Attack Tactics Research Articles

კიბერშპიონაჟის მიზნები, ტაქტიკა და მისი საფრთხის მართვის საშუალებები საქართველოს საჯარო ადმინისტრირების სისტემაში

There are number of cases against the states among the cyber-attacks occurred in the recent years, when there was a breach of diplomatic secrets, confidential or personal data with various malicious aims from the perpetrator’s side. With the development of technologies, not only the frequency, but also the severity of such cyberattacks is rising, giving an alarm to the governments. The victims have been both developed and developing countries, including Georgia, which was one of the first to be addressed and the strong tactics of the malicious attack deserved to be noted by several cyber security experts. One of the methods of compromising information security is cyber espionage, which, as recent cases have demonstrated, is one of the most important cyber threats the states are facing. The focus of the article is on the aims of cyber espionage, as well as on the methods and means used by criminals to achieve malicious goals. In the process of demonstrating the goals, the reader will be shown relevant statistics and information on crime tactics. Well-known examples of cyber espionage and their consequences are presented. The case of cyber espionage against Georgia, which was one of the first in the world, is also considered. It is through such examples that we learn about experiences that, on the one hand, provide the basis for fear and, on the other hand, makes us able to think and develop a methodology for dealing with the threat. Finally, attention is drawn to the possible methods that can avoid such cases in the public administration and minimize the harmful consequences.

A Study on the Psychology of Social Engineering-Based Cyberattacks and Existing Countermeasures

As cybersecurity strategies become more robust and challenging, cybercriminals are mutating cyberattacks to be more evasive. Recent studies have highlighted the use of social engineering by criminals to exploit the human factor in an organization’s security architecture. Social engineering attacks exploit specific human attributes and psychology to bypass technical security measures for malicious acts. Social engineering is becoming a pervasive approach used for compromising individuals and organizations (is relatively more convenient to compromise a human compared to discovering a vulnerability in the security system). Social engineering-based cyberattacks are extremely difficult to counter as they do not follow specific patterns or approaches for conducting an attack, making them highly effective, efficient, easy, and obscure approaches for compromising any organization. To counter such attacks, a better understanding of the attack tactics is highly essential. Hence, this paper provides an in-depth analysis of the approaches used to conduct social engineering-based cyberattacks. This study discusses human vulnerabilities employed by criminals in recent security breaches. Further, the paper highlights the existing approaches, including machine learning-based methods, to counter social engineering-based cyberattacks.

On the Animal Trail

On the Animal Trail

아이스하키 득점력 향상을 위한 공격지역 전술에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study was to present the tactics to improve the scoring in offensive zone during the ice hockey games for ice hockey coaches and players. Even though the recent ice hockey games have developed rapidly in terms of speed and skills, it is true that we can’t win the games if we don’t score in the games. In the ice hockey games, in order to play effectively to improve the scoring in the offensive zone, first, all players must accurately understand and play the attack mindset, wall play, offensive zone grind, and shoulder check. Second, every players must be in the correct position in the offensive zone. When the F1 is in possession of the puck in all offensive zone areas, and then F2 goes in to support. Therefore 2 forwards in the corner, and F3 in the top of the circles, D1 and D2 in the blue line, That is the 2-1-2 attack tactics in the offensive zone. If players perform this tactic correctly in the offensive zone, we can play effectively both offensively and defensively. Third, in the attack zone, we can increase our scores by using various attack options such as Spread Zone, F Rolls High(Push), Switch, Cycling, F2 Release & Switch Side, and Bad Angle Shot. If ice hockey coaches put a little effort and study on these things, various effective and positive results can be found. The ice hockey coaches should always study for the players and them.

Intelligent Attack Analysis for IRS Communications with Incomplete Information

Intelligent Reflection Surface (IRS) will be widely used in future communication system construction to reduce construction costs and improve coverage. However, IRS systems are generally equipped with controllers to receive wireless signal instructions, this increases the vulnerability of future communications. In this paper, we present an attack tactic to provide a way of thinking for the future defense deployment. At the beginning, the hacker cannot know the whole communication system, then it continuously attacks the IRS system, monitor the communication system, and sequentially learns new information about the system in each attacking round in order to attack more effectively in the next round. A two-layer optimal mathematical model is presented to describe the BS and the hacker’s decision. And the two-layer optimization which is difficult to solve is transformed into a single layer linear optimization by using equivalent transformation and dual transformation. A series of mathematical experiments are used to test different scenarios applicable to different monitoring style, and verify that the tactic proposed in this paper can effectively interfere with the system.

A Framework for Crime Detection and Diminution in Digital Forensics (CD3F)

Cyber-attacks have become one of the world's most serious issues. Every day, they wreak serious financial harm to governments and people. As cyber-attacks become more common, so does cyber-crime. Identifying cyber-crime perpetrators and understanding attack tactics are critical in the battle against crime and criminals. Cyber-attack detection and prevention are difficult undertakings. Researchers have lately developed security models and made forecasts using artificial intelligence technologies to solve these concerns. In the literature, the authors explained numerous ways of predicting crime. They, on the other hand, have a problem forecasting cyber-crime and cyber-attack strategies. Here, in this paper author proposed a digital forensic investigation procedure that deals with cyber-crime. In this investigation, the process author explains digital forensics techniques for ensuring that digital evidence is located, collected, preserved, evaluated, and reported in such a way that the evidence's integrity is preserved. These sequential digital forensic stages affect a standard and accepted digital forensic investigation procedure, and each phase is influenced by sequential occurrences, with each event relying on tasks. Digital forensics investigation is a technique for ensuring that digital evidence is handled in such a way that the evidence's integrity is preserved. Sequential digital forensic stages affect a standard and accepted digital forensic investigation procedure, and each phase is influenced by sequential occurrences, with each event relying on tasks.

A Feature-driven Method for Automating the Assessment of OSINT Cyber Threat Sources

Global malware campaigns and large-scale data breaches show how everyday life can be impacted when the defensive measures fail to protect computer systems from cyber threats. Understanding the threat landscape and the adversaries’ attack tactics to perform it represent key factors for enabling an efficient defense against threats over the time. Of particular importance is the acquisition of timely and accurate information from threats intelligence sources available on the web which can provide additional intelligence on emerging threats even before they can be observed as actual attacks. Currently, specific indicators of compromise (e.g. IP addresses, domains, hashsums of malicious files) are shared in a semi-automated and structured way via so-called threat feeds. Unfortunately, current systems have to deal with the trade-off between the timeliness of such an alert (i.e. warning at the first mention of a threat) and the need to wait for verification by other sources (i.e. warning after multiple sources have verified the threat). In addition, due to the increasing number of open sources, it is challenging to find the right balance between feasibility and costs in order to identify a relatively small subset of valuable sources. In this paper, a method to automate the assessment of cyber threat intelligence sources and predict a relevance score for each source is proposed. Specifically, a model based on meta-data and word embedding is defined and experimented by training regression models to predict the relevance score of sources on Twitter. The results evaluation show that the assigned score allows to reduce the waiting time for intelligence verification, on the basis of its relevance, thus improving the time advantage of early threat detection.

The Feasibility of ’BEYB’ Attacking Tactic Training in Futsal Game

The game of futsal is a game that prioritizes speed so that the futsal is known as a sport that has high intensity. This study aims to develop a training model of BEYB attack tactics in futsal games. The research method uses the development method from Borg and Gall. The research was conducted at the Futsal Sports Hall, State University of Makassar. The subjects in this study were Futsal Athletes. Based on the data obtained, from the results of field trials and discussion of research results, it can be concluded that: through the validity test carried out using the expert justification test, the product is a training model to attack BEYB in futsal games as many as 40 training models. The attack tactics training model with patterns such as 2-2, 1-2-1, 3-1, and power play has been developed to be more varied and can be used in the attacking systems and formations that will be used. BEYB attacking training model can be applied in this futsal game, extracurricular teachers, especially futsal, should be reviewed so that athletes can do it according to their abilities and motor development.

Action Design of Lobbing Ball for Humanoid Robot Soccer

Robot soccer is a classic research direction in the field of robotics. From the appearance of soccer robot, it is mainly divided into wheeled robot and humanoid robot. At present, humanoid robots and small group wheeled robots mainly compete on two-dimensional plane. Because of the small competitive dimension, the offensive and defensive tactics tend to be simple. In order to enhance the competitiveness and appreciation of humanoid. And complex motion devices based on human motion capture data (HMCD) are designed Human simulation has gradually become one of the effective means of robot design. In order to enhance the competitiveness and appreciation of humanoid, this paper innovatively designs a set of consistent kicking actions based on darwin-op2 robot, combined with HMCD method, realizes the effect of actively lobbing ball. Ideally, the robot can basically kick the ball above 35cm. Besides the robot can basically kick the ball above 30cm in practice, and the success rate is as high as 75%. It improves the competitiveness from two-dimensional to three-dimensional, which provides new ideas and schemes for attack and defense tactics and expands the dimension of competition. It also provides a new direction for the development of humanoid robot football in the future.

Spontaneous response of a self-organized fish school to a predator

While the collective movements of fish schools evading predators in nature are complex, they can be fundamentally represented by simplified mathematical models. Here we develop a numerical model, which considers self-propelled particles subject to phenomenological behavioural rules and the hydrodynamic interactions between individuals. We introduce a predator in this model, to study the spontaneous response of a group of simulated fish to the threat. A self-organized fish school with a milling pattern is considered, which was expected to be efficient to evade the threat of predators. Four different attack tactics are adopted by the predator. We find that the simulated fish form transiently smaller structures as some prey individuals split from the main group, but eventually they will re-organize, sometimes into sub groups when the simulated predator approaches the fish school unidirectionally or take a reciprocating action. As the predator is programmed to target the centroid, the school ends in a gradually enlarging circle. For the fourth tactic, as the predator chases its nearest prey, the fish school’s response varies with the predator’s delay factor. Moreover, the average speed of the group and the distance between individuals have also been studied, both demonstrating that the fish school is able to respond spontaneously to the predator’s invasion. We demonstrate that the currently adopted model can predict prey–predator interactions.

Research on the Optimal Calculation Model of Team Cooperative Attack Strategy Based on Intermediate Speed Confrontation Statistics

With the rapid advancement of the theory of teamwork offensive tactics, this article uses computer mathematical statistics and derives from mathematical computer mathematics. In the combination of tactical characteristics, the penalty area scoring optimization model research, through the use of teamwork is the offense The main form of organization before scoring improved performance, using the mid-speed confrontation empirical formula, and finally through calculation and statistical comparison and analysis, it proved that the middle-speed statistical algorithm has a significant effect, and it explained the calculation of the team cooperation attack tactics to organize the middle-speed confrontation. Statistics play a positive role.

Tactics Analysis of Attacking the Pansa FC Women's Futsal Team Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Background: Futsal tactics are very important elements in supporting athlete performance. Purpose: This study aims to observe and analyze the tactical attack process used by the Pansa FC women's futsal team. Design/methodology/approach: This is a descriptive study with quantitative approach. The research sample was futsal team like Pansa FC, FFYK, JFA Angels, and Pansa Academy. The instruments employed in this study were Counter Attack (CA), Organized Game (OG) and Stopped Ball (SB) used to see the success rate of attacking tactics based on the finishing performance by the Pansa FC women's team during the offensive play. Data analysis with descriptive statistic used SPSS.26 version. Result showed that OG has an efficiency value of 12.66%, SB has an efficiency value of 14.29%, and is followed by CA which has an efficiency value of 17.28%. Conclusion: Thus, based on the number of finishes, the CA is dominant. Meanwhile, based on the influence of the attacking tactics process used along with the total goals marked, CA has an efficiency value of 40%, SB has an efficiency value of 10% whereas OG has an efficiency value of 50%. In the wake of these results yielded, it can be concluded that the influence of the attack tactic process used along the total goals marked in such futsal game the OG tactic was more dominant.

The manipulative characteristics of the tactics of the implementation of the “subterfuge” strategy in the novel “Catch 22” (by J. Heller)

The article deals with the analysis of the “subterfuge strategy”, ten tactics of its implementation in the novel by J. Heller “Catch-22”. The article focuses on the manipulative potential of these tactics and the language means used to carry it out. The “subterfuge” strategy is treated as a direct violation of the norms of interaction and the main principle of cooperation. Its main goal is to conceal the speaker’s true intention in communicative situations of rivalry, hiding the truth, accusation, threat, aggression, reproach, flattery, silencing, protecting one’s own interests and value orientations, misleading, etc . Pragmatically the “subterfuge strategy” incorporates the characteristics of various types of speech actions such as: assertives, directives, expressiives, commissives, orders, demands, etc. All of them convey specific psychological states of the interlocutors. The paper focuses on the implementation of the subterfuge strategy through ten tactics: tactics of ignorance; tactics of expressing open disrespect; tactics of attacking, intimidation (transition to personality); tactics of making aggressive remarks under the guise of a joke and irony; tactics of question-to-question response; tactics of the game on self-esteem; compromising and belittling tactics; tactics of accusation and provoking feelings of guilt; persuasion tactics; tactics of question attack.

Analiza taktike napada fudbalskih timova u ligi šampiona za period od 2014. do 2019. godine

The aim of this research is to present the essential parameters related to the highest quality football teams attack tactics to the scientific and professional public by analyzing the longterm competitive manifestations in the Champions League elite football competition. The analysis comprises all the matches that have been played since the 2014/15 season ending up with the 2018/19 season, which means 625 played matches in total. In order to clearly present the top teams criteria related to the attack tactics, in this research, variables describing the ball possession and the attacks after which the goals were scored were observed. The results showed that the teams spent most of their time gaining the ball possession in the maneuvering third of the field (51%) and that the organization of the attack was dominated by the passes in the middle distances (10 - 30m). Apart from that, it was noticed that every tenth shot towardsthe goalrepresents an effective attack and that most of the goals are scored in the last 15 minutes of the game (p=0.008). When it comes to the structure of the effective attacks, the results showed that 76% of the goals are scored after the ball possession, while 1/4 of the effective actions ocurred after the organized set pieces attack. Additionaly, no significant differences regarding the prevalence of the activities that preceded the scoring of the goals from the game (p=0.16) and after the set pieces (p=0.88) by seasons were found. However, the final shots from the game were usually preceded by a pass from the side in the form of a cross shot and a return ball (p=0.000), and when it comes to organizing the offensive set pieces (p=0.000), the goals were most often scored after corners and penalties. The results obtained in thisresearch provide objective information that can be used for planning and organizing training units in the preparation of teams for competitive performances.

Dying for the cause? The logic and function of ideologically motivated suicide, martyrdom, and self-sacrifice within the contemporary extreme right

ABSTRACT In recent years, extreme right-wing militancy and terrorism have increasingly become the major source of violent attacks, killings, and threats in many Western countries. Yet, the characteristics and logic of right-wing terrorism remain poorly understood. One aspect virtually unexplored is the apparent lack of suicide terror tactics within far-right terrorism. Suicide terrorism has been attributed mainly to religious and ethno-separatist terrorist organizations. This article explores the contemporary extreme right’s stance toward suicide, self-sacrifice, and martyrdom at the ideological, strategic, and subcultural levels through historic references to martyrdom in Nazi Germany and post-WWII far-right movements, as well as extreme right strategic manuals and ideological manifestos. In sum, this article argues that the extreme right is unlikely to use suicide attack tactics in the narrow sense since its own distinct sacrificial martyrdom mythology based on ideological steadfastness and a hypermasculine warrior identity of fighting until defeat incentivizes different types of attacks involving suicide, such as murder-suicides or mass shootings.

ATTACK TACTICS IN ELITE BEACH HANDBALL TEAMS

Beach handball is a highly popular sport, but research information and data about it is limited. The aim of this study was to determine the most effective tactics for the shots made to be more successful. Overall, 1074 attacks from the 2017 European Beach Handball Championship were analysed. The variables analysed were shots at goal and their efficiency (video-analysis). The chi-squared test was used to compare the differences between formations (initial vs final attack formation). A Wilcoxon test was used to compare differences between the final attack formations with respect to goals, misses, and goalkeeper saves. The SPSS 22 statistical package was utilized for the analysis of the results. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied. The chi-squared test showed that, although there were significant differences between initial and final attack formations, the percentage increase and decrease was not substantial. The most frequently used initial and final attack formation was the “3 back players – one line player /specialist at the centre position” (54% in initial and 60.8% in final attacks). The Wilcoxon test comparing the attack formations with each other in relation to goals, misses, and goalkeeper saves revealed significant differences at p<0.05. In conclusion, attack tactics in beach handball focus mainly on the role of the “specialist”.

Transcriptome analysis and functional validation reveal a novel gene, BcCGF1, that enhances fungal virulence by promoting infection-related development and host penetration.

Simultaneous transcriptome analyses of both host plants and pathogens, and functional validation of the identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) allow us to better understand the mechanisms underlying their interactions. Here, we analyse the mixed transcriptome derived from Botrytis cinerea (the causal agent of grey mould) infected tomato leaves at 24 hr after inoculation, a critical time point at which the pathogen has penetrated and developed in the leaf epidermis, whereas necrotic symptoms have not yet appeared. Our analyses identified a complex network of genes involved in the tomato–B. cinerea interaction. The expression of fungal transcripts encoding candidate effectors, enzymes for secondary metabolite biosynthesis, hormone and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and autophagy‐related proteins was up‐regulated, suggesting that these genes may be involved in the initial infection processes. Specifically, tomato genes involved in phytoalexin production, stress responses, ATP‐binding cassette transporters, pathogenesis‐related proteins, and WRKY DNA‐binding transcription factors were up‐regulated. We functionally investigated several B. cinerea DEGs via gene replacement and pathogenicity assays, and demonstrated that BcCGF1 was a novel virulence‐associated factor that mediates fungal development and virulence via regulation of conidial germination, conidiation, infection structure formation, host penetration, and stress adaptation. The fungal infection‐related development was controlled by BcCGF‐mediated ROS production and exogenous cAMP restored the mutant infection‐related development. Our findings provide new insights into the elucidation of the simultaneous tactics of pathogen attack and host defence. Our systematic elucidation of BcCGF1 in mediating fungal pathogenesis may open up new targets for fungal disease control.

Ensemble classifiers for detection of advanced persistent threats

The demand for application of technology in almost all walks of life is in the increase and can be seen to be geared by the paradigm changes in industrial revolutions (current 4.0), IoT/IoE (Internet of Things/Internet of Everything) concept, Internet 2.0, Artificial Intelligence (AI), BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) to mention a few but not without their increased inherent vulnerabilities and exposure to sophisticated and dynamic awaiting threats. Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) among other malwares are some of the malicious attacks given serious attention as they have shown some level of complexities thereby causing defender solutions to poorly detect them. Poor APT attack tactics understanding, insufficient network traffic log analysis and poor classification are some of the problems identified for poor detection of these attacks. Network traffic logs are used by researchers to analyze the network and track attacks as packets move across network nodes. This research studies attack modelling in order to understand APT attack tactics and generate their dataset through simulation as well as a real dataset for normal operation. The experiment will be simulated on a virtual environment using dimensionality reduction technique on the network traffic log for improved log processing. To improve the APT detection accuracy flawed by their stealthiness, the ensemble of classifiers (Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, Decision Tree) with majority voting is used for better attack classification which resultantly gives a better detection accuracy of 90.47%.

D-FRI-Honeypot: A Secure Sting Operation for Hacking the Hackers Using Dynamic Fuzzy Rule Interpolation

As active network defence systems, honeypots are commonly used as a decoy to inspect attackers and their attack tactics in order to improve the cybersecurity infrastructure of an organisation. A honeypot may be successful provided that it disguises its identity. However, cyberattackers continuously endeavour to discover honeypots for evading any deception and bolstering their attacks. Active fingerprinting attack is one such technique that may be used to discover honeypots by sending specially designed traffic. Preventing a fingerprinting attack is possible but doing that may hinder the process of dealing with the attackers, counteracting the purpose of a honeypot. Instead, detecting an attempted fingerprinting attack in real-time can enhance a honeypot’s capability, uninterruptedly managing any immediate consequences and preventing the honeypot being identified. Nevertheless, it is difficult to detect and predict an attempted fingerprinting attack due to the challenge of isolating it from other similar attacks, particularly when imprecise observations are involved in the monitoring of the traffic. Dynamic fuzzy rule interpolation (D-FRI) enables an adaptive approach for effective reasoning with such situations by exploiting the best of both inference and interpolation. The dynamic rules produced by D-FRI facilitate approximate reasoning with perpetual changes that often occur in this type of application, where dynamic rules are required to cover new network conditions. This paper proposes a D-FRI-Honeypot, an enhanced honeypot running D-FRI framework in conjunction with Principal Component Analysis, to detect and predict an attempted fingerprinting attack on honeypots. This D-FRI-Honeypot works with a sparse rule base but is able to detect active fingerprinting attacks when it does not find any matching rules. Also, it learns from current network conditions and offers a dynamically enriched rule base to support more precise detection. This D-FRI-Honeypot is tested against five popular fingerprinting tools (namely, Nmap, Xprobe2, NetScanTools Pro, SinFP3 and Nessus), to demonstrate its successful applications.

Age-, sex- and tactic-specific kleptoparasitic performance in a long-lived seabird

Kleptoparasitism is an exploitative foraging strategy used across taxa, but factors underlying variation in the foraging performance of individuals using it have not often been addressed. Using longitudinal data on Common Terns stealing food from conspecifics during breeding, we show that variation in the energetic reward of kleptoparasitic behaviour is explained by interactive effects of sex and the attack tactic used by the parasite, as well as by age. Males obtain a higher reward when using an aerial than a terrestrial attack tactic, with decomposition analyses showing that this is due to the energy content of chased after prey items being higher in their aerial attacks. On the other hand, females obtain a higher reward when attacking terrestrially, which is due to their success rate being higher on land than in the air. In addition, the birds show decelerating within-individual improvement with age, which is due to individuals chasing after prey with a higher energy content as they grow older. Our study not only pinpoints factors underlying variation in the foraging performance of kleptoparasites, but also illustrates the importance of modelling individual variation when analyzing foraging performance.