Table Model Research Articles

Input-output Table and Input-output Model of Import and Export Internalization

Abstract This paper reviews the traditional input-output models and analyzes their potential problems and preliminary improvement research. According to the principle of the national economic accounting system, foreign departments are added in the first quadrant of the traditional input-output table. The biochemical input-output model of import and export solves the import and export problems that have plagued the input-output research, and integrates and expands the advantages of import tabulation matrix, MRIO and other tables and models. It has laid a solid foundation for correctly using input-output data to analyze national economy, regional economy and global economy. JEL classification numbers: E16. Keywords: Import, Export, Input-output Table, Input-output Model, Foreign Sector.

Technical note: A collision prediction tool using Blender.

Non-coplanar radiotherapy treatment techniques on C-arm linear accelerators have the potential to reduce dose to organs-at-risk in comparison with coplanar treatment techniques. Accurately predicting possible collisions between gantry, table and patient during treatment planning is needed to ensure patient safety. We offer a freely available collision prediction tool using Blender, a free and open-source 3D computer graphics software toolset. A geometric model of a C-arm linear accelerator including a library of patient models is created inside Blender. Based on the model, collision predictions can be used both to calculate collision-free zones and to check treatment plans for collisions. The tool is validated for two setups, once with and once without a full body phantom with the same table position. For this, each gantry-table angle combination with a 2° resolution is manually checked for collision interlocks at a TrueBeam system and compared to simulated collision predictions. For the collision check of a treatment plan, the tool outputs the minimal distance between the gantry, table and patient model and a video of the movement of the gantry and table, which is demonstrated for one use case. A graphical user interface allows user-friendly input of the table and patient specification for the collision prediction tool. The validation resulted in a true positive rate of 100%, which is the rate between the number of correctly predicted collision gantry-table combinations and the number of all measured collision gantry-table combinations, and a true negative rate of 89%, which is the ratio between the number of correctly predicted collision-free combinations and the number of all measured collision-free combinations. A collision prediction tool is successfully created and able to produce maps of collision-free zones and to test treatment plans for collisions including visualisation of the gantry and table movement.

Estimated health benefits, costs and cost-effectiveness of eliminating dietary industrial trans fatty acids in Kenya: cost-effectiveness analysis

ObjectivesTo model the potential health gains and cost-effectiveness of a mandatory limit of industrial trans fatty acids (iTFA) in Kenyan foods.DesignMultiple cohort proportional multistate life table model, incorporating existing data...

Seismic and Liquefaction Hazard Maps for Five Western Tennessee Counties

Abstract A five-year seismic and liquefaction hazard mapping project for five western Tennessee counties began in 2017 and supported natural hazard mitigation efforts in Lake, Dyer, Lauderdale, Tipton, and Madison counties. Additional geological, geotechnical, and geophysical information has been gathered in all five counties to improve the base northern Mississippi Embayment hazard maps of Dhar and Cramer (2017). Information gathered includes additional geological and geotechnical subsurface exploration logs, water table level data collection, new measurements of shallow shear-wave velocity (VS) profiles, and the compilation of existing VS profiles in and around the counties. Improvements have been made in the 3D geological model, water table model, the geotechnical liquefaction probability curves, and the VS correlation with lithology model for these counties. The resulting updated soil response amplification distributions on a 0.5 km grid were combined with the 2014 U.S. Geological Survey seismic hazard model (Petersen et al., 2014) earthquake sources and attenuation models to add the effect of local geology for Lake, Dyer, Lauderdale, Tipton, and Madison Counties. The resulting products are similar to the Memphis and Shelby County urban seismic hazard maps recently updated by Cramer, Dhar, and Arellano (2018). Generally, the effect of local geology is to reduce seismic hazard at short periods and increase it at long periods. Liquefaction hazard is high only in the alluvial lowlands, but not in the loess covered uplands.

The health and economic impact and cost effectiveness of interventions for the prevention and control of overweight and obesity in Kenya: a stakeholder engaged modelling study

BackgroundThe global increase in mean body mass index has resulted in a substantial increase of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including in many low- and middle-income countries such as Kenya. This paper assesses four interventions for the prevention and control of overweight and obesity in Kenya to determine their potential health and economic impact and cost effectiveness.MethodsWe reviewed the literature to identify evidence of effect, determine the intervention costs, disease costs and total healthcare costs. We used a proportional multistate life table model to quantify the potential impacts on health conditions and healthcare costs, modelling the 2019 Kenya population over their remaining lifetime. Considering a health system perspective, two interventions were assessed for cost-effectiveness. In addition, we used the Human Capital Approach to estimate productivity gains.ResultsOver the lifetime of the 2019 population, impacts were estimated at 203,266 health-adjusted life years (HALYs) (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 163,752 − 249,621) for a 20% tax on sugar-sweetened beverages, 151,718 HALYs (95% UI 55,257 − 250,412) for mandatory kilojoule menu labelling, 3.7 million HALYs (95% UI 2,661,365–4,789,915) for a change in consumption levels related to supermarket food purchase patterns and 13.1 million HALYs (95% UI 11,404,317 − 15,152,341) for a change in national consumption back to the 1975 average levels of energy intake. This translates to 4, 3, 73 and 261 HALYs per 1,000 persons. Lifetime healthcare cost savings were approximately United States Dollar (USD) 0.14 billion (USD 3 per capita), USD 0.08 billion (USD 2 per capita), USD 1.9 billion (USD 38 per capita) and USD 6.2 billion (USD 124 per capita), respectively. Lifetime productivity gains were approximately USD 1.8 billion, USD 1.2 billion, USD 28 billion and USD 92 billion. Both the 20% tax on sugar sweetened beverages and the mandatory kilojoule menu labelling were assessed for cost effectiveness and found dominant (health promoting and cost-saving).ConclusionAll interventions evaluated yielded substantive health gains and economic benefits and should be considered for implementation in Kenya.

Strategy of scaled modeling for underwater shaking table tests on cylindrical marine structures under coupled earthquake and wave–current action: A review

AbstractMarine structures located in earthquake‐prone areas may be subjected to coupled earthquake and wave–current action and the underwater shaking table (UST) model test is one of the most effective methods to investigate the dynamic responses of them. However, the strategy of scaled modeling, including the selection of similitude criterion and the implementation of it, plays an important role in the test design, and hence influences the accuracy of response predictions of the prototype. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the strategy of scaled modeling utilized in UST model tests on marine structures subjected to coupled earthquake and wave–current action. The key performance parameters of USTs in service and being built in the world are first introduced. Then, the strategies of scaled modeling adopted in existing UST model tests of bridges, offshore wind turbines, submarine pipelines, and submerged floating tunnels are summarized. Following this, the applicability of current similitude criteria for UST model tests for different research focuses is fully discussed and the specific measure to realize the similitude criteria is concluded. Finally, recommendations for future work on similitude criteria are set out, providing insights into the improvements of the applicability and accuracy of the similitude criteria for UST model tests.

PENGEMBANGAN DESAIN PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA MODEL ROUND TABLE BERBASIS PENDEKATAN SAINTIFIK BERKAITAN DENGAN TINGKAT KECEMASAN PESERTA DIDIK

This research aims to produce a round table model mathematics learning design based on a scientific approach related to students' anxiety levels that is valid, practical and effective. This research refers to the Borg and Gall development model, the research stages start from research and data collection, planning, initial product design development, revision of initial field trial results, field trials. The research subjects were class X students at SMK Muhammadiyah 3 Metro in semester 2 of the 2022/2023 academic year. Research data was obtained through observation, interviews, questionnaires and questionnaires on students' mathematics anxiety levels. The data analysis techniques used are descriptive statistics and t-test. The results of the research show that the round table model learning design based on a scientific approach to sequence and series material meets the criteria for validity and practical use and is included in the very good category. Furthermore, the average N-Gain score for students' mathematics anxiety level after using a round table model based on a scientific approach is lower than the average N-Gain score for students' mathematics anxiety level who did not use a round table model based on a scientific approach. The use of a round table model based on a scientific approach is effective in reducing students' mathematics anxiety levels.

Artificial intelligence and the blood film: Performance of the MC-80 digital morphology analyzer in samples with neoplastic and reactive cell types.

Implementing artificial intelligence-based instruments in hematology laboratories requires evidence of efficiency in classifying pathological cells. In two-Universities, we assessed the performance of the Mindray® MC-80 for hematology patients with frequent leukemic and dysplastic cells. The Mindray MC-80® locates and pre-classifies cells in blood films. In a two-university study, four films were prepared from 591 samples, two each for the analyser MC-80 and the microscope reference method, using reagents from two different manufacturers. We used Microsoft Excel® statistics for imprecision and distributional inaccuracy and a matrix table model (H20-A2 CLSI standard) for sensitivity, specificity and predictive value for atypical cells. The results indicate minimal within-run imprecision (ICSH method) and good intra-method consistency even on duplicate analysis of 413 samples with a high incidence of hematological abnormalities (r = 0.942 or more, except for basophils, r = 0.841, and reactive lymphocytes, r = 0.847). Distributional inaccuracy was also very low compared to the microscope reference, with a pass rate higher than 80% for pathological cells (except 75.1% for reactive lymphocytes). The primary causes of discrepancy were bizarre shapes of dysplastic neutrophils and inconsistent nomenclature for lymphoma cells. Sensitivity for critical samples containing cells typically absent in circulating blood (immature or malignant) was 98.8% for immature granulocytes, 83.8% for all types of neoplastic cells, 93.6% for reactive lymphocytes and 97.5% for nucleated red blood cells. The negative predictive values of MC-80 were 98.8% for immature granulocytes, 88.4% for the different types of neoplastic cells, 97.8% for reactive lymphocytes, and 96.9% for nucleated red blood cells. Our study highlights the outstanding diagnostic performance of this artificial intelligence-based blood film analyzer for hematology patients with circulating abnormal cells. We appreciated the morphological harmonization of cells observed on the screen and those seen in the microscope.

Celebrity gossip headlines and reliability in a Common Ground-based framework

The paper is concerned with gossip communicated by headlines in a German celebrity magazine. It takes its starting point in a philosophical controversy on the question whether gossip is essentially epistemically (un-)reliable. As a theoretical framework, Farkas & Bruce's Common Ground-based Table model is adopted which distinguishes between different ways of introducing propositions into the Common Ground. Relating the model to the reliability status of propositions, it is argued that depending on the way in which a proposition is added to the Common Ground, it will be assigned varying epistemic status. Based on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of a corpus of 87 sentential gossip headlines from the German celebrity magazine BUNTE, it is shown that gossip is communicated both via assertion, presupposition, and conversational implicature, and that each of these ways of communication entails a different certainty status of the proposition added to the Common Ground. This means that gossip is neither essentially unreliable nor essentially reliable. Rather, the resulting ‘gossip Common Ground’ is best described as a set of epistemically heterogeneous propositions.

Dynamic damage evolution of bank slopes with serrated structural planes considering the deteriorated rock mass and frequent reservoir-induced earthquakes

To investigate the dynamic damage evolution characteristics of bank slopes with serrated structural planes, the shaking table model test and the numerical simulation were utilized. The main findings indicate that under continuous seismic loads, the deformation of the bank slope increased, particularly around the hydro-fluctuation belt, accompanying by the pore water pressure rising. The soil pressure increased and then decreased showed dynamic variation characteristics. As the undulation angle of the serrated structural planes increased (30°, 45°, and 60°), the failure modes were climbing, climbing-gnawing, and gnawing respectively. The first-order natural frequency was used to calculate the damage degree (Dd) of the bank slope. During microseisms and small earthquakes, it was discovered that the evolution of Dd followed the “S” shape, which was fitted by a logic function. Additionally, the quadratic function was used to fit the Dd during moderately strong earthquakes. Through the numerical simulation, the variation characteristics of safety factors (Sf) for slopes with serrated structural planes and slopes with straight structural planes were compared. Under continuous seismic loads, the Sf of slopes with straight structural planes reduce stalely, whereas the Sf for slopes with serrated structural planes was greater than the former and the reduction rate was increasing.

Dynamic response and progressive damage modes of fault-crossing tunnels simulated using similar materials

Tunnels are widely constructed because they can effectively withstand seismic loads and avoid tunnel collapse in high-intensity seismic zones. However, in the case of fault-crossing tunnel, the fault crossing tunnel will be seriously damaged in seismic activities because the tunnel lining follows the deformation of surrounding rock. Therefore, the researches of the dynamic response and failure modes of fault-crossing tunnel are highly significant. In this study, quartz sand, cement and detergent were used to simulate similar materials of surrounding rock. A gypsum-based materials have been selected as similar materials for tunnels. The shaking table model tests were conducted on fault-crossing tunnel and conventional tunnel based on the Xianglushan Tunnel. The dynamic response characteristics of the fault-crossing tunnel were analyzed, and draw the conclusions: The acceleration amplification coefficients of the two sets of tests exceeded 1. The acceleration dynamic response of the fault-crossing tunnel was greater than the conventional tunnel, and the acceleration dynamic response at the fault was greater than the monitoring surface on both sides, rendering the acceleration dynamic response at the fault abrupt. Compared to other cross sections, tunnel lining structures at faults had the strongest dynamic response. The maximum peak strain value of the fault-crossing tunnel was magnified 4.4 times, and the bending moment value was magnified 2.3 times, relative to those of the conventional tunnel. The fault markedly increased the strain peak and bending moment values, causing cracks and damage even at a small peak acceleration value, weakening the seismic capacity of the tunnel. The lining at the fault was dominated by longitudinal cracks, and dislocation occurred. The degree of destruction and development of tunnel at faults was greater than that of other cross sections. The research results and conclusions could provide a reference to prevent the destruction of fault-crossing tunnel in an earthquake.

The Influence of Entrepreneurship Education on Interest in Entrepreneurship Class XI Students of SMK Dastamaco Bekasi

Purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of teaching entrepreneurship on entrepreneurial interest among class XI students at SMK Dastamaco Bekasi. The research method used is associative quantitative method, the instrument obtained is an attitude scale with the Likert model. The research technique here adopts saturated random sampling based on a sample of 27 class XI students of SMK Dastamaco Bekasi for the academic year 2023-2024. Based on the simple linear regression test with Anova table, the Fcount value was 6.120 with a significance level of 0.021 <0.05, so the significance regression technique means that there is an influence of the entrepreneurship education variable (X) on the interest variable entrepreneurship (Y). Based on the results of calculating the determinant coefficient in the summary table model, the magnitude of R Square is 0.197. It can be concluded that the magnitude of students' interest in entrepreneurship (Y) caused by entrepreneurship education (X) is 19.70% while the remaining 80.30% is not affected by variables other. Based on the analysis, the t test was carried out by comparing tcount with ttable at a significant level (?) = 5% or 0.05 and (df) = 27-2 = 25. hypothesis accepted. And when comparing the significance value of 0.021 <0.05, the hypothesis is accepted which states that there is an influence between entrepreneurship education as the independent variable X on students' interest in entrepreneurship as the dependent variable Y in class XI SMK Dastamaco Bekasi.

Novel Methodology for Scaling and Simulating Structural Behaviour for Soil–Structure Systems Subjected to Extreme Loading Conditions

This paper is concerned with the calibration and validation of a numerical procedure for the analysis of pile performance in soft clays during seismic soil–pile–superstructure interaction (SSPSI) scenarios. Currently, there are no widely accepted methods or guidelines. Centrifuge and shaking table model tests are often used to supplement the available field case histories with the data obtained under controlled conditions. This paper presents a new calibration method for establishing a reliable and accurate relationship between full-scale numerical analysis and scaled laboratory tests in a 1g environment. A sophisticated approach to scaling and validating full-scale seismic soil–structure interaction problems is proposed that considers the scaling concept of implied prototypes as well as “modelling of models” techniques that can ensure an excellent level of accuracy. In this study, a new methodology was developed that can provide an accurate, practical, and scientific calibration for the relationship between full-scale numerical analysis and scaled laboratory tests in the 1g environment. The framework can be followed by researchers who intend to validate their seismic soil–structure interaction findings.

Future burden of non-communicable diseases attributable to overweight in Chile: a multistate life table modeling study

BackgroundPrevious studies have quantified the current burden of diseases attributable to overweight in Chile. However, no study has estimated the attributable burden of overweight in the future. Herein, we estimated the potential impact of different trajectories in the prevalence of overweight on the incidence and mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Chilean adults from 2019 to 2030.MethodsA multistate life table modelling was used to estimate the business-as-usual (BAU: if the current rate of increase in BMI persist through the next 11 years; i.e., 0.4% per year from 2003 to 2017) and three counterfactual scenarios (1: the increase rate of overweight is reduced by half; 2: maintanance of the current prevalence of overweight; 3: the prevalence of overweight is reduced by 6.7%) over a 11-year simulation period for burden of NCDs attributable to overweight in Chilean adults aged 20 to 80 years. The model inputs included nationally representative data of body mass index, national official demographic records, NCDs from the Global Burden of Disease study in 2019, and relative risks from a published meta-analysis.ResultsIf the current trends of increase in overweight are maintained in Chile, approximately, 669 thousand cases and 117 thousand deaths from NCDs will occur from 2020 to 2030. In case the increase rate of overweight is reduced by half during this period, around 7 thousand cases and 1.4 thousand deaths from NCDs would be prevented, while achieving no increase in the prevalence of overweight would avert 10 thousand cases and 2 thousand deaths. In the optimistic scenario of reducing the prevalence of overweight by 6.7% until 2030, approximately 25 thousand cases and 5 thousand deaths from NCDs would be prevented.ConclusionWe estimated that the number of NCDs cases and deaths that could be avoided by decreasing the prevalence of overweight in Chilean adults. Preventive programs aimed to reduce overweight may have a high impact on the future burden of NCDs in Chile.

Dynamic Response of the Cross Tunnel with Ultra-Small Spacing Under Various Seismic Motions Using a Shaking Table Model Test

ABSTRACT Different from a single tunnel, the cross tunnel with ultra-small spacing is characterized by high crossing risk, significant coupling of multiple effects, and difficulty in controlling stability. A shaking table model test was carried out to study the failure process and dynamic response of the cross tunnel with ultra-small spacing under seismic motions with various types and peak accelerations. The results show that the seismic damage of the cross tunnel model has significant failure stages. The deformation of the upper-span tunnel lining is cumulative progressive damage from the left wall to the invert, while the under-crossing tunnel lining is cumulative progressive damage from the left wall to the crown. The acceleration response of the model when inputting Wenchuan seismic motions is greater than that of El-Centro seismic motions, and the Wenchuan seismic motions may cause a peak lag in the acceleration response of the model. Compared with inputting El-Centro seismic motions, the 1st predominant frequency of the model increases while the 2nd predominant frequency decreases when inputting Wenchuan seismic motions. Additionally, the 2nd predominant frequency components are significantly amplified in the propagation of seismic motions from bottom to top through the lining structure. Although the energy ratio of the wavelet packet frequency components gradually tends from low-frequency bands to relatively high-frequency bands, the low-frequency bands still play a dominant role in the failure of the model.

Quasi-static model test and numerical simulation of a single-story double-span underground subway station

The model test method is crucial for studying the seismic performance of underground structures. Presently, model tests for the seismic response of underground structures are primarily performed with 1-g and N-g centrifuge shaking table. The 1-g shaking table model test is limited by the stress similarity in the soil-structure interaction system and cannot reproduce the seismic damage process and extent of the underground structure. The small table size of the N-g centrifuge model test makes it difficult to reflect the spatial effects of the seismic response of large underground structures. Seeking a large-scale model test method that can directly simulate the seismic damage process is essential for investigating the seismic performance of underground structures. Herein, based on the seismic response characteristics of underground structures, a quasi-static pushover test device applicable to underground structures was designed, and the corresponding tests and numerical model calculations were executed using the Daikai subway station as a prototype. Based on the macroscopic phenomena of structural damage development of the subway station in the test, the damage mechanism of the station structure was analyzed and compared with the numerical model. The strain amplitudes, displacements, and digital scatter strain color maps were analyzed to verify the reliability of the cyclic pushover loading test simulating the seismic performance level and damage process of the underground structure. Simultaneously, the rationality of the proposed quantification system for classifying the seismic performance level of single-story underground structures was verified.

Shifting car travel to active modes to improve population health and achieve transport goals: A simulation study

IntroductionBeing physically active has multiple health benefits and contributes to the reduction of co-morbidities and mortality from chronic diseases. Active transport (walking and cycling) contributes to population health by enabling physical activity. We developed a simulation model to measure health impacts of transport scenarios for Melbourne, Australia. Our aim was to demonstrate active transport health impacts and support the materialization of policies for healthy cities and people. The model measures health impacts of increased physical activity from replacing short car trips for any purpose or for commuting under 5 km by walking and cycling. MethodsWe developed a micro-simulation model of physical activity and disease risk in combination with the well-established proportional multi-state life table model. We quantified life course health including health adjusted-life years, life years, new cases of diseases prevented, and deaths prevented for 14 chronic diseases associated with physical inactivity for the adult population of people from Melbourne, Australia in 2017. ResultsOver the life course of the Melbourne adult population of 3.6 million people in 2017, gains in health-adjusted life years ranged from 5,100 (95% Uncertainty Interval (UI) 3,700 to 6,500) for the scenario replacing commute trips by car under 1 km with walking up to 738,800 (95% UI 546,000 to 935,000) when replacing car trips under 2 km with walking and between 2 km and 5 km with cycling. We also estimated benefits in terms of reductions of new cases of diseases and deaths prevented, with the greatest gains for ischemic heart disease, stroke, Alzheimer's and other dementias and type 2 diabetes. ConclusionsWe found that shifting car travel to active modes would accrue important health benefits for the 2017 Melbourne population. Our results support policies and strategies for sustainable transport planning to contribute to reduce the burden from chronic diseases and environmental impact of car-oriented cities.

Systematic comparison of head mounted display colorimetric performance using various color characterization models

The advancement of virtual reality in recent times has seen unprecedented applications in the scientific sphere. This work focuses on the colorimetric characterization of head mounted displays for psychophysical experiments for the study of color perception. Using a head mounted display to present stimuli to observers requires a full characterization of the display to ensure that the correct color is presented. In this paper, a simulation is done to mimic a practical display with color channel interactions and characterization of simulated data is done using the following models: gain offset gamma model, gain offset gamma offset model, gain gamma offset model, piecewise linear assuming chromaticity constancy model, piecewise linear model assuming variation in chromaticity, look-up table model, polynomial regression model, and an artificial neural network model. an analysis showed that the polynomial regression, artificial neural network, and look-up table models were substantially better than other models in predicting a set of rgb values, which can be passed as input to a head mounted display to output desired target xyz values. both the look-up table and polynomial regression models could achieve a just noticeable difference between the actual input and predicted output color of less than 1. the gain offset gamma, gain offset gamma offset, and gain gamma offset models were not effective in colorimetric characterization, performing badly for simulations as they do not incorporate color channel interactions. the gain offset gamma model was the best among these three models and the lowest just noticeable difference it could achieve was over 13, clearly too high for color science experiments.

Projections of future burden of pharmacologically treated type 2 diabetes and associated life expectancies by income in Finland: a multi-state modeling study.

The burden of type 2 diabetes (T2D) differs between socioeconomic groups. The present study combines ongoing and plausible trends in T2D incidence and survival by income to forecast future trends in cases of T2D and life expectancy with and without T2D up to year 2040. Using Finnish total population data for those aged 30 years on T2D medication and mortality in 1995-2018, we developed and validated a multi-state life table model using age-, gender-, income- and calendar year-specific transition probabilities. We present scenarios based on constant and declining T2D incidence and on the effect of increasing and decreasing obesity on T2D incidence and mortality states up to 2040. With constant T2D incidence at 2019-level, the number of people living with T2D would increase by about 26% between 2020 and 2040. The lowest income group could expect more rapid increases in the number with T2D compared to the highest income group (30% vs. 23% respectively). If the incidence of T2D continues the recent declining trend, we predict about 14% fewer cases. However, if obesity increases two-fold, we predict 15% additional T2D cases. Unless, we reduce the obesity-related excess risk, the number of years lived without T2D could decrease up to 6 years for men in the lowest income group. Under all plausible scenarios, the burden of T2D is set to increase and it will be unequally distributed among socioeconomic groups. An increasing proportion of life expectancy will be spent with T2D.

Analysis of Factors Affecting Railway Settlement of Embankment Section due to Liquefaction Using 1-g Shaking Table Model Tests

Herein, 1-g shaking table tests were performed under test by changing the embankment height and non-liquefiable layer thickness below the embankment for the same input seismic load. Accelerometers, pore water pressure transducers, and linear variable differential transformers were embedded inside the foundation ground or installed on the embankment surface to measure their responses to shaking. The testing procedure for analyzing the behavior of a two-dimensional embankment-ground system and well-documented experimental data are presented. The results show that the settlement of the railway embankment placed on the liquefiable sand ground due to ground liquefaction is greatly affected by the embankment height and non-liquefaction layer thickness, which determine the degree of liquefaction and lateral flow of the foundation ground. The embankment settlement increased with the embankment height due to the liquefaction of the ground and increased by twice the settlement of the ground without embankment when the embankment height was approximately 20% of the total liquefiable sand layer. Moreover, the settlement was reduced by over 20% compared to that without a layer when the layer thickness was 50% of the embankment height. Furthermore, the settlement decreased to a negligible level when it was approximately 1.5 times the height of the embankment.