Table Settings Research Articles

Eliza Leslie's 1854 The Behaviour Book and the Conduct of Women's Writing

In 1854 Eliza Leslie—an author well known for her recipes, adolescent literature, and short fiction—slipped in advice to fellow women on how to write and publish under the cover of an etiquette manual. Between pages devoted to table settings, church decorum, and shopping, Leslie upheld women's right to write during a time of significant cultural ambivalence about female authorship. Leslie used the genre of an etiquette book to perform a complicated rhetorical act that simultaneously normalized, validated, and informed mid-nineteenth-century women writers at a time in which women's desire to write faced significant challenges.

「내외진연등록(內外進宴謄錄)」을 통해 본 궁중연회음식의 분석적 고찰 - 1902년 중화전 외진연(外進宴) 대전과 황태자의 상차림을 중심으로 -

This study focused on the historic documents known as <TEX>$deungnok$</TEX>, records created during preparations for royal events in the <TEX>$Joseon$</TEX> Dynasty, rather than the often cited <TEX>$uigwe$</TEX>, the documents describing the Royal Protocol of the <TEX>$Joseon$</TEX> Dynasty. As a reference to the food served at royal banquets, the <TEX>$deungnok$</TEX> can enhance our understanding of royal banquet foods. Seven specimens of <TEX>$deungnok$</TEX> describing royal banquet foods are currently in existence, created during preparations for royal events by the agencies in charge of food, the <TEX>$Saongwon$</TEX> and <TEX>$Jeonseonsa$</TEX>. Owing to the nature of their authorship, the details recorded in these <TEX>$deungnok$</TEX> hold great value as important resources for the study of royal banquet cuisine. <TEX>$Naeoejinyeon$</TEX>-<TEX>$deungnok$</TEX>, which documented an <TEX>$oejinyeon$</TEX> banquet held at the <TEX>$Junghwajeon$</TEX> Pavilion in November 1902, was somewhat disorganized and fragmented. <TEX>$Jinyeonuigwe$</TEX> was more inclusive and well-summarized, since the former were progress reports to the King during banquet preparations that listed various items separately, such as dishes for each table setting and the kinds of flower pieces, and thus did not present a complete picture of all the details as a whole. The latter, on the other hand, were final reports created upon completion of a banquet, and contained more comprehensive records not only of the <TEX>$chanpum$</TEX> (the menu of dishes served), but also the sorts of tableware and tables, floral arrangements, location, scale, and installation date of the <TEX>$sukseolso$</TEX> (temporary royal kitchens for banquets). They also offer a more effective summary by simplifying details duplicated in identical table settings. Nevertheless, the <TEX>$Naeoejinyeon$</TEX>-<TEX>$deungnok$</TEX> recorded some facts that cannot be gleaned from the <TEX>$Jinyeonuigwe$</TEX>, including the height of some dishes presented in piled stacks, as well as the specific names of dishes and their ingredients. The comparative study of the historic records in the <TEX>$deungnok$</TEX> and <TEX>$uigwe$</TEX> will be helpful in identifying and understanding the specific foods served at royal banquets. The <TEX>$oejinyeon$</TEX>-<TEX>$seolchando$</TEX> diagrams in <TEX>$Naeoejinyeon$</TEX>-<TEX>$deungnok$</TEX> depict the table settings for the King and the Crown Prince. The two diagrams contain large rectangles divided into three sections. In each section are similar-sized circles in which the names of dishes and the titles for table settings are recorded. From these records we can see that the arrangements of the table settings for the King and the Crown Prince are similar. The relationships and protocols shown in the arrangement of dishes and table settings for the King and the Crown Prince at royal banquets in the <TEX>$Seolchando$</TEX> appear to be consistent. By comparing the two references, <TEX>$deungnok$</TEX> and <TEX>$uigwe$</TEX>, which recorded the dishes served at royal banquets, the author was able to determine the height of some foods served in stacked arrangements, the names of <TEX>$chanpum$</TEX>, the ingredients used, and the configuration of the <TEX>$chanpum$</TEX>. The comparative review of these two written records, <TEX>$deungnok$</TEX> and <TEX>$uigwe$</TEX>, will be helpful for a proper understanding of the actual food served at royal banquets.

체재형 가족농원의 주거시설에 대한 의식

The aim of this study was to determine the basic perception of Kleingarten house planning of Jeonbuk area. The survey method was used for data collection. The major finding were as follows: 1) Almost all respondents have a very positive attitude the participant of Kleingarten. Many respondents wanted the cheapest price for the Kleingarten rental fee and for the travel time between their home and Kleingarten to be under an hour. 2) Two different size of 45 and 66 were preferable for the house floor plans. The most preferable floor plan type chosen by the respondents was a house design with a terrace and the elderly householders especially preferred a house floor plan with an LDK design. 54.3 per cent respondents liked the log house and 93.3 per cent respondents liked the eco-friendly building materials such as wood, earth (Korean natural earth: whangto), and adobe bricks etc. 3) There were more needs for useful facilities such as a pergola, a grassy lawn, small ponds, a playground for the childrens, patio table settings, etc.

New or repeat customers: How does physical environment influence their restaurant experience?

This study proposed a conceptual model to examine how customers’ perceptions of the physical environment influenced disconfirmation, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty for first-time and repeat customers in upscale restaurants. Using a structural equation modeling analysis, this study showed that facility aesthetics, lighting, layout, and service staff had significant effects on disconfirmation. Moreover, disconfirmation exerted a direct influence on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. Customer satisfaction also positively influenced customer loyalty. Finally, the impacts of facility aesthetics, lighting, table settings, and service staff on disconfirmation significantly differed between first-time customers and repeat customers. More specifically, facility aesthetics, lighting, and service staff were significant predictors of both first timers’ and repeaters’ perceived disconfirmation, while layout and table settings were significant determinants of only repeat visitors’ perceived disconfirmation. The implications for academic researchers and marketing practitioners are discussed.

Blocking: new examples and properties of products

AbstractWe say that a pair of points x and y is secure if there exists a finite set of blocking points such that any geodesic between x and y passes through one of the blocking points. The main point of this paper is to exhibit new examples of blocking phenomena in both the manifold and the billiard table settings. In approaching this, we study whether a product of secure configurations (or manifolds) is also secure. We introduce the concept of midpoint security which requires that the geodesic reaches a blocking point exactly at its midpoint. We prove that products of midpoint secure configurations are midpoint secure. On the other hand, we construct a compact C1 surface which contains secure configurations that are not midpoint secure. This surface provides the first example of an insecure product of secure configurations, and generates billiard tables with similar blocking behavior.

Modelling vadose zone moisture dynamics in shallow water table settings with the Integrated Hydrologic Model: field-scale testing and application

Reproducing the moisture retention behaviour of the vadose zone in shallow water table settings, especially for the near-surface water table aquifer of the Florida coastal plain, provides unique challenges for integrated hydrological models. A comprehensive distributed parameter model, the Integrated Hydrologic Model (IHM), is developed based on deterministic and physically based soil and vegetative properties. The theory and vertical behaviour of IHM is examined through comparisons with data collected at a study site in west-central Florida. The objectives of this exploration are to test a model of the vertical processes controlling water table behaviour, and to also investigate model parameter effects and offer recommendations for improvements and parameterization for regional model application. Rigorous testing is performed to better understand the robustness and/or the limitations of the methodology of the IHM for vadose zones. Simulation results indicate that IHM is capable of providing reasonable predictions of infiltration, depth to water table (DTWT) elevation response, evapotranspiration (ET) distributions from the upper, lower soil and water table while incorporating field-scale variability of soil and land cover properties.

Banqueting at the Lord's Table in Sixteenth-Century Venice

Paolo Veronese's Marriage Feast at Cana (1562––62; Muséée du Louvre, Paris) reflects the dining experience of the Benedictine monks whose tables continued along the walls of the monastery's refectory as an extension of the painting. In effect, the monks shared the meal, becoming part of the miracle portrayed in Veronese's grand banquet. Moreover, the sumptuousness and decadence of late-sixteenth-century Venice, reflects the dining practices and sociability of the time. Feasting scenes, like the one depicted here, often did not emphasize food; rather, the focus was on the conspicuous display of material goods for which the Venetians were famous. The opulence of the environment, the table settings, and service rival the sumptuous dress of the wedding guests.

Use of CR roentgenography in X-ray diagnostic departments of primary treatment-and-prophylaxis institutions

The goal of this work was to describe the first domestic experience in clinical application of digital stimulated-luminophore roentgenography (CR roentgenography) in X-ray diagnostic departments of out-patient hospitals and polyclinics. Recommendations for selection of the exposure table and physicotechnical settings of roentgenography are given.

Lessons for Leftists Old and New

Pablo Neruda wrote in elegant verse what Harry Magdoff analyzed in prose:But we have to see behind all them, there is somethingbehind the traitors and the gnawing rats,an empire which sets the tableand serves up the nourishment and the bullets….Harry saw behind them all, behind the traitors and the gnawing rats, and he identified, analyzed, and rejected the empire which sets the table. The table settings changed over decades, even the size and shape of the table were altered. The careful economic proof of U.S. empire in the sixties became the contemporary global imperialism in this post-9/11 millennium. Harry Magdoff named, tracked, and opposed the bloody dehumanizing course of U.S. imperialism over six decades.This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.

Errors in radiation oncology: A study in pathways and dosimetric impact

As complexity for treating patients increases, so does the risk of error. Some publications have suggested that record and verify (R&V) systems may contribute in propagating errors. Direct data transfer has the potential to eliminate most, but not all, errors. And although the dosimetric consequences may be obvious in some cases, a detailed study does not exist. In this effort, we examined potential errors in terms of scenarios, pathways of occurrence, and dosimetry. Our goal was to prioritize error prevention according to likelihood of event and dosimetric impact. For conventional photon treatments, we investigated errors of incorrect source‐to‐surface distance (SSD), energy, omitted wedge (physical, dynamic, or universal) or compensating filter, incorrect wedge or compensating filter orientation, improper rotational rate for arc therapy, and geometrical misses due to incorrect gantry, collimator or table angle, reversed field settings, and setup errors. For electron beam therapy, errors investigated included incorrect energy, incorrect SSD, along with geometric misses. For special procedures we examined errors for total body irradiation (TBI, incorrect field size, dose rate, treatment distance) and LINAC radiosurgery (incorrect collimation setting, incorrect rotational parameters). Likelihood of error was determined and subsequently rated according to our history of detecting such errors. Dosimetric evaluation was conducted by using dosimetric data, treatment plans, or measurements. We found geometric misses to have the highest error probability. They most often occurred due to improper setup via coordinate shift errors or incorrect field shaping. The dosimetric impact is unique for each case and depends on the proportion of fields in error and volume mistreated. These errors were short‐lived due to rapid detection via port films. The most significant dosimetric error was related to a reversed wedge direction. This may occur due to incorrect collimator angle or wedge orientation. For parallel‐opposed 60° wedge fields, this error could be as high as 80% to a point off‐axis. Other examples of dosimetric impact included the following: SSD, ~2%/cm for photons or electrons; photon energy (6 MV vs. 18 MV), on average 16% depending on depth, electron energy, ~0.5cm of depth coverage per MeV (mega‐electron volt). Of these examples, incorrect distances were most likely but rapidly detected by in vivo dosimetry. Errors were categorized by occurrence rate, methods and timing of detection, longevity, and dosimetric impact. Solutions were devised according to these criteria. To date, no one has studied the dosimetric impact of global errors in radiation oncology. Although there is heightened awareness that with increased use of ancillary devices and automation, there must be a parallel increase in quality check systems and processes, errors do and will continue to occur. This study has helped us identify and prioritize potential errors in our clinic according to frequency and dosimetric impact. For example, to reduce the use of an incorrect wedge direction, our clinic employs off‐axis in vivo dosimetry. To avoid a treatment distance setup error, we use both vertical table settings and optical distance indicator (ODI) values to properly set up fields. As R&V systems become more automated, more accurate and efficient data transfer will occur. This will require further analysis. Finally, we have begun examining potential intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) errors according to the same criteria.PACS numbers: 87.53.Xd, 87.53.St

Cooking an Architectural Happy Cosmospoiesis

By reading the implied perception posited by Fergusson, and amplified by Collins and Price, the notions of cooks and architects' reciprocal influences, and the crossing over of dishes' and buildings' sources in an all signifying system, from table settings to site settings, becomes a way to identify a possible cosmospoiesis. Culinary and architectural works are not simply products of a single mentality, but of a mentality connecting buildings and dishes within the structure of the sensual homology existing between building and cooking. Any dish or building is constructed through a tectonic mosaic by which any dish or building results from the assimilation and transformation of other buildings and dishes. As creators of images architects and cooks can relate to their future buildings and dishes through a long series of intertextual, intermediary and intersensorial steps, a discipline that begins in the mastery of the reuse of leftovers.

My Thai Girlfriends

My Thai Girlfriends Tom Ireland (bio) In the dream i'm served by a Thai woman wearing a white plaster mask. She and I are the only people in a large hotel dining room: antique table settings, six or eight to a table, and white linen tablecloths. The masked woman folds herself around me from behind, but along with the pleasure of being held comes the fear of impropriety. Foreigners are expected to practice restraint while visiting this country. Upon waking I write, "At my age sex may be a thing of the past, but to live well, it's best not to rule it out entirely. The desire, not the act, is the important thing." A year off from work requires complicated arrangements. Someone must be found to replace me at work, where for fifteen years I've been editing archaeological reports for New Mexico's Office of Cultural Affairs. I'm worried that my replacement will not do the job as well as I, or that he will do it better. My house must be leased so I'll have enough money while I'm in Thailand. My medical insurance will be discontinued, putting me at the mercy of Asian diseases. I'll cancel my telephone, and the telephone company will give my old number to a stranger. There's some explaining to do. It makes people nervous that I'm pulling up roots, leaving everything behind for a year. It causes them to question their own comfortable routines. They demand reasons. I say that I've always wanted to travel, which isn't true. The thought of going alone to an unknown country terrifies me. I say that I want to experience a foreign culture, knowing that it's no more possible to leave my own culture behind than it is to leave my own consciousness. Among coworkers, I don't say that my leaving has more to do with the disavowal of what I'm doing here than with anything I might find to do over there, which might remind them of their own dissatisfaction. Nor do I say that the real object of this adventure is not having to do anything at all. One of the archaeologists at the office recommends Chiang Mai, a city in the cooler northern part of Thailand, as the best place to start. Chiang Mai has everything, he says—great food, friendly people, antiquities—and for Westerners, at least, it's incredibly cheap since the Asian economic collapse. He tells me how to use the red taxis, which [End Page 55] only seem to be taking you miles out of your way. And he warns about the beauty of Thai women: "It's okay to sleep with them, but don't get serious. You'll end up having to support her whole family." The Kingdom of Thailand issues me a visa that's valid from July 23, 2002, until July 22, 2002, that is, minus one day. I didn't want to go to Thailand all that much anyway, and now Thailand has complied with my basic reluctance to visit their country by granting me less than no time in the kingdom. The Thais are famous for politeness, and "Please come for minus one day" is probably their polite way of saying, "Don't bother to come at all." I call the Royal Thai Embassy in Washington, D.C., and talk to Mr. Pop. He apologizes and says there's been a mistake, which means I have to go after all. As a going-away present, the Office of Cultural Affairs gives me a lifetime supply of condoms. It might be Saturday. I'm alone in Chiang Mai, sitting on the wooden balcony that overlooks the courtyard of the Mountain View Guesthouse. Guests on the second floor are asked to walk lightly on the teak floors to keep from disturbing those in the rooms below. There's no view of the mountains, but Miss Daeng, the manager, says you can see them if you climb to the roof of the building after a rain. This morning two real estate agents showed me an apartment in a high-rise condo called...

The Best System in the World

Imagine that a well-respected, politically powerful group of people had been given charge of America's school lunch programs. Gradually, over many years, some standards had been established; and all school lunch workers felt that it was absolutely essential that these standards be maintained, whatever the cost. Students ate lunch by candlelight, upon linen tablecloths, off gilt-edged china with sterling silver utensils, drinking from crystal stemware. The lunches, prepared by highly trained gourmet chefs, contained only the choicest ingredients. Food was prepared individually for each student and rushed piping hot to the table; extra cooks and servers were always on hand to make sure that no student ever had to wait too long. (Standing in line for they said, maybe something that people would accept in Canada or England; but American children would never put up with that. These standards of excellence for the school lunch program, it turned out in retrospect, had evolved over many years based on advances in food preparation technology and in the skill of the gourmet chefs. Since at the start of this evolutionary process costs were quite low, hardly anyone stopped to ask whether there were any limits of affordability. Quite naturally, the costs of today's school lunch program threaten to overwhelm not only the education budget, but indeed the entire local economy. Teachers are laid off and subjects are dropped from the curriculum so that even more elegant crystal can be purchased for the dining room. Imagine further that critics of the program come to find out that this wonderful dining experience is not shared equally by all the children. Because of the great expense of the standard lunch, and because of the limited ability of society to afford the escalating costs, some children end up getting left out. There is one set of children, mostly from the poorest families, who get quite a different lunch program, eating week-old leftovers off paper plates with plastic silverware. But that group of children are better off than the children of some lower-income working families, who for one reason or another end up not getting fed at all on any particular day. Imagine that the critics find out something else about this program. Even the mainstream, middle-class children who receive the gourmet food and the luxurious table settings sometimes don't get what they really want or need. Sometimes children are made by the gourmet chefs to eat food that they dislike terribly or even are allergic to, because that food is on today's menu or demands the highest skill to prepare. Other children who are already full are forced to eat rich desserts, again because the skills of the chefs and the fineness of the ingredients cannot be allowed to go to waste (though cynics note that the cafeteria managers have traditionally made hefty profits out of this sort of overconsumptive behavior). Imagine finally that the critics call for radical changes in the school lunch program, arguing that all children need to be fed lunch; that adequately nutritious lunches could be provided at far lower cost; and that too often the system forces unwanted services on children, to their detriment. The powerful managers are indignant: How could anyone ask us to change things and lower our standards? After all, we are talking-about the finest school lunch program in the world. The school lunch analogy ignores one critical feature of U.S. medical care over the past half-century. The hypothetical lunchroom managers, while perhaps benevolently motivated, certainly seem out of touch with any real social needs. By contrast, the medical leaders who developed first the scientific research base for today's medicine, and next the hospital system to deliver the fruits of that research into the community, were responding to pressing individual and social concerns; and the world is a much better place today for their work. The difficulties we currently face result not from an across-the-board failure of previous efforts,[1] but rather from the application of Epstein's Law (If you think the problem is bad now, just wait till you've solved it). …

Control of selective perception using bayes nets and decision theory

A selective vision system sequentially collects evidence to support a specified hypothesis about a scene, as long as the additional evidence is worth the effort of obtaining it. Efficiency comes from processing the scene only where necessary, to the level of detail necessary, and with only the necessary operators. Knowledge representation and sequential decision-making are central issues for selective vision, which takes advantage of prior knowledge of a domain''s abstract and geometrical structure and models for the expected performance and cost of visual operators. .pp The TEA-1 selective vision system uses Bayes nets for representation and benefit-cost analysis for control of visual and non-visual actions. It is the high-level control for an active vision system, enabling purposive behavior, the use of qualitative vision modules and a pointable multiresolution sensor. TEA-1 demonstrates that Bayes nets and decision theoretic techniques provide a general, re-usable framework for constructing computer vision systems that are selective perception systems, and that Bayes nets provide a general framework for representing visual tasks. Control, or decision making, is the most important issue in a selective vision system. TEA-1''s decisions about what to do next are based on general hand-crafted ``goodness functions'''' constructed around core decision theoretic elements. Several goodness functions for different decisions are presented and evaluated. .pp The TEA-1 system solves a version of the T-world problem, an abstraction of a large set of domains and tasks. Some key factors that affect the success of selective perception are analyzed by examining how each factor affects the overall performance of TEA-1 when solving ensembles of randomly produced, simulated T-world domains and tasks. TEA-1''s decision making algorithms are also evaluated in this manner. Experiments in the lab for one specific T-world domain, table settings, are also presented.

Spontaneous Drawing and the Individuality of Twins

Only rarely have geneticists, neurobiologists and psychologists availed themselves of twins for the study of the human mind's individuality. I believe, on the contrary, that twin data represent an invaluable means of research also for phenomena connected with human individuality and the functioning of the nervous system.To this end I thought of having MZ and DZ twins take a creativity test by means of spontaneous drawings of a single subject applied to individual MZ and DZ twin pairs.The preselected twins totalled 31 MZ and 13 DZ pairs of an age span during which the twins live together and experience the same environmental influences.The creativity test I devised consists of asking the twins to make a drawing of the family mealtime scene at which they all participate. The drawings were to be made on identical pieces of white paper, selecting colors from the same box of colored pencils given to each of them. When the test was explained, each twin was placed in a different room with no possibility of communication, and was asked to make the drawing, supervised at a distance by an assistant.In order to analyze the drawings, I established ten parameters: 1) First impression at a glance; 2) Choice of colors; 3) Choice of perspective; 4) Choice of persons' positions; 5) Emphasis on twins; 6) Shape of table; 7) Table settings and food dishes; 8) Room furniture; 9) Drawing of building; 10) Landscape.