics of defensive behaviour, and pins were scored and analyzed. Results: THC exposure decreased playfulness in adolescent rats including the number of attacks, likelihood of defense and pins compared to control and vehicle treated rats. Conclusion: This suggests that THC suppresses both the attack and defense components of social play. This is an important finding because there is evidence that attack and defense may be mediated by different mechanisms. Furthermore, the effect of THC exposure decreasing playfulness occurred similarly in males and females.

Improving the Effectiveness of Time-of-Use Pricing to Make Household Electricity Consumption More Sustainable

To increase efficiencies and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, policymakers and electric utility providers are increasingly adopting time-of-use (TOU) pricing policies, which charge the most for electricity consumption during on-peak hours, the times when the demand for electricity is greatest. TOU policies aim to disincentivize on-peak electricity use in favor of use during usually low-demand, off-peak periods to reduce the suppliers’ need to augment electricity generated by low- or nonemitting sources (such as hydro-electric and nuclear power) with electricity generated by high-emitting sources (such as coal- or gas-fired power plants). Researchers and policymakers are attempting to apply behavioral science tactics to enhance the effectiveness of TOU pricing by making behavioral science-based changes to electricity bills or delivering personalized information about electricity use and pricing, or doing both. In this article, we describe several studies we conducted in Ontario, Canada, in which we examined customer responses to various bill designs and communications. Simplifying bills and emphasizing the high cost of on-peak use (that is, making on-peak pricing more salient) were effective at shifting behavior, as was the delivery of nudge reports, which compared a household's electricity use with its past consumption, offered conservation tips, and asked customers to make a pledge to reduce consumption. These studies demonstrate that incorporating behavioral tactics into existing consumer-facing communications can be an effective, low-cost, and scalable way to induce customers to increase off-peak electricity use and thus limit greenhouse gas emissions.

Audit committee oversight of external audit: an examination of structural power and behavioural tactics

PurposeThis study aims to examine the structural power wielded by the audit committee (AC) and the various bases of its power, whilst also exploring the behavioural tactics used by the AC to leverage its power in the oversight of the external audit. Design/methodology/approachEmpirical evidence was drawn from semi-structured interviews with external auditors and AC members in Malaysia. FindingsThe AC’s structural power is derived from its formal and network position in the organisation. The AC possesses three forms of organisational-based power (legitimate, coercive and informational) resultant from its formal position, and these combine with the AC’s personal power (will and expert). The AC uses its personal power base to develop trusting relationships and to promote the exchange of information with other key corporate governance actors in the network position. Furthermore, the AC applies at least four behavioural tactics (assertiveness, ingratiation, rationality and coalition formation) to exercise its bases of power. Originality/valueThis study attempts to describe the AC’s structural sources of power, its organisational and personal power bases, and the behavioural tactics it uses when exerting its power.

Shade affects magnitude and tactics of juvenile Chinook salmon antipredator behavior in the migration corridor

Environmental conditions strongly affect antipredator behaviors; however, it is less known how migrating prey adjust antipredator behavior in migration corridors, in part, because active migrants are difficult to observe and study. Migrants are vulnerable and encounter many predators in the corridor, and their propensity to travel towards their destination ties antipredator behavior with movement. We evaluated how environmental risk cues in the migration corridor including in-water habitat structure (present, absent) and overhead shade (sun, shade), and salmon origin (hatchery, wild) affected how juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) reacted to a live predator. We measured how salmon react to predation risk as the difference in time to swim downstream through a 9.1-m long field enclosure with or without a live predatory largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Shade significantly modified the reaction to the predator, and it did so in two ways. First, the magnitude of antipredator behavior was larger in shade compared to direct sun, which suggests salmon perceived shade to be a riskier environment than sun. Second, the escape tactic also varied; salmon slowed down to be cautious in shade and sped up in sun. Structure did not significantly affect behavior and hatchery and wild salmon behaved similarly. Our study suggests that environmental risk cues can shape the magnitude and tactics of how migrants react to predation risk and illustrates how these responses relate to movement with potential to scale up and affect migration patterns.

Lawyer’s emotional intelligence and professional ethics development: aspects of the widespread introduction of legal clinic

Legal clinic is an innovative form of legal education. There is the need to critically reflect on functioning of a legal clinic in order to determine the possibility of clinical education to be a factor in the development of students’ emotional intelligence and professional ethics. The article covers possible positive and negative aspects of the widespread introduction of legal clinic as a means of individual students’ qualities development into law education. The study is based on the method of systematic analysis, allowing comprehensively cover legal clinics functions and critically evaluate the impact of legal clinics on emotional intelligence and professional ethics of future lawyers’ development. The article shows that legal clinic, being an innovative form of legal education aimed at developing practical skills of future lawyers, performs both educational and social functions. Legal clinic promotes the development of emotional intelligence (allowing students to better understand and control their emotion, as well as to adequately perceive the client's psychological state, choosing appropriate tactics of behavior) and professional ethics (understanding the importance of the principle of the rule of law, the priority of human rights, awareness of the role of a lawyer in society and the importance of pro bono activities).

Intercultural communication as the basis for effective teaching of foreign languages

The article examines the role and importance of intercultural communication in the process of learning a foreign language at university. Intercultural interaction is viewed as a source of formation and development of professional and personal qualities of students, intercultural competency and interethnic tolerance, as a means of overcoming communication difficulties in situations of foreign language communication. In modern society, in the context of digitalisation, the development of informational and social networks, with the introduction of distance education, intercultural foreign language communication is considered an indispensable part of life and learning. It is characterised by an intensive exchange of information, values and experience, by networking and maintaining contacts, and developing cooperation. Intercultural dialogue allows students to expand their knowledge of cultural characteristics, traditions, etiquette and customs of people living in different countries; to understand and accept the linguistic and cultural diversity of communication partners; to improve their skills and abilities; to use language and speech means, choose strategies and tactics of behaviour and communication in order to achieve mutual understanding and goals following the communicative task and communicative situation. Reliance on intercultural communication in the process of learning foreign languages contributes to the interiorisation of new knowledge, the development of social activity, creativity and mobility of students, increases the motivation to learn a foreign language, inspires the use of new interesting psychological and pedagogic forms in studies and work, allowing effective interaction in a multicultural environment.

Linguistic Indicators of Coercive Control: Evidenced in Sex Trafficking Narratives

Prior research on coercive control has focused on coercive behavioral tactics to better understand how coercion is exacted in abusive relationships. Furthering this body of research, this study extends coercive behavior to the linguistic domain, by examining the linguistic correlates of long-term coercive relationships. Using transcripts of wiretapped conversations, spanning a 2-year period, between two pimps and four women they sexually exploited, this study examined the distinct linguistic manifestation of asymmetric power in commercial sexual exploitation. Our findings suggest a complementary linguistic dimension to the commonly reported behavioral repertoire of coercive control tactics. Specifically, the victims consistently complied with the microregulation and surveillance presumed by their pimps by engaging in discursive overelaboration. This overelaboration often included details of their location, activity, and timing—and were designed to justify those as work-and profit-relevant. This pattern of pre-emptive, unsolicited overelaboration that the commercial sexually exploited women exhibited toward their pimps was almost nonexistent in their personal conversations with other individuals. These results open the opportunity for the indirect measurement of interpersonal abuse, making it less dependent on explicit physical abuse and more broadly situated within the coercive environment.

What the COVID-19 Pandemic Teaches About the essential Practices of Community Corrections and Supervision

The COVID-19 pandemic occurred in the midst of a reform movement in probation and parole supervision in the United States. Because social distancing orders created significant disruptions in probation and parole, the pandemic provides an opportunity to explore the innovative ways that probation and parole officers adjusted their supervision strategies with clients. We surveyed probation and parole officers in the United States ( N = 1,054; 65% female, 66% probation) in May–June 2020 about the supervision strategies they used with people on their caseloads before and immediately after the pandemic’s onset. Data indicate that overall rates of contact did not change, but that in-person contacts were replaced with remote communication strategies. Client access to electronic communication platforms, especially video conferencing, facilitated more frequent contact and more reliance on behavioral tactics and treatment-oriented case management approaches in the post-COVID period. Results reveal the potential role for video conferencing as an integral element of probation and parole reform.