Tabanid Flies Research Articles

B04 吸血性アブ類調査用トラップは蚊帳だけで良いか(一般講演,演題要旨,第58回日本衛生動物学会大会)

B04 吸血性アブ類調査用トラップは蚊帳だけで良いか(一般講演,演題要旨,第58回日本衛生動物学会大会)

B02 飛越高原、山之村地域のアブ(一般講演,演題要旨,第58回日本衛生動物学会大会)

B02 飛越高原、山之村地域のアブ(一般講演,演題要旨,第58回日本衛生動物学会大会)

Tabanid Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) of the Northern Part of Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea

Tabanid flies were surveyed using New Jersey light traps and Mosquito Magnet® traps at US Army installations and training sites in the northern part of Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea. A total of 344 tabanid flies, comprising 14 species and 5 genera, were collected from June to August during 2003-2004. Dominant species were Chrysops vanderwulpi (57.3%), Haematopota sinensis (29.1%), Haematopota koryoensis (4.4%) and Tabanus mandarinus (2.3%). Mosquito Magnet traps that generated CO2through the combustion of propane gas were nearly 6 times more effective in collecting tabanid flies than New Jersey light traps. Based on Mosquito Magnet trap collections, peak populations occurred from mid-June to early July.;

Epidémiologie de la trypanosomose bovine dans la région du bassin de l’Abay (Nil bleu), nord-ouest de l’Ethiopie

L’étude a été menée entre Septembre 2003 et Avril 2004 dans les districts de Denbecha et de Jabitehanan situés à basse (< 1 600 m) et moyenne altitudes (1 600–2 000 m). Les objectifs de cette étude ont été de générer des données épidémiologiques sur les tsé-tsé et la trypanosomose, et sur la connaissance de cette maladie par les communautés locales. Les résultats d’un questionnaire ont montré que la trypanosomose était le problème majeur affectant les animaux et entravant les activités agricoles de la zone. Le suivi entomologique a révélé la présence de Glossina morsitans submorsitans, seule espèce de glossine de la zone, ainsi que de tabanidés et de muscidés. Les densités apparentes (mouches/piège/jour) ont été significativement plus élevées (p < 0,05) à la fin de la saison des pluies (1,08, 8,78 et 91 respectivement pour G. m. submorsitans, les tabanidés et les muscidés) qu’en saison sèche (respectivement 0,68, 0,35 et 7,33). Dans les zones de basse altitude, la densité apparente de G. m. submorsitans a été significativement plus élevée (p < 0,05) que dans les zones de moyenne altitude à chaque saison. Un total de 1 648 animaux ont été examinés pour la trypanosomose par la méthode de centrifugation en tube microhématocrite ; les prévalences saisonnières ont été significativement différentes (p < 0,05) avec 17,07 p. 100 en fin de saison des pluies et 12,35 p. 100 en saison sèche. Les taux d’infection ont été plus élevés (p < 0,05) dans les zones de basse altitude (19,87 et 17,62 p. 100 respectivement à la fin de la saison des pluies et en saison sèche) que dans les zones de moyenne altitude (13,39 et 6,54 p. 100). Les valeurs moyennes de l’hématocrite des animaux infectés et apparemment non infectés ont été respectivement de 20,7 ± 3,5 et 26,6 ± 4,3 (p < 0,001) en fin de saison des pluies et de 21,4 ± 3,6 et 26,6 ± 4,3 (p < 0,001) en saison sèche. L’analyse de régression a montré qu’à chaque saison l’hématocrite moyen du troupeau diminuait quand la prévalence de la trypanosomose augmentait.

24 北海道勇払原野弁天沼周辺におけるアブ類の採集記録

24 北海道勇払原野弁天沼周辺におけるアブ類の採集記録

C06 吸血性アブ類のソバ授粉昆虫としての役割

C06 吸血性アブ類のソバ授粉昆虫としての役割

Anticoagulant activities in salivary glands of tabanid flies

Tabanid flies are telmophages (pool feeders), taking frequent and rapid bloodmeals from many different individual hosts. To investigate how they accomplish this intermittent feeding strategy, we examined the anticoagulant activities in salivary gland extracts (SGE) from 19 species representing six genera: Atylotus, Chrysops, Haematopota, Heptatoma, Hybomitra and Tabanus (Diptera: Tabanidae). Standard coagulation screen assays were used to determine thrombin time, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time. Chromogenic substrate assays were performed for thrombin and factor Xa activity. SGE of most species (except Chrysops spp.) considerably prolonged human plasma clotting time in a dose-dependent manner, and showed potent and specific antithrombin activity in the chromogenic substrate assay. Heptatoma pellucens displayed the strongest anticoagulant activity. Specific anti-factor Xa activity in tabanid SGE was not detected. Electrophoretic profiles of SGE proteins differed between genera and species. Overall, the results suggest that tabanids have evolved at least two antihaemostatic strategies.

Colour in the eyes of insects.

Many insect species have darkly coloured eyes, but distinct colours or patterns are frequently featured. A number of exemplary cases of flies and butterflies are discussed to illustrate our present knowledge of the physical basis of eye colours, their functional background, and the implications for insect colour vision. The screening pigments in the pigment cells commonly determine the eye colour. The red screening pigments of fly eyes and the dorsal eye regions of dragonflies allow stray light to photochemically restore photoconverted visual pigments. A similar role is played by yellow pigment granules inside the photoreceptor cells which function as a light-controlling pupil. Most insect eyes contain black screening pigments which prevent stray light to produce background noise in the photoreceptors. The eyes of tabanid flies are marked by strong metallic colours, due to multilayers in the corneal facet lenses. The corneal multilayers in the gold-green eyes of the deer fly Chrysops relictus reduce the lens transmission in the orange-green, thus narrowing the sensitivity spectrum of photoreceptors having a green absorbing rhodopsin. The tapetum in the eyes of butterflies probably enhances the spectral sensitivity of proximal long-wavelength photoreceptors. Pigment granules lining the rhabdom fine-tune the sensitivity spectra.

A26 幌加内町における吸血性アブ類採集の記録

A26 幌加内町における吸血性アブ類採集の記録

EB29 DEET 製剤のアブ類およびブユ類に対する忌避効力

EB29 DEET 製剤のアブ類およびブユ類に対する忌避効力

Comparison of capturing tabanid flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) by five different color traps in the fields.

Five different NG2G colored traps were evaluated for capturing four Japanese tabanid flies: Hybomitra olsoi, Hirosia iyoensis, Tabanus nipponicus and Haematopota tristis in the fields. Blue and red colors were effective for all species. For H. olsoi blue was the most effective and, white and yellow were the least. All species were caught in small numbers with yellow traps. Black and blue were most effective for H. iyoensis and red was most effective for T. nipponicus. The behavior of H. tristis differed considerably from that of other species, namely they were captured in the large numbers in the blue, white and red traps but few were captured in the black traps.

EB21 NZI トラップの吸血性アブ類捕獲能力

EB21 NZI トラップの吸血性アブ類捕獲能力

Pollination of sevenPlectranthus spp. (Lamiaceae) in southern Natal, South Africa

The genusPlectranthus (Lamiaceae) shows remarkable radiation on the sandstones of southern Natal and northern Transkei in South Africa, where six endemic species occur. Two of these endemic species,P. hilliardiae andP. oribiensis, are included in this study, as well asP. reflexus, for which only limited data are available. The other species that were studied areP. ambiguus, P. ciliatus, P. ecklonii, P. madagascariensis andP. zuluensis. Four of these taxa,P. ambiguus, P. hilliardiae, P. reflexus andP. saccatus var.longitubus, have uniquely long corolla-tubes (20–30mm) and this is related to pollination by nemestrinid flies of the genusStenobasipteron that have proboscides of similar length. Other nemestrinid species of the genusProsoeca have shorter proboscides and pollinate two species ofPlectranthus with shorter corolla-tube lengths (6–15mm). Acrocerid flies, tabanid flies and anthophorid bees are also important visitors to these species. This study on the pollination of seven species of varying corolla-tube lengths shows a correlation between floral tube length and proboscis length of insect visitors, many of which are recorded for the first time as pollinators ofPlectranthus.

Notes on Tabanidae (Diptera) that are Surra vectors or pestiferous with description of a new species of Tabanus from India

A new species of Tabanid fly, Tabanus hisarensis, sp. nov., collected from Hisar (Haryana) is described and illustrated. This is related to Tabanus sufis Jaennicke and Tabanus kurahashii Inaoka and Burger and is characterised by having a broad frons and transverse basal callosity. Notes on morphology, distribution and biology of Atylotus agrestis (Wiedemann), Atylotus virgo (Wiedemann), Haematopota roralis Fabricius, Tabanus dorsilinea Wiedemann, Tabanus rubidus Wiedemann, Tabanus striatus Fabricius and Tabanus triceps Thunberg are also given. These species are common blood feeding pests of horses, mules, cattles, camels and other livestock and some of them (A. agrestis, T. dorsilinea, T. rubidus, T. striatus) are proven vectors of Surra disease of livestock in India.

Use of odour-baited sticky boards to trap tabanid flies and investigate repellents.

Tabanid flies were captured in a sheep pasture in Hungary using black plastic boards (30 x 30 cm), coated with an adhesive sheet, which were either unbaited or baited with ethane-ethiol or Swormlure-4. Five species of tabanid were caught, of which Tabanus tergestinus was caught in the greatest number (87% of 192). The sex ratio of T. tergestinus on unbaited boards was not statistically significantly different to equality. However, on baited boards, males were significantly more numerous, probably due to a repellent effect of the odours on female tabanids. Because of the importance of repellents in tabanid control, this result encourages the exploration of a wider range of compounds as tabanid repellents than are used at present. Sticky boards offer a simple technique for trapping both sexes of tabanids, especially males, which are poorly represented in many tabanid traps.

Note: Serologic and genomic relatedness of group XIV spiroplasma isolates from a lampyrid beetle and tabanid flies: an ecologic paradox

Spiroplasma group XIV strain EC-1T and other isolates from the lampyrid beetle Ellychnia corrusca form a serogroup with tabanid spiroplasma strains (TC-1 and TS-1). It was hypothesized that similarities among these strains reflect a transmission cycle in which lampyrid beetles serve as overwintering hosts and tabanid adults become infected and transmit a homogeneous population of spiroplasma strains during spring, summer and autumn. In the present study, variations in restriction fragment length patterns suggest the presence of multiple genovars. Genotypic analysis may therefore be a companion to serology in elucidating spiroplasma diversity, and may provide clues to strain host range.

Blood Source Animals of Mosquitoes, Black Flies and Tabanid Flies Collected in Hidaka District, Hokkaido

Blood Source Animals of Mosquitoes, Black Flies and Tabanid Flies Collected in Hidaka District, Hokkaido

Laboratory Infection and Release of Spiroplasma (Entomoplasmatales: Spiroplasmataceae) from Horse Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae)

Many tabanid flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) are infected with spiroplasmas (Mollicutes: Spiroplasmataceae). Naturally-infected Tabanus gladiator Stone and T. sulcifrons Maquart flies were restrained and fed 10% sucrose to determine the exit points of Spiroplasma from tabanid flies. The flies were allowed to feed for 24 h, and the resulting oral and anal specks were cultured in MID broth. Spiroplasmas were isolated from 21 of 51 oral specks but not from 23 anal specks deposited on plastic. In contrast, when anal specks were deposited in a sucrose solution, 9 of 28 anal specks in sucrose yielded spiroplasma cultures. Tabanus limola F. and T. longiusculus Hine were offered a culture of Spiroplasma strain EC-1 on a stewed raisin or in 5% sucrose in the form of a hanging drop. After 4 d, the minced abdominal viscera of each fly were incubated in MID broth and 25 of 32 tabanids yielded cultures of Spiroplasma.

Spiroplasma montanense sp. nov., from Hybomitra Horseflies at Northern Latitudes in North America

Spiroplasma strain HYOS-1Twas isolated from a tabanid fly, Hybomitra opaca. The organism was serologically distinct from other spiroplasma species, groups, and subgroups and was recently designated the representative of spiroplasma group XXXI. The cells of strain HYOS-1T, as determined by light microscopy, were long motile helices. Electron microscopic examination revealed wall-less cells delimited by a single membrane. The cells passed through 450- and 300-nm filter pores with a 10-fold reduction in titer, but failed to pass through 100-nm pores. Strain HYOS-1Tgrew very well in most conventional medium formulations for spiro-plasmas or other mollicutes. The organism grew at temperatures ranging from 5 to 41°C, and the optimum temperature was 32°C. The doubling time at the optimum temperature was 0.7 h, one of the shortest values obtained for members of the genus Spiroplasma. The strain catabolized glucose and hydrolyzed arginine but not urea. Growth of the organism was stimulated by cholesterol and serum, but the strain was nevertheless able to grow in the absence of sterols or serum. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the DNA was about 28 ± 1 mol%, and the genome size was 1,225 kbp. On the basis of the experimental results reported here and previously reported data, group XXXI strain HYOS-1 (= ATCC 51745) is designated the type strain of a new species, Spiroplasma montanense.

Spiroplasma Species, Groups, and Subgroups from North American Tabanidae

Twenty-one triply cloned spiroplasma strains from the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, all isolated from tabanid (Diptera:Tabanidae) flies or serologically related to strains from tabanids, were compared reciprocally by spiroplasma deformation (DF) and metabolism inhibition (MI) serological tests. Many of the strains were also tested against 28 antisera representing known spiroplasma groups, subgroups, and putative groups isolated from nontabanid hosts. Relationships among strains were indicated by reciprocal cross-reactivity in both DF and MI tests. The strains were found to represent 11 recognized spiroplasma groups or subgroups. On the basis of serological, biochemical, and genomic data, strain BARC 1901 from Tabanus lineola appeared to represent a previously unrecognized candidate group. Strain BARC 2649, also from T. lineola, also appeared to represent a new group, but its morphology, arginine utilization, and some one-way serological crossing patterns suggested that it may be distantly related to group VIII spiroplasmas. Morphological, serological, and genomic data were used to place tabanid spiroplasma strains into three informal clusters. These are (i) groups IV (strain B31) and XXXI (strain HYOS-1); (ii) the three existing subgroups and a new candidate subgroup of group VIII represented by strain BARC 1357 plus ungrouped strain BARC 2649; and (iii) 14 strains, including EC-1 and TATS-1 (group XIV); strains TN-1 and TAAS-2 (group XVIII); strains TG-1, TASS-1, and BARC 4689 (group XXIII), strains TALS-2 (group XXVII), strain TABS-2 (group XXXII), and strains TAUS-1 and TABS-1 (group XXXIII) and ungrouped but closely related strains BARC 1901, BARC 2264 and BARC 2555. Analysis of tabanids from other geographic regions probably will substantially increase the number of known spiroplasma groups from this insect family.