University Of Szeged Research Articles

Analysis of the factors influencing the delay times of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction

The time elapsing from myocardial infarction onset to revascularization is prognostic; the most myocardium can be saved in the first hours. According to the Hungarian Myocardial Infarction Registry, the total ischaemic time is long in Hungary. We aimed to identify the factors influencing the delay times of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We performed a prospective clinical study and collected data from 121 patients presenting with STEMI at the Cardiology Center of the University of Szeged in 2019. We filled out a questionnaire by interviewing patients after primary coronary intervention. The medians of the patient delay, prehospital delay time and total ischaemic time were 83, 252 and 304 minutes, respectively. When the Ambulance Service (AS) was notified, every delay time was significantly shorter than those measured when the Emergency Department or the general practitioner was notified. The place of residence of the patients significantly influenced the delay times and the chosen pathway of healthcare: median patient delays were 60 and 147 minutes in cities and villages, respectively; AS was called first by 50% of urban patients vs. 25% of rural patients. Knowing the emergency number was associated with reduced delay times. Delay times were long. The chosen pathway of healthcare had the greatest impact on the delay times. Urban people reported their complaints sooner, were more likely to choose the best healthcare pathway (AS), thus their delay times were shorter. These suggest that it is important to educate the society, especially rural communities. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(11): 438-445.

Changes in resistance pattern of ESKAPE pathogens between 2010 and 2020 in the clinical center of University of Szeged, Hungary.

The acronym ESKAPE stands for six antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens namely, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. Monitoring their resistance is an important task for clinical microbiology laboratories. Our aim was to analyze the resistance patterns of these bacteria over ten years in clinical samples of our department. We examined the sample types from which these pathogens were most frequently isolated. The incidence of tests with resistant results for each pathogen in aggregate and the most important subgroups of each was also analyzed. We have also intended to predict the local priorities amongst these pathogens. The results of 1,268,126 antibiotic susceptibility tests performed on a total of 70,099 isolates over this period were examined. Most strains were derived from urine, blood culture, trachea, vagina, wounds, and abscesses. Prevalence of ESKAPE bacteria increased between 2011 and 2020 however, the steepest intensifications were seen in the cases of K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. The number of antibiotic susceptibility tests with resistant results has also increased over the decade but the most notable increase was detected in E. faecium and A. baumannii. Based on the calculation of antimicrobial resistance index for each pathogen, the most serious challenges for us at present are A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and E. faecium and their multi-resistant forms. The theoretical prediction of proportion of resistant tests between 2020 and 2030 in our care area draws attention to a worrying trend in the cases of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium and carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii strains.

Gift and informal payment to Hungarian nurses after the regulation changes in 2021.

After our research in 2020 on informal payments to nurses, we made a research in 2021, in a new legal environment, in order to demonstrate nurses' legal, ethical and empathetic behaviour. We intended to highlight the manners, sums and other circumstances of gift given to nurses, based on a survey conducted in May-July 2021, with a special regard to the fact that informal payment now constitutes a crime of corruption. In May-July 2021, we questioned 246 nurses in the Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center of the University of Szeged, Hungary, in order to highlight the forms, circumstances, and sums of informal payments and gift giving. We analyzed the results by means of descriptive statistical methods, with special regard to the differences among surgical, internal medical and pediatric fields. We compared our results to those found in 2020. In surgical field, the average refused informal payment amounted to 13250 forints (cc. 38 euros), which is higher than the sum measured in 2020. In internal medical care, 13467 forints (cc. 38 euros), while in pediatric field, 13286 forints (cc. 38 euros) were refused, which is also higher than in 2020. Gift giving in 2021 is rarer than before 2021. In the new legal environment in effect from 2021 in Hungary, the nurses tend to refuse informal payments and rather accept small gifts after treatment. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(9): 362-372.

Exploring the Effort-Reward Structure of University Work Focusing on Perceived Overall Stress, Self-Reported Health, and Musculoskeletal Disorders

Background: The effort-reward imbalance (ERI) model by Siegrist encouraged numerous scientific investigations that reported particular ties between psychosocial risks and poor self-reported health (SRH), while psychosocial work-related stress has also been linked to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). The aim of this study was to examine the health status and the perceived levels of occupational stress of university employees and to analyse the findings according to the employees’ effort and reward structure of work, perceived overall stress, SRH and the presence of MSDs.Design and methods: 398 employees – including healthcare professionals, academic personnel and workers with administrative or other jobs – employed at the University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine were investigated with a self-administered questionnaire including the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire (ERIQ) and Perceived Stress Scale 4 (PSS-4).Results: More than half of the investigated subjects (54.8%) reported some forms of MSDs. Low self-reported health (P<0.001) and presence of MSDs (P=0.015) were significantly associated with the level of perceived stress and effort-reward imbalance (ERI), moreover increased level of perceived stress was independently associated with the likelihood of MSDs (AOR=1.13) and low self-reported health (AOR=1.30). ERI well predicted low self-reported health (AOR=2.05) as well. Increased level of perceived stress positively correlated with high workrelated effort (r=0.247, P<0.001) and over-commitment (r=0.387, P<0.001) while with work-related reward (r=−0.181, P=0.011) perceived stress showed a negative connection.Conclusion: Our results suggest that addressing the burden of effort-reward imbalance and MSDs would likely lessen employees’ perceived level of overall stress and affect their self-reported overall state of health. Significance for public health In a university hospital setting, numerous areas of academic and healthcare work are strongly interlaced. For that reason, healthcare workers, academics, and employees with various other job roles all share the work-related psychosocial and health risks that originate from the same organizational setting. As workrelated stress, poor self-reported health, and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are all closely linked to effort-reward imbalance (ERI), exploring the effort and reward structure of university work could provide valuable insight in the possible role of the ERI model to guide interventions in this particular setting. Our results suggest that addressing university employees’ ERI, their burden of MSD, or possibly both, would likely affect employees’ perceived level of overall stress and self-reported overall state of health.

Preface: International Conference on Mathematics and Science Education (ICMScE 2021)

ICMScE is one of the conferences held by Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. This year, ICMScE was conducted on 12 June 2021 with the theme “Sustainable-Thinking Competences Awareness toward Society 5.0 in the Light of COVID-19”. This theme is considered to represent the needs of mathematics and science education in the present and beyond to meet a smart and sustainable society. Due to growing concerns about COVID-19, ICMScE 2021 cancelled its physical conference this year instead of shifting to a virtual conference. The ICMScE participants came from various universities in Indonesia and abroad; therefore, it became an opportunity for the participant to share knowledge, exchange ideas, and have the opportunity to collaborate.This conference presents five Keynote Speakers: Prof. Charles Hopkins from UNESCO Chair in reorienting teacher education towards sustainability, York University, Toronto, Canada; Dr. Ida Kaniawati, M.Si, from Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia; Prof. Benö Csapó from the University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Prof. Muammer Çalik from Trabzon University, Trabzon, Turkey and Prof. Ts. Dr. Faaizah Binti Shahbodin from University Teknikal Malaysia. In addition to the keynote, there were also invited speakers from Indonesia who contributed to ICMScE: Prof. Dr. Nahadi, M.Pd., M.Si (Chemistry Education), Prof. Topik Hidayat, M.Si., Ph.D (Biology Education), Dr. Eko Hariyono, M.Pd (Science Education), Prof. Turmudi, M.Ed., M.Sc., Ph.D (Mathematics Education) and Prof. Dr. Wawan Setiawan, M.Kom (Computer Education). A total of 540 participants participated in ICMScE 2021, 451 of whom were presenters. After reviewing and selecting 144 selected articles to be published to the present proceedingList of Committee List is available in this pdf.

Vitamin D status and its influencing factors among pregnant women in Szeged, Hungary

Abstract Background During pregnancy vitamin D plays an important role in maternal and fetal immune regulation as well. The aim of our study was to evaluate vitamin D serum level and its influencing factors among pregnant women and their newborns. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed among women delivering at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in 2019. Altogether 301 women were included into the study, who filled the questionnaire one or two days after delivery. Data collection was based on a self-administered questionnaire, health documentation, and maternal serum and infant cord-blood vitamin D laboratory tests. Vitamin D intake was evaluated by dietary and vitamin D containing dietary supplement intake. Statistical analyses (descriptive statistics, chi square, Pearson's correlation, Kruskal-Wallis test) were performed with the IBM SPSS 26.0 program. The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Szeged (number: 4419). Written informed consent was obtained from each participant of the study. Results The average maternal age of the included women was 33.28 years. More than half of women did not eat sea fish during the pregnancy, 66.3% drank daily milk, 51.5% ate daily yoghurt, and 30.2% used daily margarine as a spread. During pregnancy 77.6% of included women took some kind of vitamin D containing dietary supplement with which their average daily vitamin-D supplementation was 17.19 microgram (SD = 22.45 microgram). The average serum vitamin D level was 52.81 nmol/L in mothers and 72.96 nmol/L in newborns' cord-blood. Only 12.1% of mothers, and 43.1% of their newborns reached the optimal (75 nmol/L) level. Conclusions Our results showed that dietary and supplementary vitamin-D intake are insufficient among pregnant women, and consequently vitamin D serum levels are also lower than the optimal among mothers and their newborns, consequently. Grant support: University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, Hetényi Géza Grant Key messages Low vitamin D level is a global public health issue. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy is important to maintain the optimal vitamin D serum level.

The customs of acceptance of informal payments among Hungarian nurses

In Hungary, since January 1st, 2021, the giving and acceptance of all forms of informal payments constitute a crime, except for gifts of a value of no more than 5% of the minimal monthly salary. While in the case of physicians, a pay rise compensates the loss of revenue, we hardly have data on the nurses' attitude in relation to the acceptance of informal payments. We intend to uncover the situation of informal payments at the end of 2020 and to examine the effects of the new legal regulation, based on information from nurses. In the fall of 2020, we questioned 167 nurses in the Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center of the University of Szeged, Hungary, in order to highlight the motivations, forms, circumstances, and sums of informal payments. We analyzed the results by means of descriptive statistical methods, with special regard to the differences among surgical, internal medical and pediatric fields. We analyzed the results with a view to the new legal regulations. Out of 167 respondents, 93 work in operative field, 54 in internal medical care, and 18 in pediatric care. Besides gratitude, corruption appeared in all the three fields, however, pediatric care was the least touched by corruption. Gifts of a higher value are rare, however, small gifts are common. The respondents received 10851 HUF (i.e., 36 USD) as informal payment from in-patients after one week, while, occasionally, 5326 HUF (i.e., 18 USD). The sums - similarly to informal payments to physicians - vary from field to field in healthcare. In the surgical field, the sums surpassed the new legal limit. Informal payments are given in private healthcare more rarely than in public healthcare. Informal payments given outside the workplace hardly ever occur. The informal payment with the goal of corruption is present in the sphere of nurses, however, it is not typical. The criminal sanctioning of informal payments to nurses is not compensated by a pay rise similar to that of physicians. The fact that informal payments are substituted by gifts results in loss of revenue in all fields of healthcare, however, this loss is the most salient in the surgical field. The criminal sanctioning is not sufficient to eliminate informal payments in Hungary; further socio-political measures are to be taken with the goal to change the attitude of healthcare workers and patients. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(41): 1658-1668.

Interplay between Phenotypic Resistance to Relevant Antibiotics in Gram-Negative Urinary Pathogens: A Data-Driven Analysis of 10 Years’ Worth of Antibiogram Data

The global emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a critical issue for clinicians, as it puts the decades of developments in the medical field in jeopardy, by severely limiting the useful therapeutic arsenal of drugs, both in nosocomial and community-acquired infections. In the present study, a secondary analysis of taxonomic and resistance data was performed, corresponding to urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Gram-negative bacteria, detected between 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2017 at the Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, University of Szeged. The following were identifiable from the data collected: year of isolation; outpatient (OP)/inpatient (IP) origin of the isolate; taxonomy; and susceptibility/resistance to selected indicator antibiotics. Principal component analysis (PCA) and a correlation matrix were used to determine the association between the presences of resistance against indicator antibiotics in each taxonomic group. Overall, data from n = 16,240 outpatient and n = 13,964 inpatient Gram-negative UTI isolates were included in the data analyses. In E. coli, strong positive correlations were seen between resistance to ciprofloxacin (CIP) and gentamicin (GEN) resistance (OP: r = 0.6342, p = 0.049; IP: r = 0.9602, p < 0.001), whereas strong negative correlations were shown for fosfomycin (FOS) and nitrofurantoin (NIT) resistance (OP: r = −0.7183, p = 0.019; IP: r = −0.7437; p = 0.014). For Klebsiella spp. isolates, CIP resistance showed strong positive correlation with resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (3GC) and GEN (r = 0.7976, p = 0.006 and r = 0.7428, p = 0.014, respectively) in OP isolates, and with resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) and FOS (r = 0.8144, p = 0.004 and r = 0.7758, p < 0.001, respectively) in IP isolates. For members of the Citrobacter-Enterobacter-Serratia group, the resistance among indicator antibiotics showed a strong positive correlation, with the exception of FOS resistance. In the Proteus-Providencia-Morganella group, the strongest association was noted between CIP and SXT resistance (OP: r = 0.9251, p < 0.001; IP: r = 0.8007; p = 0.005). In the case of OP Acinetobacter spp., CIP showed strong and significant positive correlations with most indicator antibiotics, whereas for IP isolates, strong negative correlations arose among imipenem (IMI) resistance and resistance to other drugs. For Pseudomonas spp., strong and positive correlations were noted among resistance to β-lactam antibiotics and aminoglycosides, with the exception of ceftazidime (CEFT), showing strong, but negative correlations. Though molecular tests and sequencing-based platforms are now considered as the gold-standard for AMR surveillance, standardized collection of phenotypic resistance data and the introduction of Big Data analytic methods may be a viable alternative for molecular surveillance, especially in low-resource settings.

A 2018-2020. évi görögszéna (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.) kísérletek produkciójának az összehasonlítása

The aim of our study is to compare the results (content values, yield) of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) experiments in 2018-2020. Fenugreek is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the legumes (Fabaceae) family. It is a multifunctional crop for use in domestic and farm animal feeds, wild fodder, herbs and spices. During the study period, nutrient supply treatments were applied to increase the production values of the plant. The weed suppressing ability of fenugreek in the post-emergence period (1-3 weeks) is very poor, so we had to use chemical weed control. During the experiment, the T. foenum-graecum stock was irrigated. The plant was harvested 80-90 days after sowing. The study was carried out in Kecskemét in 2018-2019, at the Demonstration Garden of John von Neumann University, Faculty of Horticulture and Rural Development. The 2020 experiment was set up at the University of Szeged, Faculty of Agriculture.

Possible Discrimination in the Workspace Following Acceptance or Rejection of COVID-19 Vaccination – Opinions of Hungarian Employees

Hungary is proud of Katalin Karikó, who was born in Hungary and educated at the University of Szeged, including a doctorate level. Later she moved to the United States where gained many practical experiences at several renowned universities as a professor. She has played a key role in the development of the COVID-19 vaccine. Their opinions are influenced by their political views, religious backgrounds, life experiences, and the country’s turbulent historical past; citizens fear various discriminatory measures. In the first part of our research, the importance of vaccinations and the Hungarian and European regulations are described. In the second section, we demonstrate that sometimes discrimination can be legal. The third part discusses the quantitative research that was conducted about the expected discrimination that can be considered legitimate or illegal. Our opinions are related to foreign travel and the activity of human resource management

Not just words! Effects of a light-touch randomized encouragement intervention on students' exam grades, self-efficacy, motivation, and test anxiety.

Motivated by the self-determination theory of psychology, we investigate how simple school practices can forge students' engagement with the academic aspect of school life. We carried out a large-scale preregistered randomized field experiment with a crossover design, involving all the students of the University of Szeged in Hungary. Our intervention consisted of an automated encouragement message that praised students' past achievements and signaled trust in their success. The treated students received encouragement messages before their exam via two channels: e-mail and SMS message. The control students did not receive any encouragement. Our primary analysis compared the treated and control students' end-of-semester exam grades, obtained from the university's registry. Our secondary analysis explored the difference between the treated and control students' self-efficacy, motivation, and test anxiety, obtained from an online survey before students' exams. We did not find an average treatment effect on students' exam grades. However, in the subsample of those who answered the endline survey, the treated students reported higher self-efficacy than the control students. The treatment affected students' motivation before their first exam-but not before their second-and did not affect students' test anxiety. Our results indicate that automated encouragement messages sent shortly before exams do not boost students' exam grades, but they do increase self-efficacy. These results contribute to understanding the self-efficacy mechanism through which future encouragement campaigns might exert their effect. We conclude that encouraging students and raising their self-efficacy might create a school climate that better engages students with the academic aspect of school life.

PhD Abstracts

Abstracts of the Annual Conference of Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged – 2021.

Methods to Decrease Carbon Emission at the University of Szeged

The implementation of innovations and technologies to decrease carbon emission is one of the main priorities that the University of Szeged is striving to achieve. Although, effective investments cannot be carried out without proper measurement systems in energy management and carbon emission monitoring. Understanding the importance of proper measurement, the University of Szeged has decided to calculate the whole carbon footprint of one of its main buildings, namely, the Study and Information Centre with the help of KÖVET association. The carbon evaluation uses data of 2019 and contains the direct and indirect carbon emission of building management, and of its employees’ and visitors’. This calculation will be the basis of further carbon reduction investments, protocols and events held for shaping the visitors’ and employees’ consciousness. In parallel with the evaluation, the University of Szeged has made some huge steps to decrease carbon emission factors. For instance, a newly installed visitor monitoring system regulates the electricity usage of ventilation in the most used areas of the Study and Information Centre based on the actual number of visitors present in the building. Furthermore, from April 2020, five electric cars substitute the most driven cars of the University in urban areas, rapidly decreasing the direct carbon emission in the city.

The mysteries of financial culture and financial habits

In this research I will investigate the financial culture among the students of the Technical Faculty of University of Szeged. I will analyse the results of questionnaires about the alumni’s’ financial culture and financial habits. I aim to learn more about the student’s financial knowledge, debit card usage, savings and loan habits. Also, I research how the students demographic and social background impact their financial decisions and habits.

Preface

The 12th Conference of PhD Students in Computer Science (CSCS) was organized by the Institute of Informatics of the University of Szeged (SZTE) and held in Szeged, Hungary, between June 24–26, 2020.&#x0D; The members of the Scientific Committee were the following representatives of the Hungarian doctoral schools in Computer Science: János Csirik (Co-Chair, SZTE), Lajos Rónyai (Co-Chair, SZTAKI, BME), Péter Baranyi (SZE), András Benczúr (ELTE), András Benczúr (SZTAKI), Hassan Charaf (BME), Tibor Csendes (SZTE), László Cser (BCE), Erzsébet Csuhaj-Varjú (ELTE), József Dombi (SZTE), István Fazekas (DE), Zoltán Fülöp (SZTE), Aurél Galántai (OE), Zoltán Gingl (SZTE), Tibor Gyimóthy (SZTE), Katalin Hangos (PE), Zoltán Horváth (ELTE), Márk Jelasity (SZTE), Zoltán Kása (Sapientia EMTE), László Kóczy (SZE), János Levendovszki (BME), Gyöngyvér Márton (Sapientia EMTE), Branko Milosavljevic (UNS), Valerie Novitzka (TUKE), László Nyúl (SZTE), Marius Otesteanu (UPT), Attila Pethő (DE), Vlado Stankovski (UNILJ), Tamás Szirányi (SZTAKI), Péter Szolgay (PPKE), János Sztrik (DE), János Tapolcai (BME), János Végh (ME), and Daniela Zaharie (UVT).&#x0D; The members of the Organizing Committee were: Attila Kertész, Balázs Bánhelyi, Tamás Gergely, Judit Jász, and Zoltán Kincses.&#x0D; There were more than 50 participants and 43 talks in several fields of computer science and its applications (11 sessions). The talks were going in sections in Graphs, Machine Learning, Security, Program Analysis, Healthcare, Simulation, Privacy, Computer Graphics I., Bugs, Computer Graphics II., and Distributed systems.&#x0D; The talks of the students were completed by 2 plenary talks of leading scientists: Tibor Gyimóthy (University of Szeged, Hungary), and Gábor Tardos (Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics, Hungary).&#x0D; The open-access scientific journal Acta Cybernetica offered PhD students to publish the paper version of their presentations after a careful selection and review process. Altogether 29 manuscripts were submitted for review, out of which 22 were accepted for publication in the present special issue of Acta Cybernetica.&#x0D; The full program of the conference, the collection of the abstracts and furtherinformation can be found at https://www.inf.u-szeged.hu/~cscs/.&#x0D; On the basis of our repeated positive experiences, the conference will be organized in the future, too. According to the present plans, the next meeting will be held around the end of June 2022 in Szeged.

A H-UNCOVER vizsgálat eredményei és hatása a magyarországi járványkezelésre

Összefoglaló. A HUNgarian COronaVirus disease-19 Epidemiological Research (H-UNCOVER) vizsgálat egy országos szintű reprezentatív felmérés volt, melyet az Innovációs és Technológiai Minisztérium (ITM) támogatásával végzett el a négy orvostudományi képzést folytató magyar egyetem a Központi Statisztikai Hivatallal (KSH) együttműködve. A vizsgálat célja az volt, hogy egy reprezentatív mintán keresztül felmérje a magyar lakosság SARS-CoV-2 átfertőzöttségét, és támaszul szolgáljon a koronavírus első hulláma kapcsán meghozott restriktív intézkedések utáni lazításra. A világszinten is jelentős méretű vizsgálat alacsony átfertőzöttségi arányt mutatott, így nemcsak a restriktív intézkedések hatékonyságát mutatta meg, de egy biztos járványügyi támaszt jelentett a gazdaság újranyitásának tervezéséhez. Summary. Close to the end of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, many countries started to consider the possibility of reopening their economy, and lifting some of the containment measures introduced in the previous weeks. Such a decision is utterly complicated, as reopening might easily lead to an increase in active SARS-CoV-2 cases, but a delay puts an almost unbearable burden on the country’s economy. The objective of the HUNgarian COronaVirus disease-19 Epidemiological Research (H-UNCOVER) study was to conduct a cross-sectional survey among the Hungarian population to estimate the total number of infectious cases and the prevalence of prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure, and by using these data help to plan an exit strategy. The H-UNCOVER study was performed by the 4 medical universities in Hungary (Semmelweis University, University of Pécs, University of Debrecen and University of Szeged) with the help of the Central Statistical Office, Hungarian National Ambulance Service, Governmental offices and General Practitioners. The study was initiated 50 days after the Hungarian restrictions and performed between 1-16 May. With the help of the Central Statistical Office, 17,787 people were selected to represent the Hungarian population of 14 years or older living in private households (n=8,283,810). SARS-CoV-2 PCR and blood tests were performed to assess the prevalence of active infection and seropositivity. These tests were accompanied by a questionnaire about symptoms, comorbidities, and COVID-19 contacts. More specifically, questions included topics about home office, going abroad after the 1st of March, or possible contacts with COVID-19 positive, or quarantined individuals, as well as symptoms which might be due to COVID-19 infection. Altogether 67.7% of the selected individuals participated in some form in the study, which is an exceptionally high number compared to such studies. 10,502 individuals had SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing and 10,501 people had a blood test to assess SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels. Of the tested individuals, three had positive PCR and 69 had positive serological tests. Population estimates of the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections and seropositivity were 2,421 and 56,439, respectively, thus the active infection rate (2.9/10,000, 95% confidence interval: 0-6.7/10,000) and the prevalence of prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure (68/10,000, 95% confidence interval: 50-86/10,000) were low. A total of 10,474 individuals completed the questionnaire. Self-reported loss of smell or taste and body aches were significantly more frequent among those with SARS-CoV-2. Our study suggested that the early containment measures initiated by the Government of Hungary were effective in preventing the escalation of the first wave of COVID-19 in Hungary. We also found that the highest prevalence of the disease was in Budapest, and those who attended their workplace on a regular basis, travelled abroad after the 1st of March, or contacted with a COVID-19 positive or quarantined individual had a higher tendency to become infected. In conclusion, the H-UNCOVER study supported the exit strategy after the first wave of COVID-19 in Hungary.

Co-Creation, Reflection, and Transformation. The Social Impact of a Service-Learning Course at the University of Szeged

This paper highlights three aspirations, which are shared by the diverse concepts and practices of responsible research and innovation (RRI): co-creation, reflexivity, and transformation. The authors analyse a service-learning (SL) initiative at the University of Szeged, Hungary, based on the model by Chupp and Joseph (2010). This provides a typology of SL practices and identifies four main approaches to the social impact of SL: traditional, critical, social justice oriented, and institutional change-focused approach. The authors also use this model to analyse the effects of their initiative with regard to the RRI principles of co-creation, reflexivity, and transformation. They provide evidence that their SL course may reach beyond its traditional (student-learning-based) effects in the Hungarian context, and embrace social justice and critical approaches. While the authors also found certain instances of institutionalisation, embedding critical SL into a Hungarian university and inducing significant institutional transformation seems to be a long way away.

THE FIRST STEPS TOWARDS THE FIRST-ORDER POLITENESS RESEARCH IN UDMURT

The research is the continuation of my dissertation written at the Department of the Finno-Ugrian Philology of the University of Szeged. However, in this research I do not analyse politeness on my own like I did in my dissertation, as I include answers of native speakers of the language. They express their own ideas about the different answers I got during my PhD research. This study is based on interviews conducted with 10 native speakers of the Udmurt language. These speakers not only represent different age groups but they have different backgrounds as well: I included speakers of the southern and the northern dialects of the language, there are students and teachers of the Udmurt State University and there are two speakers who had been living abroad for at least two years at the time of recording. There were three main exercises to complete during the interview: in the first one they had to express their opinions about answers that I had acquired earlier in different politeness situations, in the second one they had to group answers based on which ones can belong to the same speaker and in the last one I showed them the correct groups of answers and they had to identify the age, the gender, the dialect and the place of origin of the speaker. Their answers can be really helpful to support my previous results or to open a new perspective in the research because, as native speakers, they are able to understand small differences that could be easily skimmed over by non-native speakers. This research has two main parts. In the first part the native speakers express their ideas about answers in given situations and in the second part they try to identify the age, the gender, the dialect and the place of origin of the speakers based on their answers. In the first part the answers usually matched with each other but the interpretation of the Udmurt second past in this situation led to the biggest contradiction in this research. Some of the speakers (as I expected) said that it makes the sentence more polite, but there were some speakers who felt exactly the opposite way about it because in their interpretation it means that the speaker used this tense to avoid responsibility. From the second part it draws out clearly, that there is no age, gender, dialectal or geographical group of speakers who could be easily identified by the given answers and the speakers mainly, but not exclusively, used stereotypes for identification. The result of this is that the answers were about as accurate as taking a blind guess.

REFLECTIVE PRACTICE AND PREZI — TOOLS FOR IMPROVING ACADEMIC SPEAKING SKILLS

This paper aims at investigating the usefulness of the reflective practice supported by technology as a tool for improving academic speaking skills. The study employs two groups of undergraduate students in the Integrated Skills course for Academic Purpose, at the University of Szeged, that undergo the same instruction. The non-experimental group does not use technology to support their speaking practice, while the experimental group uses Prezi. The instruments used in the research are surveys and the instructor’s journal. The results reveal that students perceive reflective practice as a useful tool that helps them think critically about their performance. What is more, the study shows that reflective activities, when combined with online resources boost motivation for speaking and better presentation performance.

A „diabeteses láb” infekciók mikrobiológiája egy egyetemi központban: retrospektív vizsgálat és irodalmi áttekintés

Late-onset complications may cause serious problems in diabetic patients. Among these complications, diabetic foot infections play a signifcant role. In the recognition and management of the disease the microbiological procedures are essential. Neglected infectious complications may lead to gangrene, limb amputation, which not only impairs quality of life but also endangers the patient’s life. Prevention should include careful management of metabolic disease, appropriate medication, early detection of neuropathy, and the detection and treatment of infection by a medical team , including clinical microbiologist. In our present study, we retrospectively assessed the bacteriological culture’ results of patients with “diabetic foot” syndrome in 5-years’ clinical material at he Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged.