Tactical Aspects Research Articles

Changing Horses in Midstream: Modern Pentathlon After the 2024 Olympic Games.

The decision of the Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne to replace horse riding with Obstacle after the 2024 Olympic Games challenges training, testing, and recovery management in Modern Pentathlon. This commentary discusses physiological, technical, and tactical effects of rule changes in the 5 disciplines with a specific focus on the new discipline Obstacle. Modern Pentathlon requires athletes to develop specific endurance capacities relying on both the aerobic and anaerobic systems while simultaneously increasing lower- and upper-body strength capabilities. In addition, movements must be repeatedly executed in an explosive and precise manner. Running and swimming must be fast but economical. Swapping from horse riding to Obstacle will prioritize the explosive strength of the upper extremities and core while keeping high levels of endurance and precision in swimming, fencing, and shooting. Moreover, condensing the Modern Pentathlon competition to a 90-minute television-friendly format enables more competitions in the future. Athletes and coaches will thus also need to develop and maintain effective individual peri-exercise routines (before, during, and after the competition) to successfully meet the resulting tactical and physical challenges of the new format. This commentary aims to stimulate the discussion on the effect of the Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne's decisions to replace riding with the new Obstacle discipline and implement a more television-friendly format with a focus on physiological, technical, and tactical aspects.

Subscriber retention management: SRM framework and future research agenda

Purpose This article aims to systematically review the fragmented but increasingly relevant research field of customer retention management in subscription scenarios, proposing the subscriber retention management framework for retention management in subscription settings and directing future research. Design/methodology/approach The authors systematically reviewed 1,295 articles to offer a comprehensive, unbiased overview on customer retention management in subscription-based services. From 122 selected articles, the authors conducted a descriptive analysis, conceptualized key insights into a novel framework and recognized research gaps. Findings Among 122 articles, 111 focus on private customers across various service sectors, while lacking reflection on new digital industries, reactive retention and the corporate context. The conceptualization of results merges existing insights into seven dimensions, encompassing strategic and tactical aspects and the interplay of controllable and uncontrollable factors. The authors also outline 12 emerging research directions. Research limitations/implications Given the extensive body of literature, the authors were unable to delve into detailed explanations. The findings are limited to management science research sourced from Scopus, adhering to a rigorous filtering process. Sub-domains, such as reactive or business-to-business retention management, remain somewhat provisional due to little results. Practical implications A sustainable subscriber retention strategy hinges on: (1) integrating retention into business strategy, (2) adjusting acquisition and retention tactics to specific markets and (3) using a consistent retention marketing mix considering affective, calculative and habitual commitment factors. Originality/value The authors contribute with a first systematic review of subscription-specific retention management in a rapidly growing area. This results in a novel framework that broadens the understanding of subscriber retention and identifies research gaps.

Factors influencing the relationship between coaches and athletes with disabilities: a systematic review.

The relationship between coaches and athletes with disabilities is critical for enhancing athletes' performance and psychosocial well-being. This study aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for coaches, sports organizations, and policymakers dedicated to supporting athletes with disabilities. A comprehensive analysis of existing literature was conducted. Five databases were searched, including PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, Google Scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. A total of 22 studies were included for thematic analysis. This systematic review identifies key factors influencing the coach-athlete relationship in disabled sports. These factors are categorized into three main domains: professional, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. In the professional domain, effective coaching requires sport-specific skills and adaptive techniques tailored to the unique needs of athletes with disabilities. Coaches must understand the technical and tactical aspects of each parasport and adapt training plans to optimize performance and foster independence. The interpersonal domain emphasizes communication strategies and team-building practices. Effective communication involves understanding athletes' needs and adapting approaches to maximize strengths. Building rapport, managing conflict, and fostering a supportive team environment are crucial for maintaining a positive coach-athlete relationship. The intrapersonal domain highlights the importance of self-reflection and continuous learning. Coaches who engage in self-reflection and professional development better understand their behaviors and biases, enabling them to tailor coaching strategies to the specific needs of athletes with disabilities. Continuous learning is essential for remaining responsive to the evolving needs of these athletes. This review underscores the importance of a holistic approach that integrates professional expertise, interpersonal skills, and intrapersonal awareness. By addressing these factors, it provides a foundation for developing more effective coaching strategies and supports for athletes with disabilities, ultimately enhancing their performance and well-being. Future research should explore cultural differences, the specific coaching needs of athletes with intellectual disabilities, and the impact of policies and structural barriers on the coach-athlete relationship in disabled sports.

Insights into coaching effectiveness: Perspectives from coaches and players in South African Women's Rugby

Sports coaching involves navigating ambiguity and uncertainty in stakeholders’ perspectives and managing a dynamic micro-political environment. This study explores the relationship between coaching efficacy and effectiveness in South African Women's Rugby. It examines how a coach's belief in their ability to influence athlete learning and performance (coaching efficacy) correlates with the actual impact on athletes (coaching effectiveness). By aligning coaches’ perceived competence with tangible athlete outcomes, the study provides insights into factors influencing coaching practices and athlete development. The study involved 28 women players (mean age: 24.8 ± 4.0 years) and 8 coaches (mean age: 41 ± 3.8 years) who participated in semi-structured online interviews. The interview script, derived from the Coaching Effectiveness Survey (CES) tool, was analysed using Braun and Clarke's 6-step process of thematic content analysis. Under the four efficacy dimensions, sub-themes emerged as follow: 1) motivation (climate created by the coach and a motivational climate experienced by the players), 2) technique (coaching physical, technical, and tactical aspects of rugby), 3) game strategy (guiding players to successful outcomes), and 4) character-building efficacy (cultivating a positive environment for sportswomanship and holistic development). The findings incorporate feedback from players and coaches, highlighting firsthand experiences of coaching effectiveness. This approach enables experts to identify effective coaching strategies and those needing refinement within Women's Rugby. The study's findings promise to inform future coach development frameworks and foster a comprehensive understanding of coaching effectiveness in the dynamic landscape of Women's Rugby worldwide.

Pola Komunikasi Antarpribadi Antara Pelatih dan Siswa Sekolah Sepak Bola (SSB) Tuna Betawi Srengseng, Jakarta Barat

This research examines the interpersonal communication patterns between coaches and students in the context of youth soccer development at the Tunas Betawi Soccer School (SSB) in Srengseng, West Jakarta. The study aims to understand how communication between coaches and students influences soccer coaching within the SSB environment. Qualitative research methods were employed, utilizing participant observation and interviews to collect data from several coaches and actively involved students in the soccer coaching program at SSB Tunas Betawi.Findings indicate that effective and supportive communication between coaches and students plays a crucial role in creating a positive learning environment and building strong relationships. This communication not only enhances the technical and tactical aspects of soccer coaching but also supports broader personal and social development among students. Coaches who can deliver instructions clearly, provide constructive feedback, and motivate students positively tend to create an atmosphere conducive to optimal learning. Furthermore, the interaction between coaches and students also significantly influences the development of students' character and mental attitudes towards sports.The implications of this study underscore the need for improving communication patterns in youth sports coaching contexts. This includes a better understanding of individual learning styles, emotional management, and motivating students to achieve their optimal potential in sports. These findings contribute significantly to the development of more effective coaching practices beneficial for children's development at SSB and other sports environments.

Antecedents, Characteristics, and Dynamics of IPV in the Israeli Jewish Ultra-Orthodox Community: A Cultural Exploration

Abstract Purpose This qualitative study explored Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in the Israeli Jewish Ultra-Orthodox (JUO) community to better understand the cultural and religious risk factors and features underlying IPV in this under-researched sector. Method Semi-structured interviews implementing the Clinical Ethnographic Narrative Interviews approach were conducted with 15 JUO women currently living with or separated/divorced from their abusive partners who were victims of IPV. The interviews were analyzed using the Interpretive Phenomenological approach. Results Two key themes emerged from the analysis. The first theme involves the normalization and exacerbation of violence due to specific religious and societal norms that perpetuate silence and stigma. Factors such as early marriage, religious beliefs about the sanctity of marriage, disadvantaged childhood experiences, and distorted religious justifications contributed to the victims’ vulnerability and hindered their ability to seek help. The second theme is related to the specific features of the abuse. It covers a range of tactics employed by husbands, including financial oppression, social isolation, physical violence, and manipulation during pregnancy, all based on and justified by distorted religious concepts. Conclusions Though aspects of intergenerational abuse and control tactics to aggravate violence are common universal strategies in IPV, the findings here underscore the interplay between religious practices and societal expectations within the JUO community that contribute to the perpetration and perpetuation of IPV. These findings contribute to a better understanding of IPV in religious and traditional contexts and highlight the importance of tailoring interventions to address the needs of specific collectivistic and religious-based societies.

Has the pandemic changed soccer training methodologies?

Introduction. The covid-19 pandemic affected the world of sports very directly. This forced the coaching staffs of the different clubs to reinvent themselves in their training processes in order to avoid the loss of sports performance of their squads, adapting their training methodologies to the conditions that prevailed at all times. Therefore, the objective of this research has been to find out if there are changes in the training and planning modes of soccer coaches during and after the pandemic. Methods: For this work, a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in a sample made up of 517 coaches from different divisions and nationalities. To characterize the sample, descriptive measures were used and Pearson's chi-square was used to study whether there is a relationship between the variables studied. All statistical analyses were performed with Stata version 12 (StataCorp., United States) and statistical significance was always established at a p value < 0.05. Results: The results of this study indicated that, regardless of the division in which they developed their profession, the coaches were forced to make methodological changes and substantial modifications in the planning of the sessions. They avoided contact exercises and focused on tactical and psychological aspects during and since the pandemic. Conclusion: The results of this study can be very useful for future technical bodies when it comes to distributing training and workload. Keywords: soccer; methodology; training; coaches; pandemic; COVID-19

YOSH BASKETBOLCHILARNI KOMPLEKS TAYYORLASH: JISMONIY, TEXNIK VA TAKTIK JIHATLARNI BIRLASHTIRISH

The article describes an approach to complex training of young basketball players, which includes training in physical, technical and tactical aspects of the game. The author discuss the importance of balanced athlete development, focusing on exercise and skill development, as well as understanding tactical strategies and game situations. The approach presented in the article is aimed at creating optimal conditions for the formation of highly qualified athletes and successful team performance in competitions.

Examining tactical sprint actions and distribution among playing positions attending to match status in soccer: Implications for specific training.

The study aimed to analyze the tactical sprint actions performed by Spanish professional soccer players, considering their playing positions and the match status at the time of each action. Thirty-two Spanish male professional soccer players from a LaLiga Spanish Second Division (LaLiga SmarthBank) team participated in this study. Actions above 85% of the players' maximum velocity during 42 official matches were collected by an optical tracking system ChyronHego® and were synchronized using Mediacoach software (LaLiga, Madrid, Spain). Then, actios were analyzed trough an observation instrument designed to assess the type of tactical action performed by players. Central defenders (CD) and wide defenders (WD) were mainly involved in recovery runs. Central midfielders (CM) also frequently performed recovery runs and pressing actions. Wide midfielders (WM) were often engaged in runs in behind/penetrate actions, while forwards (F) had a diverse range of sprint actions, including pressing, runs in behind/penetrate, and breaking into the box. It was observed that F performed fewer chase actions than expected. On the other hand, CD, WD, and CM engaged in a greater number of recovery run actions than expected. CD also performed more close down/interception actions than expected, while CM, WM, and F performed fewer close down/interception actions than expected. When their team was losing, WM performed more recovery run actions than expected. CM made more runs with the ball when their team was winning CD showed a higher frequency of breaks into the box when their team was winning. These findings provide valuable information regarding the tactical aspects of sprinting in soccer, facilitating the design of specific training tasks that not only address the physical demands associated with each playing position but also considering the tactical context in which sprints occur.

Tactical Situations and Playing Styles as Key Performance Indicators in Soccer.

The game of soccer is complex and unpredictable, demanding multifaceted strategies for success. Performance analysis has evolved, focusing on key performance indicators (KPIs) to determine the factors that most significantly influence a team's success or failure during matches. Traditional performance analysis methods have emphasized quantifiable data like physical exertion and basic play events but often neglected the subtler tactical dimensions that could significantly impact game outcomes. This study aimed to fill the gap in the current literature by creating a comprehensive framework that incorporates tactical situations as KPIs. The objective was to examine whether specific playing styles adopted by teams in various tactical situations and phases of the game could predict the outcome of matches. A dataset comprising all First Division Championship matches from 11 different European countries for the 2021-2022 season was analyzed. Variables representing tactical situations were correlated with match outcomes using a Generalized Estimating Equation framework. The model was specified with a binomial distribution and a logit link function. Statistical significance was determined using Wald χ2 tests with a significance level set at p < 0.05. The study's findings revealed that possession style, counterattacking during offensive transitions, and a balanced aggressive defensive strategy significantly increase a team's chances of victory. It also showed that successful teams tend to focus on central attacks, minimize crossing, and execute strategic plays that lead to final attempts on goal with minimal ball possession. The above findings demonstrate that adopting certain tactical approaches significantly influences soccer match outcomes, highlighting the importance of considering tactical aspects as KPIs.

Performance of soccer players under acute physical fatigue: An approach based on cognitive, tactical and physical aspects

This study aimed to verify whether peripheral perception, tactical behaviour, and physical performance are influenced by acute physical fatigue in soccer players. The study included 24 trained soccer players (18.6 ± 1.5 years) from two Brazilian clubs. The TSAFT90 test was used to induce acute physical fatigue. The results showed that physical fatigue did not affect peripheral perception (p = 0.360). Regarding tactical behaviour, improved efficiency was observed for the principles of offensive coverage (p = 0.029), width and length with the ball (p = 0.044), and concentration (p = 0.008). On the other hand, a reduction was observed in the number of tactical actions of offensive coverage (p = 0.020) and recovery balance (p = 0.042). Also, improved accuracy in the principles of defensive balance (p = 0.009), recovery balance (p = 0.021) and defensive unity (p = 0.003) occurred under physical fatigue. A reduction in the physical performance outcomes total distance covered (p < 0.001), average speed (p < 0.001), sprints (p = 0.029), number of accelerations (p = 0.008) and decelerations (p = 0.008) were also detected. The internal (p < 0.01) and external (p < 0.01) workload was higher under physical fatigue. Overall, acute physical fatigue did not influence peripheral perception. However, physical performance was reduced under fatigue, the perceived effort increased, and tactical behaviours were affected by decreasing tactical actions performed near the ball, increasing errors in defensive movements in the lateral corridors and the last defensive line, and improving offensive tactical actions performance.

Analysis of external load and internal load in AirBadminton

The aim of this study was to compare internal load and external load between AirBadminton and traditional indoor badminton. The research was conducted with 8 badminton players from the Alicante Technification Centre, including both men and women. The study was carried out based on the recommendations and guidelines of the International Badminton Federation. The procedure included competitions in both 1vs1 and 2vs2 formats, first on sand and then on hard court. Various variables related to players' internal and external load were analysed, using devices such as WIMU PRO for external load and Polar H7 transmitters for internal load. Data analysis was performed using statistical tests such as T-Student and Wilcoxon. Results showed significant differences between indoor badminton and AirBadminton in terms of internal and external load. In the 1vs1 format, indoor badminton was found to be more demanding, with higher intensity efforts, greater distance covered, and higher heart rate compared to AirBadminton. Similar results were observed in the 2vs2 format, confirming that indoor badminton involves greater effort. AirBadminton may be a healthier and more accessible alternative, suitable for different age groups, as it is less explosive and lighter in terms of internal and external load. Future research should focus on technical, tactical, and full-match duration aspects of this new modality.

ORGANISATION OF MARKETING ACTIVITIES IN AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

The aim of the article is to identify the characteristics of the introduction and development of marketing activities in agricultural enterprises in order to increase the efficiency of their activities. Methodology. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is a systematic approach to the study of economic phenomena and processes related to the marketing activities of agricultural enterprises. In formulating theoretical generalisations and formulating conclusions and proposals, the paper uses historical, abstract and logical, and monographic methods. Forecasting of indicators characterising the marketing potential of enterprise in the context of increasing labour productivity at enterprises, market parameters and substantiation of the choice of marketing strategy of agricultural producers is carried out using the methods of extrapolation and economic forecasting. The article uses general scientific and special research methods: abstraction and comparison, analysis and synthesis, graphical methods, deduction, economic and mathematical modelling, observation and comparison, and the logical method. The results of the study show that marketing instruments include methods of its implementation, i.e., advertising, sales, customer service, pricing policy, study of needs and demand, communication with consumers and the public. Calculation of a comprehensive indicator of efficiency of marketing activity of enterprises is an important direction of assessment of the status and level of development of the marketing complex at enterprise. The indicator makes it possible to promptly identify and eliminate deviations in achieving goals and fulfilling tasks, which affects the overall performance of the enterprise. The results of the study are presented in the form of tables, graphs, diagrams, and charts. Practical implications. Since the marketing activity of an agricultural enterprise is multifaceted, it is necessary to evaluate its effectiveness in the following areas: efficiency of implementation of marketing functions, implementation of the marketing complex and use of marketing resources. In order to assess the level of efficiency of marketing activities, it is necessary to analyse both strategic and tactical aspects of the agricultural enterprise. Value/originality. An important component of ensuring marketing activities in the agricultural market is the communication policy of the enterprise. A modern system for assessing the effectiveness of marketing activities should take into account the possibility of disseminating information via the Internet, which is an indispensable tool for obtaining up-to-date marketing information.

Propuesta de adaptación del reglamento de balonmano para personas con parálisis cerebral o daño cerebral adquirido

At present, handball is a discipline that is not adapted to people with Cerebral Palsy or Acquired Brain Injury. The aim of this study is to develop a proposal for adapting the handball regulations for this group, taking as a reference the regulations and functional classification of football 7-a-side, adapted to these players. The basis of the adaptation process has been the regulations of the International Handball Federation and the functional classification of another sport adapted to people with cerebral palsy and acquired brain damage, Soccer 7. It is necessary to make an adaptation of the material, technical and tactical aspects, as well as sports facilities depending on the motor skills of the participants. The practice of physical-sports activity has multiple benefits at a social, emotional, physical, and psychological level, so including one more collective sport, the only one that already exists for this population, which is football 7-a-side, expanding their participation options sporty.

The psychological characteristics of football players under the age of 17 in Indonesia

Football is the most popular sport in Indonesia and involves thousands of players and millions of spectators. As the sport continues to grow, it demands an accelerated development of players and adjustments to their needs. However, the Indonesian Football Association (PSSI) has created a curriculum that only focuses on the physical, tactical, and technical aspects, ignoring the psychological aspect. This study aimed to investigate the role of psychology in the development of football players in Indonesia, focusing on the weaknesses of the current curriculum. The study was concentrated on the development and psychological characteristics that soccer players under 17 years of age require to maintain their performance into adulthood. The study used a grounded theory approach and semi-structured open questions in data collection. The sample included youth player-coaches with a minimum of 5 years of experience, as well as football players under the age of 17. These players typically begin practicing football at the age of 6 and continue until they reach 17 years old in Indonesia. The results of this study can be a reference for the PSSI and football coaches in Indonesia to create a comprehensive training program that includes physical, technical, tactical, and psychological aspects, enabling them to develop successful football players in the future.

Investigation into the Benefits of Game-Based Educational Strategies for Enhancing the Physical Fitness of 10–12-Year-Old Kickboxing Athletes

This study examines the benefits of game-based educational strategies for enhancing the physical fitness of 10–12-year-old kickboxing athletes. Considering the developmental aspects of children in this age group, the study focuses on the effects of gaming strategies on enhancing core physical qualities such as strength, speed, endurance, agility, and coordination. Additionally, it addresses the motivational dimension, examining how these game-based approaches foster a growing interest in sports activities among young athletes.&#x0D; Integrating game-based techniques into the training routine not only inserts excitement and breaks the monotony but also facilitates the continuous incorporation of kickboxing's technical and tactical aspects. This approach enhances athletes' comprehension and quick mastery of essential skills. Emphasis is also placed on customizing the training approach, enabling the adjustment of sessions to meet the distinct requirements of each athlete while reducing the likelihood of sports-related injuries.&#x0D; The results of the study highlight the substantial benefits of including game-based educational strategies in the training of young kickboxers. These methods boost both the physical and mental growth of the athletes, nurturing a favorable perspective towards sports and competitive activities. It is advised that further exploration and formulation of targeted training schemes, embracing game-based educational strategies, be pursued for their fruitful integration into athletic training routines. Additionally, this research covers the way for a more profound comprehension of how game-based educational strategies can enhance the gaining of technical and tactical competencies among young sports enthusiasts, suggesting innovative training strategies that respect the unique aspects of childhood and the distinct traits of every participant.

Optimizing Physical Conditioning Programs for Badminton Athletes: A Comprehensive Review of Training Strategies - A Systematic Review

Study Background and Objectives: The performance of international badminton athletes is shaped by a blend of physical, psychological, technical, and tactical factors. This study seeks to systematically analyze these essential elements, driven by the imperative to comprehend critical factors for crafting optimized training programs to achieve peak performance efficiently and effectively.Materials and Methods: This study used a systematic approach to review various literature sources, journal articles, and empirical studies related to the achievements of badminton athletes at the international level. Strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to ensure that only high-quality studies were included in the analysis. The data collected was then comprehensively analyzed to identify critical factors that consistently influence badminton athlete performance. Results: This systematic analysis reveals that the main factors influencing badminton athletes' achievements at the international level involve a combination of physical, psychological, technical, and tactical aspects. Physical strength, mental resilience, technical expertise, and a deep tactical understanding proved essential in achieving success in the sport. A deep understanding of match dynamics, emotional management, and adaptation to the opponent's tactics were also found to be keys to success. Conclusion: The results of this analysis provide a holistic view of the factors that significantly influence the performance of badminton athletes at the international level. The practical implications include the development of more focused and adaptive training programs, as well as more intensive psychological approaches. These conclusions provide an essential contribution for coaches, researchers, and decision-makers in badminton to improve athletes' potential and results at the international level. Keywords: Physical Conditioning, Badminton Athletes, Training Program, Conditioning Strategy, Systematic Review.

Offensive tactical thinking and its relationship to intelligence for youth soccer players in Al-Muthanna Governorate clubs

&#x0D; The tactical preparation is the container in which all types of preparation (physical, skillful, psychological, and cognitive (mental) are mixed. The integration, mixing and interdependence of the types of these preparations helps positively in preparing a good plan. All of this contributes to achieving the goal of sports training, which is winning matches. Thus, the importance of The research deals with the tactical aspect of the study as one of the important aspects in the numbers of soccer players, and an important element of level determination because of its great importance in deciding the outcome of the match. Developing them, and this requires them to train and exercise continuously so that the players can know all their tactical capabilities and fully realize what each colleague will do, and know how to take advantage of the individual advantages of each of them in all playing situations. The aim of the research is to identify the relationship between tactical and offensive thinking and intelligence for club players Al-Muthanna Governorate with youth football, and the researchers hypothesized that there is a significant relationship between offensive tactical thinking and intelligence. The descriptive approach is based on the methods of survey, correlational, and normative studies, due to its suitability in achieving the objectives of the research. The research community included players of Al-Muthanna Governorate clubs for the football season (2021-2022), whose number is (137) players, distributed among the following sports clubs: (Samawah, Al-Muthanna, Al-Salman, Al-Khader The RAVEN test for successive matrices was applied to measure intelligence, and after conducting the requirements required to prepare the tactical thinking test in the offensive third of the football field in its final form, which consisted of (55) items, the offensive tactical thinking test was applied Raven's intelligence test on the research sample. The researchers concluded that it was found to build a test of offensive tactical thinking for the players of Muthanna Governorate football clubs, as well as the existence of a positive significant relationship between the level of offensive tactical thinking with the intelligence variable of football players. The researchers recommended the use of the offensive tactical thinking test (offensive tactical positions) by football coaches. And the coaches emphasize the importance of the level of intelligence when choosing the players of the football team, along with developing the tactical thinking and knowledge of the football players during the training units. As well as benefiting from the test as a training program to develop thinking, tactical knowledge and offensive tactical behavior for football players.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

The theoretical and practical types of tennis training: features and impact on game performance

The tennis is one of the most demanding sports, as it requires players to achieve a high level of physical fitness, technical and tactical skills and psychological stability. Therefore, studying the theoretical, physical, tactical and psychological aspects of tennis training is important for achieving high results in this sport. The purpose of the study: analysis of the theoretical, the physical, the tactical, the psychological training of the tennis players and study of their features and influence on the game performance. Research methods: theoretical analysis and generalisation of scientific and methodological literature. Results of the study. The article analyses theoretical, physical, tactical and psychological training of tennis players. The peculiarities and influence of these types of training on the effectiveness of tennis are revealed. Conclusions. In tennis, it is important to have comprehensive preparation, which includes theoretical, physical, technical, tactical, and psychological aspects. Theoretical preparation helps understand the rules of the game, strategies, and tactics on the court. Physical preparation is aimed at improving the level of physical fitness. Technical preparation helps refine the technique of strokes and movements on the court. Tactical preparation involves studying game strategies and the ability to adapt to different playing styles of opponents. Psychological preparation is focused on developing resilience, concentration, motivation, and emotional control to achieve success on the court. Theoretical, physical, technical, tactical, and psychological preparation are important components of successful tennis play. Understanding the specifics of each type of preparation and their impact on game performance helps coaches and athletes optimize the training process. Prospects for further research in this area: studying the impact of theoretical training on the awareness of players' tactical decisions during a match.

PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES OF YOUNG FOOTBALL PLAYERS IN CORRELATION WITH THEIR PLAYING POSITIONS

The aim of this study is to examine the differences in height, weight, and body mass index values among young amateur football players according to their positions and try to put forth the significance of these differences in talent selection and in establishing a general anthropometric profile of a football team. A total of 121 youth football players from the Nevşehir U17 amateur league in Türkiye participated in the research, during which their body height, weight, and Body Mass Index (BMI) were measured. When the study results were examined, goalkeepers obtained better values in the height variable compared to defenders, midfielders, and forwards. The lowest height values were found among midfield players, while defenders and forwards had similar values. In terms of weight variable, goalkeepers were found to have higher weight compared to players in other positions. Midfielders had the lowest weight among the groups. As for the body mass index variable, goalkeepers again reached the highest values, while midfielders had the lowest values. These findings indicate that the anthropometric characteristics of players at the U17 level vary depending on their playing positions. This observation suggests that the anthropometric features of players may differ based on the tactical aspects of the game. Football practitioners can leverage these study findings to gain a comprehensive understanding and interpretation of anthropometric characteristics and their implications for player positions. Furthermore, this knowledge can aid in providing tailored training programs aimed at evaluating and enhancing soccer-specific skills in relation to these factors. Awareness of these observed differences could also contribute to the early selection of promising players.