T2 Group Research Articles

Effect of Different Feeding Methods on Milk Production and Composition of Lactating Punganur Cows

The present experiment was conducted during January–August, 2021 at Livestock Research Station, Palamaner, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh, India to study the effect of different feeding methods on production performance in lactating Punganur cows. A lactation study of 90 days duration was conducted on 16 lactating Punganur cows which were distributed (CRD) into four treatment groups comprising of 4 animals each. Animals of Control group were maintained as per the feeding practice followed by the farmers rearing Punganur cows in Chittoor district (Hedge lucerne, Paddy straw and Concentrate mixture), T2 group fed with Super Napier grass Paddy straw and Concentrate mixture, T3 group fed with Paddy straw, concentrate mixture and UMMB and T4 group fed with TMR. The average FCM yield (kg d-1) was highest (p<0.05) in T4 followed by T3 or T2 and lowest in T1. The Protein and lactose content (%) of milk was highest (p<0.05) in T4 and lowest in T3, while Fat and SNF (%) remained unaltered. The efficiency of milk production (kg/kg FCM) of DMI and TDNI lowest (p<0.05) in T4, While CPI and DCPI lower (p<0.05) in T4 or T3 as compared to T2 or T1. The cost economics of milk production indicated that the feed cost (`) per kg FCM yield was lowest (p<0.05) in T3. The study concluded that the feed conversion efficiency in terms of DM, CP and Gross energy was highest for TMR group, while cost economics of milk production was better in Paddy straw, concentrate mixture, UMMB and TMR group.

Effects of an Organic Amendment on Cassava Growth and Rhizosphere Microbial Diversity

This study aimed to determine the effects of different dosages of an organic amendment, consisting of a Chinese herbal compound, on cassava growth and rhizosphere microbial diversity. In this study, cassava SC8 growth was determined under four treatments. The growth was promoted with the application of an organic herbal compound amendment, biochar powder, and an agent, in the following groups: 900 kg/ha of organic amendment powder (topdressing) + agent (T1); 1200 kg/ha of organic amendment powder (topdressing) + agent (T2); 1500 kg/ha of organic amendment powder (topdressing) + agent (T3); and an unfertilized control (T4). After 240 days of treatment, the height, the diameter of the stem, the maximum perimeter of the cassava, the tuber number, the weight of a single tuber, the yield per hectare, the mineral elements in the cassava plant, the ash content in the starch and the microbial diversity in the soil were measured. Compared with the control group, the application of 1200 kg of the Chinese herbal compound amendment per ha (T2) had the strongest positive effect on cassava growth, while the height, diameter of the stem and yield per hectare all showed increases of 24.22%, 18.82% and 35.71%, respectively. As for the dry matter content of the tubers, that of T2 decreased by 5.96% compared with T4, while no substantial difference existed among the other groups. The Fe content in T2 decreased by 29.46%, and the Zn in T3 increased by 39.48%, while the contents of other metal ions in the four treatment groups showed no substantial difference. At the same time, the experiment also revealed that, in terms of the bacterial abundance in the soil, Streptophyta dominated in T2, and Fimbriimonas was the unique genera of T2. In addition, the abundances of Nocardioides and unclassfied_Spartobacteria in the T2 group were greatly considerable compared to the other treatment groups. In terms of the fungal abundance in the soil, after being treated with different concentrations, the composition of the soil’s fungi differed greatly among the groups, and the samples at different concentrations contained more than 20 species of unique bacteria. At the genus level, compared with the control group, the relative abundance of unclassfied_Chaetomiaceae in the treatment groups was considerably reduced, and the relative abundance of Psathyrella in T1 increased substantially. The results indicated that the organic amendment could improve the growth of cassava, as well as help to enhance the diversity and optimize the composition of the rhizosphere microbiome.

Influence of Molybdenum and Organic Sources of Copper and Sulfur on the Performance, Carcass Traits, Blood Mineral Concentration, and Ceruloplasmin Activity in Lambs.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of molybdenum (Mo) and organic and inorganic sources of copper (Cu) and sulfur (S) on the performance, carcass traits, and blood concentration of these minerals in lambs. Forty male non-castrated crossbred Dorper x Santa Inês lambs (20 ± 1.2 kg of body weight and 90 ± 2 d of age) were randomly allocated into one of the ten following treatments: (T0) control, basal diet; (T1) Mo; (T2) inorganic Cu and inorganic S; (T3) inorganic Cu and organic S; (T4) organic Cu and inorganic S; (T5) organic Cu and organic S; (T6) Mo plus inorganic Cu and inorganic S; (T7) Mo plus inorganic Cu and organic S; (T8) Mo plus organic Cu and inorganic S; and (T9) Mo plus organic Cu and organic S. Regardless of the source, Mo, Cu, and S were added at levels of 10 mg, 10 mg, and 2000mg/kg DM, respectively. The mineral supplements (Mo, Cu, and S) were added into the total mixed ration (TMR) by mixing them apart with the mineral and vitamin premix and then put into the TMR. The animals were kept in individual pens and received a total mixed ration for 84 days. Body weight and blood sampling was performed every 28 days. All animals were slaughtered after 84 days, and carcass traits were evaluated. Although organic sources of Cu and S added to Mo supplementation had increased the ADG throughout the study, this effect did not reflect in the heavier final BW outcomes for this treatment. In addition, no effect of these treatments was observed on the carcass traits. The serum Cu concentration was higher for the T0 group compared to the other groups; otherwise, Mo reduced the serum Cu concentration compared to the other groups. Considering the interaction among the minerals and their sources at 84 d of study, organic sources of Cu and S treatment and Mo associated with inorganic sources of Cu plus organic S treatment had an increased serum Cu concentration compared to other groups. Regardless of time, organic sources of Cu and S increased serum S concentration. At 84 days after enrollment, serum Mo concentration was lower for the control group compared to the other groups. Further, Mo supplementation increased its blood concentration compared to the control group throughout the study. The control group had the highest ceruloplasmin activity compared to the other groups; otherwise, at 84 d of the study, either Mo or inorganic S supplementation reduced ceruloplasmin activity. Serum ceruloplasmin activity was higher when Cu supplementation, regardless of source, was associated with organic S. However, at d 84 of the study, inorganic Cu associated to organic S supplements increased serum ceruloplasmin activity. In this current study, it was not possible to identify a pattern in the variables studied, however, further studies are needed to confirm that organic sources of Cu and S interacted alone without a defined pattern.

Effect of Different Feeding Rates on Growth Performance and Survival Rate of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L. 1758) Fingerlings Reared in Rectangular Hapas

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of feeding ration on the growth and survival of Oreochromis niloticus. Three experimental hapas (T1, T2 and T3) were studied for a total of 8 weeks. The hapas had a rectangular shape and the same size (0.0725 decimal). In each of the three experimental conditions, 420 fish/decimal were stocked. The fish were fed 8% of their body weight in T2 and 12% of their body weight in T3. In T1, the fish were reliant on food that occurred naturally in their environment. In T2 and T3, fishes were fed twice daily. The proximate composition of the experimental diet was as follows: 11% water, 30% protein, 6% fat, 10% ash, and 7% fiber. Throughout the trial period, it was determined that the range of water quality parameters (water temperature 28-32°C, dissolved oxygen 5.6-7.8 mg/l, and water pH 7.5-8.6) were suitable for Tilapia culture. The initial mean weight of Tilapia fry in each of the three treatments was 3g, and their final mean weight gain was 6.8±4.77 g for T1, 9.88±5.76 g for T2 and 19.2±9.9 g for T3, respectively. The average initial length for the three treatments was 5 cm, and the average final length gain was 8.2±6.15 cm, 9.86±7.36 cm, and 12.2±8.23 cm for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The T3 group, which was fed at a rate of 12% of body weight, attained the highest length and weight, whereas the T1 group, with no supplemental nutrition revealed the least gain in terms of length and weight.

Lactation performance of dairy cows on feeding rumen-protected choline

The experiment was designed to assess the effect of supplemental feeding of 40 g/day rumen-protected choline (33.5% w/w) in the total mixed ration of lactating cows on nutrient intake, lactation, reproduction, feed efficiency, and feed cost during 294 days of the lactation. The study was conducted at Livestock Research Station, Anand during 2018 to 2021. A total of sixteen cows were randomly distributed into two groups of eight each based on descending order of previous standard lactation yield and lactation numbers. An intake and milk yield were calculated for 1-21 biweekly periods. The milk composition was assessed four times during lactation. The body condition score (BCS) on a 1-5 point scale with an increment of 0.25 points was measured at -21, -14, -7, 0, 7, 14, 21, 35, 49, 63, 91, and 119 days of calving. The supplemental feeding of rumen-protected choline (RPC) in T2 group resulted in lower nutrient intake, lesser insemination to conceive, and service period with higher 4% fat corrected milk (FCM) yield in dairy cows. The body condition score and milk yield persistency were higher along with improved feed efficiency and feed economics in the T2 group as compared to the T1 group. The daily feeding of 40 g RPC during -21 to 120 days of calving resulted in significantly lower nutrient intake with improved 4% FCM yield, reproductive performance, feed efficiency, and feed economics in dairy cows.

Impact of Different Therapies on Haemtological Parameters and Therapeutic Outcome in Subclinical Endometritic Buffaloes

The objective of this study was to compare the effect of administration of intrauterine dextrose, s/c levamisol and intrauterine PGF2α on haematological indices and therapeutic response in endometritic buffaloes. Twenty eight repeat breeder buffaloes with subclinical endometritis were randomly assigned into four groups. Seven animals were kept as Control (untreated C), and the rests were assigned to three treatment group, i.e., T1 (Dextrose I/Ut, 50 mL 4 times on the day of estrus), T2 (Levamisol s/c, @ 2.5 mg/kg b.wt. on day 0, 7 and 14 of the cycle), and T3 (PGF2α I/Ut, @ 0.25 mg in 0.5 mL saline twice, on the day of first and next estrus). Following treatment the values of Hb, TEC and PCV elevated significantly and TLC values dropped to normal or near normal in all three treatment groups as compared to control group. Furthermore, the post-treatment neutrophils and lymphocytes counts were elevated significantly in all four groups. However, there was no any definite pattern of eosinophils and basophils. The therapeutic response (clinical recovery) was 14.29, 71.43, 85.71 and 42.86 % in T0, T1, T2 and T3 group, respectively. The corresponding conception rates were 0.00, 60.00, 66.67 and 66.67 %. The results conclude that, Dextrose intrauterine, Levamisol s/c, and PGF2α intrauterine can be used effectively to manage subclinical endometrtitis in buffaloes.

Optimization of Age at Maturity in Surti Buffalo Heifers with Dietary Supplementation of Bypass Protein and Bypass Fat

Surti buffaloes heifers reared under ideal feeding and managemental practices achieve puberty, sexual maturity and first calving at the optimum desired age and body weight. In growing heifers during first parity, requirement of high plane of nutrition is obvious to meet the demands of body growth of dam, growth of fetus, and galactopoetic functions. This study was aimed to find out the effect of feeding bypass protein and bypass fat right from the age of puberty up to the age of first successful conception, i.e. maturity in Surti buffalo heifers. Sixteen Surti buffalo heifers were allotted in four equal groups (n=4 in each group), viz., Control (T-1) fed basal diet following ICAR nutrient requirements, T-2 basal diet + 30 % protein of concentrate mixture replaced with formaldehyde treated guar meal (FTGM), T-3 basal diet + 100 gm bypass fat (BF), and T-4 basal diet + 30 % protein of concentrate mixture replaced with FTGM + 100 gm of BF. All the treatment diets were isonitrogenous. The results revealed that there was beneficial effect of feeding by pass protein and bypass fat along with routine feeding management on growth of heifers in terms of the body wt. gain and reduced age at first conception (maturity) and thereby age at first calving (AFC). AFC reduced to 37.25, 37.87 and 33.37 months, respectively, in T2, T3 and T4 groups respectively; compared to 43.75 months in Control group. Further, the net benefit over control, in the group of heifers fed with FTGM alone and FTGM plus BF groups were 22.90 % and 16.40 % respectively.

Growth, Cannibalism, and 5-TH Metabolism in Pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus ♀ × Takifugu rubripes): The Role of Graded Levels of Dietary Tryptophan.

The objective of this study was to investigate the potential effect of graded levels of tryptophan on the growth, cannibalism, and 5-hydroxytryptpamine (5-TH) metabolism in pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus ♀ × Takifugu rubripes ♂). A 63-day feeding trial was performed wherein pufferfish were fed four diets. Three experimental diets were formulated with various levels of tryptophan based on the control diet. Four diets were named as T1, T2, T3, and T4, corresponding to 4.30, 7.80, 14.90, and 23.70 g kg-1 tryptophan of dry diet. Final body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate were similar between the T1 and T4 groups, but exhibited a significantly increased trend compared to the T2 group. Although survival rate was not affected by various levels of dietary tryptophan, intraspecific cannibalism was significantly reduced in the group fed with highest level of tryptophan (T4). For free amino acid in brain, the concentration of tryptophan was the highest in the T3 group and the lowest in the T2 group, while phenylalanine, tyrosine, and methionine showed an opposite trend between those two groups. The levels of dietary tryptophan not only affected the expression of aromatic amino acid transporter TAT1, but also affected the expression of B0AT1, B0AT2, and 4F2hc in intestine, as well as B0AT1, y+LAT1, and LAT2 in brain. The activity of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) in serum increased with the increase of dietary tryptophan, and the expression of TPH1 in brain upregulated in the excessive tryptophan groups (T2, T3, and T4). MAO activity in serum as well as its gene expression in brain and intestine showed a decreased trend in the T4 group. In conclusion, excessive tryptophan (23.70 g kg-1 of dry diet, corresponding to 50.3 g kg-1 of dietary protein) in feed could mitigate cannibalistic behavior of pufferfish and promote the growth, and the reason for this effect might affect the metabolism of 5-TH in vivo.

Clinical characteristics and cytokine profiles of adult obese asthma with type2 inflammation

Obesity-related non-eosinophilic asthma has been identified as a phenotype of asthma. However, mepolizumab and omalizumab improve asthma control in severe asthma with obesity, implying that type-2 cytokines may be involved in the deterioration of control in obese asthma. Despite this, the clinical details of obese asthma with positive type-2 inflammation markers have not yet been reported. The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with obese asthma with positive type-2 inflammation markers. Adult obese asthmatic patients were enrolled and were classified into two groups: obese asthma with positive type-2 inflammation markers (T2) and obese asthma with negative type-2 inflammation markers (NT2), then data were compared. In total, 434 patients were enrolled (85% of patients were at GINA therapy step 4–5). The T2 group had a higher proportion of patients with persistent asthma since childhood and with allergic rhinitis. A higher percentage of patients used high-dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and experienced acute exacerbations (annual exacerbation ratio ≥ 1) in the T2 group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the T2 group was independently associated with younger age, comorbidity of allergic rhinitis, persistent asthma since childhood, use of high-dose ICS, and acute exacerbation rate ≥ 1. Adipocytokine levels were similar between the groups. Collectively, obese asthma with positive type-2 inflammation markers is characterised by a higher percentage of persistent asthma since childhood and more severe asthma.

Integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics reveals the effects of sea currents on overwintering of large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea in cage culture

Large yellow croaker cultured in cages often face overwintering challenges, which have led to significant economic losses in aquaculture. In natural sea areas, apart from low temperatures, sea current is an important factor affecting the overwintering of large yellow croaker. Therefore, we have set up cages with different mesh sizes to investigate the impact of sea currents on the overwintering of large yellow croaker. Three cages with different mesh sizes (0.5 cm, 1.0 cm, and 2.0 cm) were constructed, and 500 fish were placed in each cage. The group with the 0.5-cm mesh served as the control, while the other two groups were experimental (T1 and T2). Water temperature was monitored daily, and water flow rate was measured at the highest tide point of each month (The first and fifteenth days of the lunar calendar). The experiment lasted for 78 days, during which the body weights and lengths of the fish were measured. Muscle samples were taken for body composition analysis, and liver tissues from control and T2 were collected for transcriptome and metabolome analyses. The water temperature ranged from 8.5 to 12.5 °C during the experimental period. The average sea current velocities in the three groups were 0.049 m/s, 0.167 m/s, and 0.286 m/s, respectively. The survival rates of fish in the control, T1 and T2 groups were 85.25%, 80.66%, and 70.32%, respectively. The weight and condition factor decreased significantly in all groups, with the T2 group experiencing the greatest decline. The lipid and protein contents of the fish in the T2 group were significantly lower than those in the control and T1 groups. Transcriptome analysis showed that the insulin and FoxO pathways were related to the regulation of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. The PPAR signaling pathway was related to the regulation of lipid metabolism. Metabolome analysis revealed 663 significantly different metabolites in the two groups, of which 10 were significantly downregulated and 51 were significantly upregulated. The combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolome showed that both metabolites and genes involved in the ABC transporter pathway were significantly differentially expressed. The results of the study indicated that fish in high flow rate cages require more fat and protein to provide energy. The insulin and PPAR pathways played important roles in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. The ABC transporter pathway may play important roles in the transport of small molecule substances and participate in energy metabolism during low-temperature activity in large yellow croaker.

Effects of noni fruit extract on the growth performance, digestive enzymes, and stress tolerance of juvenile whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The effects of noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruit extract supplementation on the growth, survival, digestive enzymes, and stress tolerance of juvenile whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) were investigated. Shrimp were separated into four groups, with each group fed diets containing various concentrations of 0 (Control-T0), 0.5 (T1), 1 (T2), and 1.5% (T3) noni extract over a 56-day period. The results indicate that shrimp fed the T3 diet had the highest final weight, weight gain, daily weight gain, and specific growth rate among all groups. The survival rate and biomass of shrimp showed a significant difference in those groups fed noni-supplemented diets when compared to the control. However, the feed conversion ratio value in the control group was much greater than those of the remaining groups.Amylase activity increased significantly with increasing culture duration and concentrations of noni extract supplementation. In the T3 group, amylase and proteaseactivities exhibited the highest and most significant differences when compared to the control group.Moreover, the T3 group also exhibited a significantly higher survival rate in the challenge tests against low salinity or high ammonia. The results of this study indicate that noni fruit extract could be applied to shrimp feed to enhance growth, survival, and resistance to environmental stresses.

Administrations of Butterfly Pea Flower (Clitoria Ternatea L) Extract Reduce Oxidative Stress and Increase Body Weight of Male Wistar Rats with Diabetes

Background: Asian pigeonwings flower (Clitoria Ternatea L.) is a plant that contains high antioxidants. Numerous research studies have shown that CT flowers can reduce the blood glucose levels of diabetic rats. Lower blood glucose levels can reduce MDA in DM patients. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the effect of CT on serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and body weight of diabetic rats. Methods: Male albino Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin 45 mg/kgBW and nicotinamide 110 mg/kgBW to generate type 2 diabetes. Diabetes rats were randomly divided into three groups: T1 was the control of diabetic rats, T2 was given 300 mg/kgBW extract of CT, and T3 was given 600 mg/kgBW extract of CT for 21 days. Data collected before, during, and after treatment were analyzed using One Way ANOVA and LSD posthoc. Results: The mean of MDA in the T2 and T3 groups decreased on day 14 that was T2 4,67±0,17 µmol/l and T3 3,99±0,30 µmol/l, (p<0,001) and on day 21 also decreased that was T2 4,07±0,14 µmol/l and T3 3,34 ±0,23 µmol/l (p<0,001). While T1 did not experience a significant decrease. The mean of body weight in the T2 and T3 groups increased on day 14 that was T2 187,83±4,67 grams and T3 183,50±4,41 grams (p<0,001), and on day 21, also increased was T2 195,17±3,65 grams, 190,67±4,08 grams (<0,001). In contrast, T1 did not experience a significant increase. Conclusion: Administration of CT flower extract 300 mg/KgBW, and CT flower extract 600 mg/KgBW reduces serum MDA levels of diabetic rats compared to the control of diabetic rats.

Effect of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as Feed Additive on Blood Indices, Physiological, Immunological Responses, and Histological Changes in Broiler Chicks

A feeding trial of 5-week duration was performed to assess the response of broiler chicks to dietary supplementation with different doses of myco-fabricated zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZONPs) on blood indices, physiological, immunological response, antioxidant status, intestinal microbial count, and histological changes in immune organs. A total of 162 3-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were weighed individually and distributed equally into 3 dietary treatments with 6 replicate of 9 chicks in each in a completely randomized design. Chicks were fed ad libitum a basal ration prepared as starter, grower, and finisher supplemented with 0 (T1, control), 40 (T2), and 60 (T3) mg zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZONPs)/kg feed. Results showed that supplementing with ZONPs at both studied levels increased the relative weights of the spleen, bursa, thymus, and liver and decreased the relative weight of the kidney, gizzard, and intestine. A significant increase in the concentrations of hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (PCV%), red and white blood cell counts, total protein (TP), globulin (GLOB), aspartate transferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and a significant decrease in malonaldehyde (MDA), uric acid, and creatinine concentration were observed. Furthermore, all immunological organs showed histological alteration and increased both types of immunity in ZONPs groups with more pronounced effects in the T2 group.

Comparative effects of medium-chain fatty acids or phytobiotics-based feed additives on performance, caecum microbiota, volatile fatty acid production and intestinal morphology of broilers.

Antibiotic growth promoters have been utilized in broiler nutrition to alleviate the negative effects of the pathogenic microbes to promote performance. However, after the prohibition of antibiotics because of the increasing disclosure related to public health issues, various products have been developed as alternatives. This study was carried out to determine the effects of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) or phytobiotics (essential oils [EOs] and alkaloids [ALKs]), blended feed additives on the growth performance, jejunum histomorphology, and cecal microbiota of broiler chickens. A total of 765 male Ross 308 chicks were randomly distributed into 5 experimental groups, each having 9 replicates with 17 chicks. The experimental procedures were as follows: a control group without supplementation (T1); control group+ MCFAs and EOs blend (T2); control group+ different EOs blend (T3); control group+ ALK sanguinarine (T4); and control group+ EOs and ALK piperine mixture (T5). The results showed that, broilers fed with MCFAs blended with EOs had significantly greater body weight gain during overall period in comparision to the control and T3 groups. Further, only MCFAs blended with EOs group significantly improved jejnum morphology in comparison with the control group (p≤0.05). Besides, the MCFAs blended with EOs group significantly elevated propionate, acetate and butyrate concentration, and decreased the concentration of branch chain fatty acids in caecum (p≤0.05). The results indicated that, the combination of MCFAs and EOs seems to have improvement effects and could be preferred as an efficient feed additive in broiler production.

The Synergic Effect of Gut-Derived Probiotic Bacillus cereus SL1 And Ocimum sanctum on Growth, Intestinal Histopathology, Innate Immunity, and Expression of Enzymatic Antioxidant Genes in Fish, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822).

An effective alternative approach to combat aquaculture challenges is the strategic application of bioresources, which not only mitigate disease ailment but also optimize fish growth. Hence, current research was undertaken to highlight the synergic role of bioresources such as plant immunostimulant Ocimum sanctum along with potent gut-derived probiotic Bacillus cereus strain SL1 (Gen Bank Accession Number: FJ627945.1) on mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) growth, antioxidant status, gut histopathology, and immune response. For 90days, fingerlings (average weight 6.8 ± 0.5g) were fed on diets having varying concentrations of O. sanctum and B. cereus. After the completion of the feeding trial, various growth, immunity, and histological and antioxidant metrics were evaluated according to standard procedures. In comparison to the control and other treatment groups, T3 group showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in growth parameters, antioxidant enzymatic activity, and hematological and immunological parameters. In addition to it, supplementation of both B. cereus and O. sanctum also upregulated the antioxidant-related gene expressions, such as hepatic catalase gene by 1.89-3.00 folds, hepatic SOD-1 by 4.46-7.52 folds, and GPx-1of the liver by 1.56-1.95 folds. For 10days, fingerlings were challenged with the pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila (MTCC-1739), and maximum survival rate (77.77%) was reported in fingerlings of T3 treatment. Further histopathological studies of gut tissues affirm that O. sanctum and B. cereus play a synergic role in the protection of digestive organs from the pathogenic bacterium A. hydrophila. These results suggest that O. sanctum and B. cereus synergically improved the growth performance, immunity, antioxidant status, and gut histology of C. mrigala leading to its sustainable culture.

Production of restructured beef jerky using blood plasma solutions activated by non-thermal atmospheric plasma

Abstract The effect of blood plasma powder (2.5, 5, and 7.5% w/w in water) activated using non-thermal atmospheric plasma (T1, T2, and T3, respectively) was investigated as a nitrite source in the production of restructured beef jerky. A group without a nitrite source (NC) and a group cured with 100 ppm of sodium nitrite (PC) were used as negative control and positive control groups, respectively. The nitrite content of the plasma-activated solutions was adjusted to match that of the positive control by calculating the required plasma treatment time, based on previous studies. The obtained results showed that addition of treated solutions with nonthermal plasma for a 70 min, at a level of 20% in relation to the meat, can have beneficial effects on nitrosylhemochrome content, redness, and TBARS values of restructured jerky. These effects were statistically comparable (p≥0.05) to sodium nitrite-cured samples. Furthermore, compared to the PC group, the T1, T2, and T3 treatments exhibited significantly lower water activity and higher protein content (p&lt;0.05). The T2 and T3 treatments also showed increased lightness and shear force values (p&lt;0.05) compared to the control groups (NC and PC). It should be noted that the T3 group had the highest (p&lt;0.05) residual nitrite content among all the samples. However, a sensory analysis is necessary to assess consumer acceptance with regard to differences in the odor profile of the treatments, according to the Principal Components Analysis (PCA).

Examination of the haematological profile of pregnant Polish Holstein-Friesian black-and-white cattle in the early stage.

Cattle health and welfare are monitored via the analysis of the haematological profile, and it shows cattle's ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions, pregnancy and lactation; profile changes also indicate reproductive disorders. The literature lacks reports of the examination of the haematological profile in cows up to the 50th day of pregnancy (dop). Therefore, this research examined that in cows up to this pregnancy stage. A total of 101 Polish Holstein-Friesian black-and-white cows were divided into groups. The control groups consisted of non-pregnant heifers (group C00) and non-pregnant cows (group C0), and the experimental groups were pregnant heifers (group T1 at dop ≤ 28 and group T2 at dop ≥ 29-dop < 45) and pregnant cows (group T3 at dop ≥ 29-dop ≤ 50). In addition, the T3 group was divided into cows pregnant for up 45 dop and cows between 45 and 50 dop. Blood samples were collected in March and April 2021 from each animal and analysed. A transrectal ultrasound examination was performed to detect and confirm pregnancy. Statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) between the group of cows at dop < 45 dop and those at dop ≥ 45-dop ≤ 50 dop were noted in granulocyte percentage (GRA%), white and red blood cell counts (WBC/RBC), platelets (PLT), platelet distribution width (PDW), haematocrit (HCT) and lymphocyte percentage (LYM%). No statistically significant differences were found in the mean corpuscular haemoglobin, monocytes (MON), monocyte percentage (MON%), mean platelet volume (MPV), thrombocrit or red blood cell distribution width (RDW). Similar statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) emerged between the groups of heifers in PLT, GRA, RBC, lymphocytes, LYM% and HCT, and no significant differences were found between MPV, MON, MON% or RDW. Examining the haematological profile in high-yielding cattle is vital in maintaining herd profitability and high reproduction, which depend on the quick diagnosis of disorders facilitated by haematology. This study analysed the haematology profile of dairy cattle at dop ≤ 50 for the first time, indicating changes in lymphocyte levels, which suggests that the animals experienced direct stress during the study.

Buchholzia coriacea Leaves Attenuated Dyslipidemia and Oxidative Stress in Hyperlipidemic Rats and Its Potential Targets In Silico

AbstractThe study aimed to investigate how the solvent extract of Buchholzia coriacea (BCE), a widely known hypolipidemic agent, could contribute to hyperlipidemia treatment and identify the potential bioactive compounds. We studied Wistar albino rats, dividing them into seven groups: the normal control, normal rats treated with 400 mg/kg.b.wt of BCE (NRG group), the hyperlipidemic control (HPC group), hyperlipidemic rats treated with atorvastatin, a standard control drug (SC group), as well as 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg.b.wt of BCE extract respectively (T1, T2, T3 groups). The potential compounds that functioned in BCE extract were analyzed by in silico binding to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FASN). The binding affinities and drug-like properties of the compounds were determined using virtual screening and absorption distribution metabolism excretion and toxicity prediction analysis. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, and 44 chemical compounds in the leaf extract of BCE. BCE significantly reduced the levels of triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, atherogenic coefficient, atherogenic index, and coronary risk index, while enhancing the levels of high-density lipoprotein and cardioprotective index in comparison to the HPC group. The BCE reduced malondialdehyde quantities, which exhibit high levels in HPC. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities as well as glutathione levels, which are otherwise reduced in HPC, were increased upon the BCE treatment. Among the identified BCE compounds, lupenone and 2,7-dimethylnaphthalene exhibited the highest binding affinities to ACC and FASN, suggesting that these two compounds might be the bioactive BCE components displaying hypolipidemic properties. BCE is found to be beneficial in blocking hyperlipidemia through the modulation of lipid profile, the protection of cardiovascular function, as well as the suppression of oxidative stress. BCE may be a natural source for exploring novel drugs for the treatment of dyslipidemia.

Effects of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) leaf and seeds on biochemical and hematological feature

The aim of current research to examine the effect of dried leaves, DL, and seeds, SE. of Coriandrum sativum on some biological and hematological traits. 30 male rabbits aged (93-115) days, separated randomly into 3 equal groups, treatment 1, T1, taken the basal meal represented as control group, and other treatments, T2 and T3, supplemented the basal nutrition mixed with 5% of DL and SE, respectively, for 12 weeks. At the termination of experiment, blood and sera samples collected and separated for estimating hematological and biochemical traits, as well as, liver was collected for histological study. The statistical evaluation of T3 results was demonstrated a raising in hematological parameters significantly (P<0.05) in comparison with T2 and T1. Additionally, the concentration of serum globulin and protein elevated significantly (P<0.05) in rabbits provided SE and DL in comparison with rabbits in T1 group. Besides, the values of AST, ALT and glucose showed a decline (P<0.05) in rabbits given DL and SE C.sativum comparing T1. The histological studies of liver in T3 rabbits same as that of control rabbits. In conclusion, ground seeds of C sativum could improve the histological, serological and biochemical features more than dried leaves.

Novel T4 bacteriophage and royal jelly infused disinfectant versus E. coli compared to QACs

Antimicrobial resistance is an increasingly worsening phenomenon in the 21st century having resulted in thousands of deaths per year. Increases in the diffusion of antimicrobial resistance in gram-negative bacteria and prevalence of specific genes leading to resistance have been linked to an excessive usage of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli. This experiment aims to develop a novel disinfectant solution (T4MRJP) that utilizes the entero-bacteriophage t4 and nine major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) to inhibit the growth of E. coli on a MHA (Mueller Hinton Agar) growth medium. In the experiment, the Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion Assay was first applied on six MHA plates inoculated with 36 evenly distributed susceptibility disks containing different concentrations of solution for three QAC groups, a positive t4 bacteriophage group, and two T4 groups at 90% and 98% dilution respectively. Results demonstrated a strong positive correlation between the increases of concentration to demonstrated inhibition but a lack of statistical significance between the T4 and QAC groups in regards to the proposed hypothesis. However, the diluted T4 group was just as effective as the QAC groups at inhibiting bacterial growth, especially at higher concentrations of the administered solution. In a second trial, however, the T4MRJP (Major royal jelly protein) cocktail was significantly less effective than the experimented QAC groups compared to the bacteriophage alone.