Production Of Tablets Research Articles

Turbat al-Ḥusayn: Modern Presentation of an Early Shīʿī Practice

This article explores the historical and contemporary evolution of turbat al-ḥusayn, the sacred soil of Karbala, as a central element in shaping Shīʿī identity and ritual practices. From the early Islamic centuries, turbat al-ḥusayn has served not only as a symbol of healing and blessing but also as a key component of Shīʿī collective memory. The paper examines the development of turbat rituals across three significant periods: pre-Safavid, post-Safavid, and post-revolutionary Iran. During the pre-Safavid period, including the medieval Islamic centuries, the sanctification of turbat evolved through the efforts of Shīʿī Imams such as al-Bāqir and al-Ṣādiq, who integrated it into the theological framework of wilāyah (guardianship) and Shīʿī ritual practices. This period also witnessed the gradual codification of its ritualistic and medicinal uses in foundational Shīʿī texts. During the Safavid era, turbat became institutionalized as a marker of Shīʿī identity, with its economic significance expanding through the production of prayer tablets and rosaries. Following the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran, turbat was reinterpreted as a symbol of martyrdom and resistance, aligning with revolutionary ideologies and narratives that paralleled the sacrifices of Karbala with contemporary struggles. The COVID-19 pandemic introduced new dimensions to turbat’s role, with its promotion as a medicinal remedy by religious figures, despite lacking historical precedent in traditional Shīʿī teachings. These developments illustrate how turbat al-ḥusayn continues to be dynamically recontextualized in response to modern challenges. The study concludes that turbat al-ḥusayn transcends its ritualistic and spiritual origins, serving as a flexible and enduring symbol of Shīʿī identity. Its evolving interpretations underscore the interplay between tradition and modernity, highlighting its ongoing relevance in both devotional life and socio-political discourse.

Implementation of Quality of Design for the Development of Bilayer Tablet

Different drug release properties for different drugs contained in each layer of a bilayer tablet are rarely achievable with regular tablets. Additionally, these tablets help avoid physicochemical incompatibilities between medications and excipients. The successful production of such more complicated dosage forms depends on screening the material qualities of APIs and excipients and optimizing the processing parameters of each unit operations of the manufacturing process. In order to meet safety and efficacy regulations, these operations need to be properly monitored and managed to produce a drug product with acceptable quality and performance. Blending, granulation, pre-compression, and main compression are critical stages when formulation qualities and production processes should be tuned to avoid problems like weight variation, segregation, and delamination of particular components. Bilayer tablets, as opposed to ordinary tablets, offer distinct drug release properties for certain medications that are housed in each layer. These tablets also help to avoid physicochemical incompatibilities between drugs and excipients. The successful manufacturing of such more complex dosage forms depends on screening the material attributes of API and excipients and optimizing the processing parameters of individual unit operations of the manufacturing process in order to achieve safon of layers, which is frequently encountered during the production of bilayer tablets. For the quality and performance of the medication product to be acceptable, these processes need to be properly watched over and managed. The main objective of this review is to establish the foundation for implementing the Quality by Design (QbD).

3D-Printed Tablets of Nifurtimox: In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi Studies.

Background/Objectives: Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by infection with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Benznidazole and nifurtimox are the only approved drugs for treating this condition, but their low aqueous solubility may lead to erratic bioavailability. This work aimed for the first time to formulate tablets of nifurtimox by hot melt extrusion coupled with 3D printing as a strategy to increase drug dissolution and the production of tablets with dosage on demand. Methods: Different pharmaceutical-grade polymers were evaluated through film casting, and those with promising nifurtimox amorphization capacity were further used to prepare filaments by hot melt extrusion. The printability of the obtained filaments was tested, and the polyvinyl alcohol filament was further used for printing tablets containing 120 and 60 mg of nifurtimox. Results: Three-dimensional tablets showed a remarkable improvement in the drug dissolution rate compared to commercial tablets and a dissolution efficiency 2.8 times higher. In vivo studies were carried out on Swiss mice. Parasitemia curves of nifurtimox printed tablets were significantly superior to the pure drug. Moreover, NFX 3D tablets provided a similar Trypanosoma cruzi reduction in plasmatic concentration to benznidazole, the gold-standard drug for acute-phase treatment of the Chagas disease. Conclusions: The findings of this work showed that hot melt extrusion coupled with 3D printing is a promising alternative for increasing nifurtimox biopharmaceutical properties and an attractive approach for personalized medicine.

Determination and evaluation of unofficial or complementary tests of rosemary extract tablets (as a finished product)

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a plant rich in active ingredients, it generates a tonic and stimulating action on the nervous, circulatory and heart systems, in addition to being choleretic, cholagogue, antispasmodic, diuretic, emmenagogue and antigodanotropic. The objective was to carry out unofficial tests in the production of rosemary tablets as a finished product. The appearance, hardness, weight variation and friability of the tablets were determined. The results show an appearance with irregular edges and faint yellow spots, the diameter of the tablets shows a P-value of 0.408, a thickness with a P-value of 0.458, and a tablet weight of a lower P-value. at 0.050, in hardness a P-value of .942, while in the friability tests values less than 1 were obtained. These results show acceptable values for the production of rosemary extract tablets, which can have commercial use.

Optimization Using Regression Analysis of the Wet Granulation Process for Production of GSB-106 Tablets

Optimization Using Regression Analysis of the Wet Granulation Process for Production of GSB-106 Tablets

The potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions through disease prevention: a secondary analysis of data from the CREDENCE trial.

The health-care sector is responsible for 5·2% of global emissions, however, little data exist regarding the environmental impact of disease management strategies. SGLT2 inhibitors are now widely used to reduce the risk of hospital admission and kidney failure in people with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. This study aimed to estimate the impact of SGLT2 inhibitors on greenhouse gas emissions using data from the CREDENCE trial. For this modelling analysis, we used data from the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, CREDENCE trial, which compared the effect of canagliflozin versus placebo on kidney and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease. For this secondary analysis, we included all participants randomly assigned to canagliflozin or placebo at baseline in the CREDENCE trial. Data on greenhouse gas emissions resulting from hospital inpatient days, maintenance dialysis therapy, and SGLT2 inhibitor tablet production were derived from published reports and used to model greenhouse gas emissions from total number of hospital inpatient days, total number of days of maintenance dialysis therapy, and from SGLT2 inhibitor treatment over the course of the CREDENCE trial. We compared greenhouse gas emission estimates for participants in the canagliflozin group and placebo group of the CREDENCE trial. We used bootstrapping analyses to calculate uncertainty estimates and permutation tests to generate p values for the difference in number of days on dialysis and inpatient bed days between treatment groups. 4401 participants who were randomly assigned to the canagliflozin (n=2202) or placebo group (n=2199) were included in the secondary analyses. During a median follow-up of 2·62 years (IQR 0·02 to 4·53), SGLT2 inhibitor production for 2202 participants resulted in greenhouse gas emissions of 63 tonnes of CO2 equivalent (CO2e; 95% CI 62 to 64). The total number of inpatient bed days was 17 002 days in the placebo group versus 13 672 days in the canagliflozin group; the 3330 fewer inpatient days (95% CI 1037 to 5686; p=0·042) with SGLT2 inhibitor treatment equated to a reduction of approximately 126 tonnes of CO2e (95% CI 39 to 216). Participants in the placebo group required 24 877 days of maintenance dialysis compared with 16 605 days in the treatment group; 8272 fewer days of dialysis ( -168 to 16 755; p=0·16), equated to a reduction of 161 tonnes of CO2e (-3 to 327). Overall, mean greenhouse gas emissions per-participant-year were reduced from 196 kg of CO2e per-participant-year to 157 kg of CO2e per-participant-year. The addition of an SGLT2 inhibitor to routine therapy for people with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through the prevention of hospital admissions and need for dialysis. None.

Manufacturing Technology: Firing as an Integral Component in the Production of Cuneiform Tablets from the Amarna Archive

This article explores the technological processes involved in the production of the Amarna tablets, focusing on firing temperatures associated with these cuneiform artefacts. Building on the extensive research conducted by Goren, Finkelstein and Naʾaman (2004), it examines the interplay of geographical origins, individual scribes and firing practices, offering insights into the manufacturing processes. Through several case studies, such as the Babylonian and Rib-Hadda’s Byblos letters, it demonstrates how firing temperatures were influenced by geographical and/or historical context, with Byblos scribes adapting to local practices. This study underscores the significance of firing in the production of cuneiform production, shedding light upon ancient cuneiform manufacturing methods and scribal traditions.

Formulasi Dan Evaluasi Sedian Tablet Dengan Metode Kempa Langsung

The objective of this research is to study the formulation and evaluation of tablet preparations using the direct compression method. The method used in this research is a Systematic Literature Review. The findings of the study explain that the direct compression method is an efficient and economical technique in tablet production, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. With the advancement of technology, this method is increasingly used to produce tablets directly from a mixture of active ingredients and excipients without going through granulation processes, whether wet or dry. This process allows for time and cost savings in production, as well as reducing the use of machinery and labor. The main advantage of direct compression is its ability to produce tablets with better disintegration and dissolution times, especially for active ingredients sensitive to heat and moisture. The selection of the appropriate fillers and binders, such as modified starch, pregelatinized potato starch, and Avicel, significantly impacts the physical quality of the tablets, including hardness, friability, and flowability. Furthermore, the research results show that the correct formulation, both in terms of the composition of excipients and the concentration of binders, can improve the physical properties of the tablets and meet the desired quality standards. Therefore, while the direct compression method offers many advantages, it is important to continue exploring and optimizing formulations, both in terms of excipient selection and mixing ratios, to achieve tablets with the best quality that meet pharmaceutical needs and are accepted by consumers.

In silico formulation optimization and particle engineering of pharmaceutical products using a generative artificial intelligence structure synthesis method

Pharmaceutical drug dosage forms are critical for ensuring the effective and safe delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients to patients. However, traditional formulation development often relies on extensive lab and animal experimentation, which can be time-consuming and costly. This manuscript presents a generative artificial intelligence method that creates digital versions of drug products from images of exemplar products. This approach employs an image generator guided by critical quality attributes, such as particle size and drug loading, to create realistic digital product variations that can be analyzed and optimized digitally. This paper shows how this method was validated through two case studies: one for the determination of the amount of material that will create a percolating network in an oral tablet product and another for the optimization of drug distribution in a long-acting HIV inhibitor implant. The results demonstrate that the generative AI method accurately predicts a percolation threshold of 4.2% weight of microcrystalline cellulose and generates implant formulations with controlled drug loading and particle size distributions. Comparisons with real samples reveal that the synthesized structures exhibit comparable particle size distributions and transport properties in release media.

3D and 4D Technology for Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery: A Detailed Insight

3D Printing, sometimes referred to as additive manufacturing, has made the concept of personalized medicine a reality. The primary objective of 3D and 4D printing is to produce intricate, customized pharmaceuticals at a reasonable cost. With improvements in materials, resolution, and speed, 3D printing technology is quickly developing. It includes faster construction, cost efficiency through reduced waste, design flexibility for complex structures, and sustainability through optimized material usage. An extensive literature survey was done on 3D and 4D printing of pharmaceuticals using PubMed, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, and Springer. The results were then filtered based on the titles, abstracts, and accessibility of the complete texts. The search engine Google Scholar was accessed for literature data mining. From the data mining, it was found that from the year 2009 to 2024 the number of research publications surged more than 200 times on the current topic. Even though 3-D and 4-D printing technologies have advanced significantly in a short amount of time, the most often used ones are still stereolithography, nozzle-based deposition, inkjet, and selective laser sintering. Their use has been modified for the production of nanoparticles, polypills, tablets, and implants, etc. Pharma's aspirations for tailored medications are being revolutionized by 3D printing, but cost, flexibility, and bioequivalence still need to be investigated. The present review offers a thorough analysis of various 3D and 4D printing methods and emphasizes the major advantages and disadvantages and major key challenges of 3D and 4D printing related to pharmaceuticals. Compared to 3D Printing, 4D printing offers better quality, efficacy, and functionality.

Liquisolid Compacts: A Paradigm in Drug Delivery System

Liquisolid compacts (LSCs) are a fascinating drug delivery technology that offers numerous advantages, particularly for Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class 2 drugs. In essence, they convert liquid medications into free-flowing, compressible powder forms suitable for tablet production with improved drug release characteristics. Formulation of liquisolid compacts represents a valuable strategy for overcoming solubility challenges, ultimately contributing to the development of an effective and patient-friendly drug delivery system.

Enhancing Tablet Product Experience on AliExpress

In the competitive e-commerce landscape, understanding customer experience is critical for businesses to enhance satisfaction and drive sales, particularly for tablet products. This study provides in-depth insights into customer experiences with tablet products on the AliExpress platform by analyzing 4,469 online reviews through sentiment analysis and topic modeling. The sentiment analysis reveals that while a significant portion of reviews are neutral to slightly negative, the overall sentiment is positive, indicating general satisfaction. Topic modeling uncovers key themes, with positive discussions centered around fast delivery, value for money, and children's enjoyment, while negative themes highlight issues with screen performance, customs processes, and unexpected taxes, particularly for Brazilian customers. Temporal analysis shows dynamic spikes in topics like fast delivery and cost-benefit during specific periods. These findings provide actionable guidance for businesses and manufacturers to optimize tablet quality, logistics, and marketing strategies to meet the needs and preferences of their target audience better.

Preparation of tenofovir amibufenamide fumarate spherical particles to improve tableting performance and sticking propensity by designing a spherical crystallization process

Tenofovir amibufenamide fumarate (TMF) is the first oral drug developed in Asia for the treatment of adult patients with chronic viral hepatitis B, however, further applications are limited by poor tableting performance and high sticking propensity. In this work, the spherulitic growth process of TMF has been designed and explored with the help of molecular dynamics simulation and process analysis technologies (ATR-FTIR, FBRM and EasyViewer). The spherical particles with high bulk density, good flowability and uniform particle size distribution are prepared by a simple quenching process. More importantly, experimental results show that spherical particles have higher average tensile strength (100.8% increase), higher plastic deformability and lower amount of punch sticking (87.4% decrease in 30 tablets) compared to the commercial powder products. These contributions not only shed light on the design principle of drug spherulitic growth processes, but also provide guidance for the manufacture of high-quality tablet products.

Dosage by design – 3D printing individualized cabozantinib tablets with immediate release

Production of patient-specific dosage forms is important to improve patient adherence and effectiveness while reducing the prevalence and severity of adverse effects. Due to its possibility of rapid prototyping 3D printing can be used to produce individual dosages while utilizing techniques such as hot melt extrusion to increase the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. In this work, Parteck MXP and Kollicoat IR were used as water-soluble polymer bases for formulation development for 3D printing of various dosages incorporating cabozantinib while enabling immediate release. The effect of tablet design and the excipients sorbitol, croscarmellose sodium, and sodium starch glycolate was investigated for this goal. A way to calculate the size of tablets for predetermined dosages is proposed to enable the printing of individual strengths from one formulation. Rheological data were collected to deepen the understanding of the role of melt viscosity in 3D printing and hot melt extrusion processes. The production of immediate-release cabozantinib tablets containing every therapeutically relevant dosage in a single unit produced by two-step 3D printing was realized.

Optimization of the composition and technology for the production of flotation tablets of sitagliptin with modified release

Optimization of the composition and technology for the production of flotation tablets of sitagliptin with modified release

Optimizing Norfloxacin Bioavailability: Formulation and Evaluation of Cyclodextrin-Based Tablets

The present study focuses on the formulation of norfloxacin tablets using β-cyclodextrin and evaluates the tablets to enhance their bioavailability. Initially, compatibility studies, including FTIR analysis of norfloxacin and norfloxacin-excipient mixtures, were conducted to ensure the stability of the formulation components. The complexation of norfloxacin with β-cyclodextrin was carried out to improve the drug's solubility and, consequently, its bioavailability. Norfloxacin tablets were then prepared using the direct compression technique, a method known for its simplicity and effectiveness in tablet production. The formulated tablets were subjected to various evaluation parameters, including weight variation, hardness, friability, drug content, disintegration time, and drug dissolution profile. Among the formulations tested, the F5 formulation emerged as the optimized formulation, demonstrating superior performance in comparison to the marketed product. The study concludes that the norfloxacin-β-cyclodextrin complex significantly enhanced the bioavailability of norfloxacin, with the F5 formulation showing the most promising results.

A study on the Process of Containing Tablets from the Rind of Small-Grain Coffee in Yunnan, China

An innovative Yunnan small-grain coffee pericarp tablet was developed by using high-speed grinding technology to convert Yunnan small-grain coffee pericarp into dry powder, and then combining other main and auxiliary ingredients. The quality of the product was evaluated by sensory scores, and a one-way test was applied to select the appropriate ratio of ingredients and formulation, and an orthogonal test was used to optimize the formulation of the tablets. The results showed that the optimal formulation for the production of Yunnan small-grain coffee pericarp tablets included 45.69% of Yunnan small-grain coffee pericarp powder, 19.58% of dextrin, 15.66% of mannitol, 15.66% of microcrystalline cellulose, 2.61% of magnesium stearate, 0.52% of calcium sulphate and 0.26% of sodium saccharin. Under this formula, the tablets had a unique taste, consistent color, smooth appearance, delicate texture and sensory score of 95. Its physical and chemical indexes and microbiological indexes meet the corresponding food safety standards, and it is a new product, which is of great significance to promote the food development of Yunnan small-grain coffee peel resources.

Quantification of API content in pharmaceutical tablets within milliseconds by time-stretch near-infrared transmission spectroscopy

We explored the feasibility of high-speed and high-accuracy quantification of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) content in tablet products by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to improve the reliability of pharmaceuticals. For this purpose, we employed a high-power NIR time-stretch transmission spectrometer recently developed by us. By using this transmission spectrometer with a multivariate calibration model, we demonstrated the ability to quantify API content with a short measurement time of 3.9 ms per tablet for model pharmaceuticals. For the model tablet, the quantification ability of our spectrometer was comparable to that achieved by a commonly used Fourier-transform NIR (FT-NIR) spectrometer with a measurement time of several seconds. We also confirmed that the effect of irradiating tablets with the NIR pulses used in our spectrometer was negligible.

Tandem Queue and Its Applications in the Production of Bi-layer Tablets

Tandem Queue and Its Applications in the Production of Bi-layer Tablets

A Type-1 fuzzy framework based on SVD-QR for predicting the strength of tablets produced using Consigma-25 continuous tablet production plant

In this research paper, the tablet strength as an indication of tabletability and tablet quality was examined and modelled as a function of different process parameters. The effects of the different process parameters of the various units of ConsiGmaTM −25 (i.e., wet granulation, drying, milling, blending and tabletting) were statistically examined. Then, a type-1 fuzzy based modelling framework based on the singular value decomposition-QR (SVD-QR) approach was developed and trained to mathematically map these parameters to the tablet strength. This structure was developed in a way that allows users to predict the tablet strength for tablets produced using different process parameters. Based on the results obtained, the statistical analyses show significant effects of the process parameters on the tablet quality. Furthermore, the proposed framework developed can be used to anticipate the tablet's strength successfully, where the performance measures in terms of the coefficient of determination and mean square error are 0.86 and 0.066, respectively. In addition, it can also provide users with linguistic understanding that can help in understanding as well as controlling the line.