Tactical Maneuvering Research Articles

UCAV Air Combat Maneuver Decisions Based on a Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithm with Situation Reward Shaping

Autonomous maneuver decision by an unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV) is a critical part of air combat that requires both flight safety and tactical maneuvering. In this paper, an unmanned combat air vehicle air combat maneuver decision method based on a proximal policy optimization algorithm (PPO) is proposed. Firstly, a motion model of the unmanned combat air vehicle and a situation assessment model of air combat was established to describe the motion situation of the unmanned combat air vehicle. An enemy maneuver policy based on a situation assessment with a greedy algorithm was also proposed for air combat confrontation, which aimed to verify the performance of the proximal policy optimization algorithm. Then, an action space based on a basic maneuver library and a state observation space of the proximal policy optimization algorithm were constructed, and a reward function with situation reward shaping was designed for accelerating the convergence rate. Finally, a simulation of air combat confrontation was carried out, which showed that the agent using the proximal policy optimization algorithm learned to combine a series of basic maneuvers, such as diving, climb and circling, into tactical maneuvers and eventually defeated the enemy. The winning rate of the proximal policy optimization algorithm reached 62%, and the corresponding losing rate was only 11%.

Maneuverings behavior on the Ship-RUV during operational trials condition

Ship-RUV testing in trials conditions is a mandatory requirement or technical provision before carrying out real operational conditions to find out the existing performance results. In the maneuvering test, in the trial conditions of the Ship-RUV, it was carried out by the performance test method which included several experiments including: progressive speed, turning circle and Image Processing. The performance test is one method of the Ship-RUV tests before making actual operational performance efforts. This is to determine the performance of Ship-RUV in an effort to determine the characteristics it has actually. Several provisions in the Ship-RUV test refer to the specified technical specifications. This is of course regulated in the owner’s request, where it is customized. In the Ship-RUV maneuvering test, the Ship-RUV test results were obtained with a maximum speed of 5 knots with a tactical maneuvering diameter of 1500 mm. The result of image processing resolution is 720P, which is sufficient for investigating the ship’s hull. These conditions are in accordance with the technical provisions required in accordance with those calculated in the classification.

Bridging the Pacific Ocean? Tactical Maneuvering Instead of Grand Strategy in Chile’s Foreign Policy toward Southeast Asia

Chile often portrays itself as Latin America’s bridge to Asia, where the ASEAN countries have been singled out as its new priority. Yet, it is not difficult to see that Chile, a small and peripheral state, does not actually serve as a gateway between Latin America and Southeast Asia. This article argues that Chile has lacked consistency in its approach toward Southeast Asia as well as focus of purpose to become a bridge‐builder due to the structural constraints faced by a small state. Based on an analytical framework of small states’ foreign policies, I revisit Chile’s relations with Southeast Asia, pointing to factors driving and limiting deeper engagement with the distant region. The analysis shows that a risk‐adverse, low‐profile approach of tactical maneuvering has served Chile’s objectives even though it is insufficient to bridge the Pacific Ocean. The article concludes with a reflection on this trans‐Pacific relationship.

The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered: International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955–1969. by Laurien Crump, New York: Routledge, 2015. 322 pp. $168.00.

<i>The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered: International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955–1969</i>. by Laurien Crump, New York: Routledge, 2015. 322 pp. $168.00.

"We shul first feyne us cristendom to take": Conversion and Deceit in Chaucer's Man of Law's Tale

When analyzing the figure of the Sowdanesse in Geoffrey Chaucer's Man of Law's Tale, critics have tended to perceive her characterization as a reflection of fourteenth-century Western patriarchal culture's misogyny or anti-Muslim sentiment. However, the Sowdanesse also functions in the tale as a case study for the problematics of forced religious conversion and the potential for feigned conversion. When Chaucer elaborates the Syrian portion of the narrative from his source texts, he adds the detail that the Sowdanesse is advocating for feigned baptism, a practice that remained the focus of debate throughout the medieval period, attracting the attention of Gratian II and Thomas Aquinas, among others. Due to the issues of tactical maneuvering and community integrity raised by the Sowdanesse's plan to feign baptism, this essay argues that she should not primarily be read as either a sympathetic figure or villainess but rather in terms of her function: to illustrate the secular ramifications of religious deception and the importance of those who can uncover deceit.

Social class struggle as a Greek political discourse

This article delves into the construction of social class division in Greek political discourse. More specifically, the focus is on ‘ταξική πάλη’ (class struggle) as a discourse that has started being carved in Greek media since the current leftist government party, Syriza, won the election in 2015 for the first time in the country’s political history. Contrary to Syriza, which always frames its arguments on the basis of a divisive class fight discourse between the elitists and laypeople, New Democracy, the liberal and main oppositional party, tries to play down this discourse by advocating a more unifying and social class inclusive discourse. The analysis suggests that social class struggle is a theme framed within a wider shifting (anti)populist discourse constantly being negotiated linguistically in ironic ways among political elites. Both the government and opposition parties engage in tactical maneuvering of competing political discourses that, in different ways, articulate attachments to the ‘people’. The theoretical contribution of this study is the discursive theorization of social class struggle as a digitally constructed and politically relevant discourse in the context of Greek populism and its discontents.

A microscopic analysis of speed deviation impacts on lane-changing behavior

Driving behavior models that capture drivers’ tactical maneuvering decisions in different traffic conditions are essential to microscopic traffic simulation systems. This paper focuses on a parameter that has a great impact on road users’ aggressive overtaking maneuvers and directly affects lane-changing models (an integral part of microscopic traffic simulation models), namely, speed deviation. The objective of this research is to investigate the impacts of speed deviation in terms of performance measures (delay time, network mean speed, and travel time duration) and the number of lane-change maneuvers using the Aimsun traffic simulator. Following calibration of the model for a section of urban highway in Tehran, this paper explores the sensitivity of lane-changing maneuvers during different speed deviations by conducting two types of test. Simulation results show that, by decreasing speed deviation, the number of lane changes reduces remarkably and so network safety increases, thus reducing travel time due to an increase in network mean speed.

The 'Unexceptional Circumstances' Test: Implications for FRAND Commitments from the Essential Facilities Doctrine Under Article 102 TFEU

Concerns over the global expansion of intellectual property (IP) rights and the notorious practice of tactical maneuvering on behalf of dominant undertakings in standard setting processes have placed talks about “fair, reasonable and nondiscriminatory” (FRAND) licensing terms at the heart of the current competition law regime. The acronym FRAND, also referred to as RAND in the United States (without the “fair” requirement), has been infamously difficult to define especially in relation to compulsory licensing and royalties determination. The concept gained excessive attention with the start of the Microsoft litigation in 2004. There, the EU competition authorities investigated, inter alia, whether the software giant had provided access to its interoperability information, i.e. its essential facility, on “fair, reasonable and nondiscriminatory” terms. Despite the wide attention paid to the issue in the legal and academic circles, clarifications from the courts and the Commission on the actual meaning of a FRAND commitment have been rather limited. Due to its apparent vagueness and lack of a well-established method for calculating licensing fees, the existing literature has been predominantly economics-oriented.In an attempt to solve this fundamental ambiguity problem, the thesis fills an existing gap in the literature on “fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory” terms by drawing on a fundamental feature that a FRAND violation and a refusal to license share. Due to the indispensability of the intellectual property held by the inventor and the indispensability of the essential facility in refusal to license IP right cases, the technological creations (or information as was the case in Microsoft) appear to be vital for the survival of both the standardization process in the first case and the competitors in the second case. Drawing on this link, the thesis investigates the competition authorities’ reading of the essential facilities doctrine in an effort to extrapolate a meaningful guidance as regards a future FRAND violation. The present thesis therefore centers on the unduly benign approach towards the rivals of dominant undertakings evident in the present reading of the “exceptional circumstances” test. Furthermore, it assesses the overly aggressive application of Article 102 TFEU and the gradual shift in priorities and in balancing of efficiencies in the decisions of the competition authorities.

Simple vs. Complex Learning Revisited: Israeli Prime Ministers and the Question of a Palestinian State

When does a decision-maker's shift on a major policy issue represent a genuine reassessment in his or her beliefs as opposed to tactical maneuvering? This article provides a framework to improve our confidence that a policy shift represents “complex learning,” which entails the adoption of new goals, rather than “simple learning,” which refers to a change in means but not goals. Challenging the conventional wisdom on learning, it argues that decision makers who alter their foreign policies incrementally are more likely to have had a fundamental rethinking of their underlying assumptions on a core issue than those who exhibit sudden shifts in their foreign policy decisions absent a traumatic event. The public declarations of Israel's three most recent premiers—Ariel Sharon, Ehud Olmert, and Benjamin Netanyahu—in support of the establishment of a Palestinian state are used to illustrate the utility of this framework. Whereas Sharon and Olmert underwent complex learning, Netanyahu's swift change appears to represent merely a tactical response to pressure from the United States.

Tactical maneuvering and calculated risks: Independent child migrants and the complex terrain of flight

Similar to refugees in general, independent child migrants are frequently constructed in academic and popular discourse as passive and powerless or as untrustworthy and potentially threatening. Such portrayals fail to capture how these youth actively navigate the complex experiences of forced migration. Drawing on interviews with independent child migrants who arrived in Canada and on the conceptual framework of social navigation, we argue that contrary to being powerless, and despite significant structural barriers, these youth deliberately and thoughtfully navigate flight by making strategic decisions and taking calculated risks thereby ensuring their survival and well-being.

Toward a New Palmerolide Assembly Strategy: Synthesis of C16-C24

Asymmetric synthesis of C16–C24 of palmerolide A is described, featuring convergent Negishi coupling, Singaram propargylation, and successful tactical maneuvering to address an unexpected allylic substitution reaction.

Oil and the question of federalism in Iraq

The ‘oil question’ in Iraq has traditionally been viewed almost exclusively through the prism of ethno-sectarianism. Disputes over the management and licensing of the hydrocarbon sector and over revenue distribution have been seen as a battle for power between Iraq's ethnic and sectarian communities, as if these were monolithic entities. This has led to a conviction—especially among US policy-makers in post-war Iraq—that solving the problem lies in a simple formula of apportioning control of the sector to decentralized authorities and dividing revenue proportionally. This view ignores the fact that disagreements over management of the sector and over revenue distribution reflect a deeper dispute that cuts across ethno-sectarian lines. In reality, disputes are driven far more by the as-yet-unresolved issue of whether ultimate sovereign authority in Iraq lies with the central government or should be decentralized to regional and provincial governments. As the main source of revenue in Iraq, control over the oil and gas sector is critical to the success of these rival agendas. Consequently, compromise has been impossible to achieve, and neither side is willing to make concessions for fear of threatening their long-term ambitions. Tactical maneuvering by different parties in the aftermath of the recent elections may provide some temporary respite to the oil and gas dispute, as Arab leaders in Baghdad seek to co-opt the support of Kurdish parties to form a new coalition government. But an accommodation over the federalism question in Iraq still seems out of reach. This will not only hamper the legislative process and effective government in the coming years, but could also threaten stability, particularly along the fragile border that separates the Kurdistan Region from the rest of Iraq.

RIB형 표적정의 수평면 조종운동 간략모델

A Rigid Inflatable Boat (RIB) is now widely used for commercial and military purpose. In this paper, it is supposed that seven-meter-class RIB be used as an unmanned target ship for naval training. In order to develop many tactical maneuvering patterns of a target ship, a simple horizontal maneuvering model of a RIB is needed. Therefore, models of speed and yaw rate are constructed as the first-order differential equations based on Lewandowski#s empirical formula for steady turning circle diameter of a conventional planning hull. Some parameters in the models are determined using the results of sea trial tests. Finally, proposed models are validated through the comparison of the simulation result with the sea trial result for a specific scenario. Even though a simple model does not represent the horizontal motion of a RIB precisely, however, it can be used enough to develop tactical trajectory patterns.

Be Longing: Toward a Feminist Politics of Relation

This paper seeks to think of from the perspective of belonging to rethink a of as a of relation. I draw upon literature from third world and antiracist feminisms and cultural studies in order to ask: what gets left out when the conditions and effects of belonging to a location are assumed as a starting point for our theorizing? To map out and interrogate such conditions create new possibilities for theorizing collective subjectivity. And by extension, a politics of relation asks us to interrogate how we may hold ourselves accountable for who we are (becoming, as a function of belonging), and the collective conditions out of which our agency, experience, and consciousness emerge. I propose differential belonging—a tactical maneuvering across resistive communities—as a vehicle for feminist subjects to rewrite/reverse processes of interpellation.

Developing An HLA-Based Naval Maneuvering Simulation

This paper discusses the main issues involved in developing a high level architecture (HLA)-based distributed simulation while presenting an application called Naval Surface Tactical Maneuvering Simulation System (NSTMSS), which is intended to serve as a testbed for HLA and distributed interactive simulation (DIS) research. NSTMSS provides a networked virtual environment (NVE) for naval surface actions in which new formations can be evaluated and tested and present ones can be practiced and analyzed. This paper also describes a development lifecycle for HLA-based distributed interactive simulations and reflects best practices.

Tactical Maneuvering on Omnibus Bills in Congress

Omnibus legislating is a standard part of the congressional landscape altering traditional lawmaking in important ways. Yet we know little about it. Omnibus bills are almost always enacted into law. An important question, therefore, is, Why do leaders attach some bills to these measures and not others? I examine this question by developing and testing three sets of plausible explanations of omnibus packaging (one based on the leader-member relationship, a second based on the Congresspresident relationship, and a third based on environmental factors). I present an original definition of omnibus legislation and analyze the omnibus attachment process from 1979 to 1994. I find that leaders, members, and the president all accrue benefits from omnibus legislation. Consistent with the arguments of legislative scholars and political observers, a tough budgetary situation and divided government increase the likelihood of omnibus usage. Issue fragmentation within the committee system, however, provides the strongest contextual impact. C ongressional leaders employ a number of tactics to assemble legislative coalitions in the face of legislators' multidimensional preferences. Three key tactics utilized are (1) the ordering of alternatives in committee and on the floor (e.g., Baron and Ferejohn 1989; Denzau and Mackay 1983; Romer and Rosenthal 1978; McKelvey 1976); (2) the use of closed rules in the House limiting the acceptance of amendments once the legislation leaves the committee (e.g., Bach and Smith 1988; Binder 1997; Dion 1997; Fiorina 1987); and (3) the unification of diverse measures within a single large bill, or omnibus legislating. Much legislative research addresses the ordering of alternatives and the use of the closed rule. In contrast, the omnibus tactic is less intensely scrutinized. Several scholars conclude that an important recent change in the legislative process is the move to omnibus legislating (Baumgartner et al. 1997; Mayhew 1991; Oleszek 1996; Sinclair 1995, 1997; Smith 1989).1 This institutional change is important for two main reasons. First, when leaders utilize the omnibus tactic, they alter the time-honored legislative process. Omnibus packages are often fast-tracked through committees with less consideration than typical bills. Once assembled by leaders, omnibus packages are treated as one piece of legislation, seriously restricting the choices available to members on the floor. Members must take-it-or-leave-it and are seldom aware of the details contained in omnibus bills (Sinclair 1997; Smith 1989). Second, omnibus packages present a viable alternative legislative route for policy entrepreneurs pushing legislation. Legislative leaders behave strategically and attempt to assemble omnibus bills that will succeed. Evidence suggests that they are successful; over 98 percent of the omnibus bills identified in this study were enacted. Hence, omnibus attachments almost al-

Big deal: the battle for control of America's leading corporations

Known for his brilliant intellect and strategic innovations, Bruce Wasserstein has worked on over 1,000 deals and masterminded many of the biggest in history. Here, from blue chip America's preferred advisor, is the deal process at its most intriguing, with special emphasis on the financial analysis behind the moves and countermoves and the tactical maneuvering required to hammer out agreements. The book's three parts present, in order, the history of mergers (including portraits of top players); a penetrating look at industries transformed by widespread MA and the battlefield tactics of implementation.

Design and development of PC-IMAT: Teaching strategies for acoustical oceanography, part II

The PC-IMAT (Personalized Curriculum for Interactive Multisensor Analysis Training) project is proving to be a flexible and effectively evolving computer-based training/educational platform needed to help tackle ASW and other tasks which require extensive analysis, classification, and interpretational skills. Midshipman taking SP411 (Underwater Acoustics and Sonar) are currently using PC-IMAT [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 101, 3096A (1997)] to help investigate effective instructional strategies which convey understanding of a complex multivariate domain (like ray trace or propagation loss models). Classroom demonstration lectures and out-of-class projects allow students to successfully interact with experimental apparatus and make actual measurements (e.g., Fourier analysis, detection theory, beam pattern functions, sound speed versus temperature, computer ray tracing, reflection and transmission at an interface, and target strength versus angle of a scale model sub). However, a link between textbook theories, the actual physics experiments, and the real world setting of tactical sonar has been missing. Usage of PC-IMAT on actual submarine training exercises shows the limitations and enhancements of tactical maneuvering when sonar systems are subject to complex surroundings. The research and development of ‘‘scientific visualization’’ on PC-IMAT should ultimately incorporate a strong link between both learning environments. [Work supported by ONR.]

Hierarchically-organized, multihop mobile wireless networks for quality-of-service support

MMWN is a modular system of adaptive link- and network-layer algorithms that provides a foundation on which to build mechanisms for quality-of-service provision in large, multihop mobile wireless networks. Such networks are a practical means for creating a communications infrastructure where none yet exists or where the previously existing infrastructure has been severely damaged. These networks provide communications for such diverse purposes as tactical maneuvering and strategic planning on the battlefield, emergency relief in an area afflicted by a natural disaster, and field studies conducted by a team of scientists in a remote location. In this paper, we describe three key components of the MMWN system: the clustering procedures for defining a virtual, hierarchical control structure superimposed on a large network of mobile switches and endpoints; the location management procedures for determining the current locations of mobile endpoints relative to the hierarchical control structure; and the virtual circuit management procedures for setting up and repairing virtual circuits as switches and endpoints move. We also provide simulation results that illustrate the robustness of each of these components with respect to a broad spectrum of transmission ranges and relative mobility of switches and endpoints.

Centralized multiradar integrated tracking

This paper deals with the integrated tracking mechanics of centralized multiradar system, such as tracking system files management, operation mechanics, etc. Simulation is made for a certain ship tracking 8 targets under various tactical maneuvering situations.