Tabula Rasa Research Articles

Identifying nature-positive futures in new cities: an application of the Urban Nature Futures Framework

AbstractWith the increasing loss of biodiversity due to urbanization, it is essential to examine and re-imagine the place of nature in cities. The opportunity to redesign positive relationships between cities and nature is particularly apparent in the development of new cities—rapidly developing areas observed in many Asian and African countries. As these new cities are built on a perceived tabula rasa, there is a potential to design positive nature futures. This study, therefore, aims to understand how nature is incorporated into existing plans for new cities and identify pro-nature perspectives envisioned within these plans. We use the Urban Nature Futures Framework (UNFF) to conduct a content analysis on the masterplans of new city and town developments within the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA). The UNFF promotes the creation of multiple positive visions of nature in cities by considering three broad nature perspectives: Nature for Nature, Nature for Society, and Nature as Culture, as well as emphasizing equity in these visions. Our findings show that the Nature for Society perspective tends to dominate the design of new cities in the JMA, closely followed by the Nature for Nature perspective embodied by pollution control measures. New cities also emphasise the Nature as Culture perspective through nature stewardship programmes. Based on these results, we exemplify how the UNFF can be used to further integrate nature elements in new cities’ masterplans. We conclude with a discussion of the strengths and limitations of the framework at each stage of the new city development process.

Cultural tolerance and Nusantara Ethnoscape in Southeast Asian cinema

ABSTRACT It is a common strategy to analyse Southeast Asian films from a nationalistic perspective limited to a constructed understanding of the nation’s culture and social structure. I argue that social and human movements are critical to understanding Southeast Asian and Nusantara cinematic characters because they are inextricably linked to the region’s current conceptions of national space. The distinctive regional mode of human mobility known as merantau (to sojourn) makes it possible to conceptualise Nusantara as a migration space or, to use Arjun Appadurai’s terminology, an ‘ethnoscape’. The concepts of ‘sedar/sadar’, which roughly translates to ‘self-realisation’, are used to formulate indicators that will become apparent during the examination of Sri Mersing [Beauty from Mersing] (Salleh Ghani, 1961: Malaysia/Singapore) and Tabula Rasa (Adriyanto Dewo, 2014: Indonesia). These regional narratives of migration practise a sense of personal and societal belonging, and cultural identities are critical for contemporary Nusantara nation-states’ national societal development and nation-building processes.

Tari Semut Karya Arif Rofiq dan Budi Alfan Sebagai Sarana Edukasi Anak

The reseach aims to discuss of the ant dance. The problem of this research can be formulated as follows: how the ant danceworks and how the ant dance educates children. The purpose of this study is to describe the form of the ant dance and how to explain and how to educate children. The literati use theory of Slamet Md to reveal the element of ant dance namely: motion, rhythm or accompaniment, expression or taste, costumes, stage venues, and dancers. Educational theory by John Locke is ta bula rasa. The ant dance imitates the movement of the ant animal, by using Desmond Morries' theory, namely theatrical mimicry, imitates the actual motion. The metode that i have used is qualitative, data collection techniques using observation, interviews, and literature study. The results of this study, the ant dance is a choreography in the form of a group, can be danced by six dancers aged 4-11 years wearing a costum which is visualizes the ant. The motions composed by the choreographer are imitative motions of ant animals. The musical is contained and adapted to the characteristics of the children, namely music that describes an atmosphere of joy and agility. Ant dance as a means of education which is realized in the form of imitative movements that are embellished with children's playing movements. Ant Dance help children to developed motoric sytem, kognitif system, social-emosion system, and developed their linguistic’s ability. Keywords: Ant Dance, form, and education.

Interfacing Nanomaterials with Biology through Ligand Engineering.

Nanoparticles (NPs) have incredible potential in biology and biomedicine. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have become a cornerstone of the nanomedicine revolution due to their ease of synthesis, inertness, and versatility. The widespread use of AuNPs can be traced to the development of accessible, bottom-up wet synthesis methods that emphasized the role of ligands in controlling the size, dispersity, and stability of colloids in solution. Decoration of AuNPs with organic ligands can be used to dictate the interactions of these nanomaterials with biosystems on multiple scales. The tunability of the AuNP ligand monolayer via covalent and noncovalent approaches allows the use of AuNPs in a broad range of biomedical fields.In this Account, we describe our use of AuNPs to answer a central question in the ligand engineering of colloidal nanoparticles: can we fabricate NPs that are nontoxic, modular, and functional in biological environments? We explored spherical AuNPs of different sizes and ligand structures, empirically exploring the AuNP-biomolecule interaction. We show here how the atom-by-atom control provided by organic synthesis can be used to create engineered ligands. Presenting these ligands on the surface of AuNPs creates multivalent constructs with unique and useful properties. Ligand design is a key feature of these AuNPs. We have developed ligands that have three distinct structural segments: 1) a hydrophobic alkanethiol interior that imparts stability; 2) a tetra(ethylene glycol) segment that creates a noninteracting tabula rasa surface; and 3) ligand headgroups that dictate how the AuNP interacts with the outside world. Our research into the design principles of ligands on AuNPs and their interactions with biological systems can be translated to other nanoparticle systems.This Account also summarizes the trajectory of ligand engineering in our laboratory and further afield. At the outset, experimental and theoretical fundamental studies were focused on the interactions between AuNPs and cellular components, such as proteins and lipid membranes. Understanding these behaviors provided the direction for investigating how ligands mediate the interface of AuNPs with mammalian and bacterial cells. In these experiments, it was particularly noteworthy that the ligand hydrophobicity and charge play a significant role in the uptake and toxicity of AuNPs. These revelations formed a basis for translating AuNPs to physiological environments. We present how we have integrated our synthetic abilities to construct AuNPs for biomedical applications, including delivery, bioorthogonal catalysis, antimicrobial and antitumor therapeutics, and biosensing.Overall, we hope that this Account will give the reader insight into how our research has evolved, changing AuNPs from synthetic curiosities into functional nanoplatforms for nanomedicine, all through the power of ligand design and synthesis.

Od archiwum do archiwum. Uwagi na temat ewolucji funkcjonalno-organizacyjnej komórek archiwalnych w komitetach wojewódzkich PPR/PZPR

The subject matter of the activities of the PPR and PZPR archives is certainly not a research tabula rasa, but many facts relating to it are quite poorly known. In particular, this applies to the organizational and functional evolution of the provincial segment in the archival division taking place between the fifth and seventh decade of the 20th century. This article aims to bring to light a lot of unknown or inaccurate information on this subject. This applies to e.g., to knowledge about the nature of the KW PPR archives – historical archives par excellence, collecting only documents recognized as valuable historical sources and intended to store them perpetually. A problem as significant as it is elusive in scientific circulation is the functioning of the voivodeship current records repositories of PZPR in the years 1949–1953, about which there is usually false information that they were created only in 1953, along with information about their different and lower grade than the archives of the KW PPR. the rank of current (transitional) archives, obliged to successively transfer the collected archives to the „central party archive” (Department, and later the Establishment of Party History of the Central Committee of PZPR). One of the most interesting, and at the same time completely unknown, facts about this matter is the failure to implement in 1956 the resolution of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the PZPR on the transformation of the current records repositories of the Voivodeship Committees of the Polish United Workers' Party into archives – contrary to the information disseminated on this subject, it did not take place until 1962. In this context, it should be clearly noted that in this case it was not only about a cosmetic change of names, but also about transforming them into administrative and historical archives, entitled to a professional elaboration of their resource, which was to be their resource stored perpetually, more widely than previously made available to historians, primarily party historians. This article, which presents many new facts, including, among others, the internal party context of delays in transforming the KW PZPR current records repositories into their archives, was primarily aimed at showing the process of the organizational and functional transformation of the „party archive service” lasting several years.

Intersectionality incarnate: A case study of civil society, social capital, and its metamorphosis

ABSTRACT This paper investigates civil society’s metamorphosis through the lens of intersectional risk theory. While numerous studies interrogate civil society’s spatiotemporal evolution, there has yet to be an analysis of how and why the Intersectional Activist has gained such prominence. The interdisciplinary nexus between intersectionality, social capital, and civil society to that of the risk discipline requires a multi-tiered methodology to map the contours of this metamorphosis. Therefore, the choice of a hermeneutically-framed, exploratory case study, supplemented by semi-structured interviews, structures the research. The results support that the Intersectional Activist is a byproduct of capitalistic, multiply-burdening institutions of oppression. However, these overlapping institutions form a pressurized moulding onto the individuals’ tabula rasa, whereby a transversal, paradigm-defiant coalition insurrects against hegemonic systems. Reactivating the five capacities of the self, knowledge, processes, agency, and power to bridge cross-sectorial mobilization, the Intersectional Activist is a direct riposte to the Precarious Risk Society. The collective has now become the connective–manifesting in the intersectional plight against systemic injustice, the Matrix of Power reactivates the capacities through an association of difference, reconstituting the nature of social capital. Within this reconstitution, the transversal activist realizes themselves in a new connective frontier, for they are intersectionality incarnate.

Investigating Wafer Quality in Industrial Czochralski‐Grown Gallium‐Doped p‐Type Silicon Ingots with Melt Recharging

Herein, a systematic study of the electronic quality of gallium‐doped p‐type silicon wafers from Czochralski‐grown ingots with melt recharging is presented. It is found that in the as‐grown state, the ingots contain interstitial iron concentrations in the range of 3 × 109–2 × 1010 cm−3, with a trend of slightly higher concentrations toward the tail end of each ingot, and in subsequently grown ingots. However, analysis of the effective lifetimes indicates that iron–gallium pairs are not the dominant recombination centers in the as‐grown state. Moreover, when these wafers are subjected to a tabula rasa step, an increase in the iron concentration is observed in the range of 1 × 1010–6 × 1010 cm−3, with iron–gallium pairs becoming the dominant recombination centers. This is possibly caused by the dissolution of pre‐existing precipitated iron in the wafers. Nevertheless, the negative impact of iron contamination can be dramatically reduced by subjecting the wafers to a phosphorus diffusion gettering step, as is commonly incorporated in the fabrication of p‐type passivated emitter and rear cells. Therefore, it is concluded that the quality of the ingots is not limited by iron contamination, even after multiple ingots are pulled from the recharged melt.

Solving NP-Complete Akari games with deep learning

This work proposes a deep learning-based agent that solves 10 × 10 board size puzzle games of the NP-Complete Akari genre, while learning tabula rasa, that is, never exposed to any rules of the game. A six-model ensemble is trained to form a single solution policy. Lamp placements are chosen sequentially until the final resolution or failure. For the training and testing of the agent, over 3 million games were randomly produced with at least one known solution. The proposed agent solves 98.1% of Akari games that were never shown to it during training, revealing that the agent can learn implicit rules in NP-complete games. These approaches and training procedures proposed can guide future research on tabula rasa neural network agents for solving games or NP-Complete problems.

IMPLIKASI TEORI EMPIRISME DALAM PELAKSANAAN PENDIDIKAN DI SEKOLAH DASAR

Philosophy has a great influence on the progress of world education, especially education in Indonesia. The influence given is in the form of pious thoughts from philosophers to change the face of education. Philosophy is mother from all science. In other words the mother of all knowledge.Empiricism makes a real contribution to the world of education. Where are the thoughts from philosophy empiricism pioneered by John Locke, a philosopher from England with a very famous thought, namely the blank sheet of paper.The concept of the blank sheet of paper means that students are likened to white paper or tabula rasa. The impact of this concept is that students really need what is called education. Education is a conscious and planned effort carried out by adults in order to guide children towards developing their talents and interests as well as their potentials to become complete human beings in carrying out this life. Students are learning subjects who really need attention and affection in the educational process. That is, as an individual, students want to get the various knowledge needed to prepare themselves to start experiencing the process of being trained and guided towards maturity both from the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects. These aspects become the essential foundation for the formation of students' self.

An exploration of Freire’s dialogue

The ideas of Paulo Freire resonate strongly with international educators, especially in those who are familiar with the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme. Although Freire’s work was targeted at the adult population in a rural context, the notion of downsizing or eliminating the existing hierarchy between teachers and students through what he calls a true dialogue, can be applied to the school context. The main challenge in the milieu of schools is to move away from the concept of tabula rasa, which is generally held by teachers, students, and parents. Freire strongly criticises ‘traditional’ or ‘banking education’ precisely because it assumes that pupils are similar to empty bank accounts in which money (i.e. knowledge) has to be accumulated. The key term under exploration in this paper is dialogue, which according to Freire, cannot exist unless there are contradictions. Such contradictions, which originate from previously held knowledge and from different personal perspectives, are the elements that should fuel interactions between students and teachers. Without dialogue, there is no true education but only an imposition of pre-approved educational models drawn by governments to suit their own purposes. It is through dialogue that teachers and students achieve genuine social equality since teaching and learning become reciprocal: “Authentic education is not carried on by "A" for "B" or by "A" about "B," but rather by "A" with "B," mediated by the world.” (Freire, 1970, 1993)

Scaling multi-agent reinforcement learning to full 11 versus 11 simulated robotic football

Robotic football has long been seen as a grand challenge in artificial intelligence. Despite recent success of learned policies over heuristics and handcrafted rules in general, current teams in the simulated RoboCup football leagues, where autonomous agents compete against each other, still rely on handcrafted strategies with only a few using reinforcement learning directly. This limits a learning agent’s ability to find stronger high-level strategies for the full game. In this paper, we show that it is possible for agents to learn competent football strategies on a full 22 player setting using limited computation resources (one GPU and one CPU), from tabula rasa through self-play. To do this, we build a 2D football simulator with faster simulation times than the RoboCup simulator. We propose various improvements to the standard single-agent PPO training algorithm which help it scale to our multi-agent setting. These improvements include (1) using a policy and critic network with an attention mechanism that scales linearly in the number of agents, (2) sharing networks between agents which allow for faster throughput using batching, and (3) using Polyak averaged opponents, league opponents and freezing the opponent team when necessary. We show through experimental results that stable training in the full 22 player setting is possible. Agents trained in the 22 player setting learn to defeat a variety of handcrafted strategies, and also achieve a higher win rate compared to agents trained in the 4 player setting and evaluated in the full game.

An autoethnographic account and interpretation of sport related life skills and personal development

ABSTRACT An authoethnographic case study of the first author’s personal experience of psychosocial development and life skills transfer across his high school sport experience and over his four-decade career as a sport psychology researcher and consultant is presented. Adopting a story-analytic and teller-mode approach, the first author (Dan) conveys and interprets his own story of personal and life skill development via sport and integrates his experiences with findings from qualitative interviews he conducted with nine classmates who were also varsity athletes in 1969 at the same high school [Gould et al., under review. Former scholastic athletes views of sport-based life skills learning: A 50 year retrospective study. Manuscript Submitted for Review]. The interviews were designed to describe and systematically analyse how Dan and his former classmates’ experiences resonate with the sport-based life skills development literature. Dan’s sport-related personal and life skill development story centred on six overarching themes. These included: (1) openness to personal development because of his drive to excel and need to feel worthy; (2) “not a Tabula Rasa athlete”; (3) coaches as mentors but his mother was his greatest influence; (4) high school sport helping make him who he is; (5) high school sport serving as an incubator for self-regulation and personal growth; and (6) depositing and withdrawing from his “experience bank” to help himself and help others over the course of his life. Dan’s experiences are interpreted relative to the existing personal and life skill sport-based development research and theory.

Chopin, Pianos and East Asian Modernity

For music to have an identity, it seems, it must belong to someone. I will argue that in the twenty-first century Chopin no longer belongs to Europe. Can we really speak of ‘Chopin reception’ in East Asia today, given that he now belongs to these cultures too? Already in the early twentieth century, the piano emerged as a potent symbol of modernity in East Asia, and today the success of East Asian pianists in the International Chopin Competition has become a matter of the greatest national pride for relevant nations. In this paper I will ask if socio-political modernities in East Asia, and the cultural modernisms that followed them and responded to them, are distinguishable from those of ‘the West’. Which are the common factors, and which the unique, bearing in mind that modernists of both East and West cultivated and relished temporal distance (now vs then), as well as spatial distance (here vs there)? In addressing cultural encounters between East and West, I heed Jürgen Osterhammel’s caution against prematurity in the identification of dichotomous discourses. I also invoke the theoretical concept of ‘cultural lag’, a concept of some vintage, but one that can have explanatory value when we consider the counterpoints and synergies generated between science, politics and culture in both East and West. In reflecting on Chopin in East Asia, I contextualise cultural transfer in several ways. These include aesthetic responses to collective trauma, not least through the establishment of a tabula rasa, or alternatively through a mode of (depthless) imitation that celebrates what Susan Sontag called ‘sensuous surface’. They also include a surrender to mechanism, and a tendency to fetishise or iconise cultural figures. All of these are arguably symptomatic of East Asian modernisms.

Foreigner

Foreigner Cristina Rivera Garza (bio) Translated by Sarah Booker (bio) I stopped at the restaurant off the highway because I couldn't stay awake. I'd been driving for eight hours after learning that my mother's health was quickly deteriorating. As soon as I hung up the phone with her, I put a few things in a little suitcase and, knowing it would be difficult to find a flight at that late hour, grabbed the car keys and ran out the door. Following by memory the route I hadn't driven in years, I took the interstate as far as I could. Then I turned right onto a state highway, and later, as it got dark, I proceeded down local roads. I'd forgotten about the beauty of that drive. The evening hues outside [End Page 55] the city. The way the wind softly bends the grass on the hills. The shapes of certain clouds. I stopped several times along the way to drink coffee and ask myself, silently and guiltily, whether my quick response really had to do with a concern for my mother's health or just the overwhelming desire to leave everything behind. Tabula rasa. My life in the city was a disaster. I was working more hours than necessary and living off cheap food, coffee, and cigarettes. I hadn't gotten a haircut in months, and I was wearing the same clothes I'd acquired years before, when I'd first arrived, full of dreams. Desires. Ideas for the future. None of it had come to fruition, I had to admit more than once during the drive. Other things had been achieved, that was true, but not the ones I wanted. Not the ones that had brought me there. The sense of failure, at first discreet and bearable, had become a permanent bitter taste in my mouth. An invisible snake slithering across the backs of my thighs, steadily creeping up my torso, under my clothes. An inner clatter that kept me from sleeping. I was not a happy man. The person who was driving these narrow country roads, now skillfully avoiding the body of some nocturnal animal, was as bitter as the saliva he couldn't swallow. I screamed it to the heavens: I am not a happy man. I shouted it out to the deer that forced me to screech to a stop in the middle of the road, the deer that kept looking at me with its big, bright eyes as I got out of my car and fell to my knees on the asphalt, crying. Who are you? I yelled. What the hell are you doing out here? I realized it was just a fawn, cocking its head to the left. I said it once I could finally stand and get back in the car, looking into the rearview mirror: I am not a happy man. I am barely a man. I was wiping away snot when I remembered my mother's youthful face. She'd also moved away, but in the opposite direction. Instead of going to the city, she'd bought a little cabin in a place difficult to find, even on a map. There, she told me, she would have time to think. She said nothing more, as if no further explanation were necessary. Time to think about what? I wondered for the first [End Page 56] time, keeping an eye on the speedometer as I counted the insects crashing into the windshield. Time to think, I guess, about how to get even farther away. That's what she did, anyway. She drifted away, to places I knew little about. One morning she woke up having finally become what she'd always wanted to be: a foreigner. Someone not from here. A person recently arrived. Tabula rasa. For years she'd talked about that with my father. At night, lying next to one other, sharing private landscapes, she'd always end up whispering: somewhere else. That was the only thing I could hear from my room. Sometimes it sounded like a plea. Sometimes it echoed threateningly. Somewhere else. Anywhere, but elsewhere. Not here. That's what she'd said...

Геопоэтика Сибири в прозе С. И. Карцевского начала XX века

The aim of the research is to identify the singularity of the geopoetic image of Siberia in the 1906-1917 autobiographical prose of an eminent linguist of the XX century S. I. Kartsevsky. The literary heritage of S. I. Kartsevsky for the first time becomes an analytical object of literary analysis and is considered from the viewpoint of the phenomenon of geopoetic experience of Siberia, which determines the scientific novelty of the work. For S. I. Kartsevsky, Tobolsk Governorate at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries is a dichotomous locus, it is both homeland and foreign land. The experience of travelling determined the geopoetic dominant of the authors consciousness, expressed in the artistic representation of the oppositional categories of ones own and alien. The paper identifies the conceptual foundations of the sensory-bodily experience of the Siberian land in Kartsevsky’s prose, explores the narrative strategy, examines the features of spatial metaphors, on the basis of which the geopoetic image of Tobolsk Governorate of the early XX century is built. The research findings have shown that the geopoetics of Siberia in S. I. Kartsevsky’s prose is built on the basis of a special concept of ones own and alien; the phenomenological attitude of the author correlates with the principle of tabula rasa; the geopoetic metaphors of a net, fabric, shroud, sleep become the key ones in the Siberian text of the writer.

Garden Hunter

Garden Hunter

Tabula rasa: the Western under erasure in The Rider and Jauja

ABSTRACT This article aims to realise a methodological de-Westernisation of the Western film genre through a comparative analysis of Chloé Zhao's The Rider and Lisandro Alonso's Jauja. Through the Derridean concepts of sous rature, différance, the trace and hauntology, several conventions of the Western genre are discussed and analysed, including the landscape, masculinity and the denial of climactic endings. The search for meaning is present in the two main male characters, but whereas Brady (Brady Jandreau) crafts a gentle approach to a cowboy masculinity in the twenty-first century through both riding and a sense of belonging to the landscape, captain Dinesen (Viggo Mortensen) in Jauja finds himself lost because of his rigid colonial approach to the Patagonian landscape. The endings of the two films are deferred, indicating, in The Rider, the continuity of the search for meaning beyond the conventions of the Western, and the disjuncture of time as a result of colonial violence in Jauja. Ultimately, this article proposes that this Derridean methodology, when suffused with a World Cinema perspective, can debunk established notions of centrality and ownership in relation to genre studies.

Magnifying the Terrace: David Saunders and the Cross Street Co-Operative Housing Development

ABSTRACT This paper traces the influence that pioneering Australian architectural historian David Saunders (1928–1986) exerted over the development of the University of Melbourne’s Cross Street Co-operative Housing Development in Carlton designed by Earle, Shaw & Partners (1970–1971). Cross Street is one of a number of public–private medium-density housing developments that were constructed on large sites resumed by the Housing Commission of Victoria after World War II. While the Housing Commission was demolishing large areas of inner Melbourne for tabula rasa high-rise modernist development, Saunders argued for the retention, adaptation, and acculturation of urban form, exemplified in the house he and architect wife Doreen designed for themselves in Parkville (1962). Saunders took an active role in commissioning Cross Street and his influence meant that it became the first large-scale urban project in Australia that consciously articulated an understanding of its historic environment. The project demonstrates many of his key urban ideas such as the importance of the nineteenth-century terrace form and shared pedestrianised spaces. This paper argues that the project presaged the so-called rediscovery of the city in Australia, emerged amidst the rise of local architectural history as a discipline, heritage activism, and an institution positioning itself for expansion.

Introducing Character Education: A Proposed Strategy for Developing Anti-Corruption Culture in Liberia

Corruption continues to be one of the key challenges to the governance and development of many African countries. In Liberia, despite the existence of innumerable anti-corruption strategies, the menace of corruption remains ubiquitous or prevalent. This clearly suggests that the strategies introduced do not explain the fundamental cause(s) of corruption but are rather secondary explanations. Using the qualitative descriptive method with a main emphasis on conceptual normative approach, this paper grounded on a virtue ethics theoretical stance seeks to address the problem of widespread corruption in Liberia. Guided by Tabula rasa and the theory of change as the theoretical framework, the paper conceptually proposed the introduction of character education as the essential strategy for developing an anti-corruption culture. The finding reveals that the main reason for the persistence of corruption in Liberia is a lack of a comprehensive moral value system that can sustainably socialize the rising generation into integrity through character education. The paper concludes that though character education is a long-term solution to the fight against corruption. However, facts have proven its efficacy in other societies as mentioned in this paper. So, if introduce and practice in Liberia accordingly, it is likely to produce similar effects.

Aircraft maintenance facility location planning

This investigation combines the aircraft maintenance routing problem (AMRP) with the aircraft maintenance facility location problem as they are interdependent. Unlike the classical fixed charge location model, aircraft maintenance facility location is not based on static customer demands but on how aircraft move around the airline network while undergoing periodic maintenance checks. Two important factors relevant to this analysis are: (a) aircraft overnight stays at maintenance facilities and airports away from their home bases and (b) the location and cost of maintenance facility construction. There are two possible scenarios concerning the status of maintenance facilities. The first is a tabula rasa case – for a start-up airline with no existing maintenance facilities (AMFLP). The second is an operating airline case with prepositioned maintenance facilities, which we denote as a maintenance facility location update problem (AMFUP). We formulate both as binary integer multicommodity flow problems whose aim is to find the cost-minimizing number, size, and location of the maintenance facilities. Experiments with flight schedules from two regional airlines indicate that total annualized costs are convex in the number of maintenance airports. Though new facility costs tend to dominate, costs associated with noncyclic routes become increasingly important as the number of maintenance airports decreases. Key contributions of this paper are that it (a) demonstrates the superiority of the integration of the aircraft maintenance routing and aircraft maintenance facility location problems, (b) provides a formulation and solution methodology dealing with this significant but under-researched problem, and (c) presents extensive computational experiments, cost and sensitivity analyses for two real life aircraft flight schedules.