Syzygium Jambos Research Articles

A review of the pharmacological and bioactive compounds of syzygium cumini

The field of herbal medicine has grown rapidly in the past several years, and due to their natural origins and lower side effects, these medications are becoming more and more well-liked in both developed and developing nations. The plant known as jamun, Syzygium cumini (also called Eugenia jambolana, Syzygium jambolana, Eugenia cumini, and Syzygium jambos), is a great source of bioactive substances such flavonoids, polyphenols, antioxidants, iron, and vitamin C. The Myrtaceae family includes the essential medicinal plant known as the jamun tree, which is a tropical evergreen blooming plant that has long been utilized in Indian and other traditional remedies around the world. The majority of jamun's cultivation occurs in Asian nations like Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India, and Pakistan. It has been used to treat a wide range of illnesses and physiological disorders since the days of ancient medicine. In terms of medicine, the fruit is said to have properties that help with hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obesity, antidiarrheal, antiallergic, antiarthritic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antifertility, antipyretic, antiplaque, radioprotective, neuropsychopharmacological, and antiulcer, hepatoprotective, antiallergic, antiarthritic, antioxidant, and various metabolic problems. This review examines the various dietary applications as well as the nutritional, phytochemical, and medicinal possibilities.

Green Synthesis of Carbon Aerogel from Rose Apple (Syzygium jambos) for Ciprofloxacin, Diesel Oil, Organic Solvents Adsorption, and Electrochemical Properties

AbstractThe ascribed work suggests a fabrication pathway of carbon aerogel material from the rose apple (Syzygium jambos) fruit (RACA), in which a hydrothermal step, followed by a calcination process under various temperatures from 600 to 900 °C was carried out. RACA were characterized via multiple methods to briefly determine the optimal calcination temperature for the application, revealing that the temperature of 700 °C provided an intermediate deconstruction effect to form the amorphous structure and amplified the surface area. Whence, the materials were assessed for the adsorption capacities towards diesel oil which provided a capacity of approximately 35 g/g, although the adsorption capacity decreased slightly after 5 cycles of recovery and reuse. Furthermore, RACA‐700 exhibits high adsorption capacity of organic solvents (toluene, cyclohexane, butanol, hexane, and chloroform) and the ciprofloxacin antibiotic. Besides, the utilization of the fabricated carbon aerogel in the supercapacitor was also investigated. The obtained results elucidate the highest specific capacitance of 61.20 F/g, corresponding with the lowest resistance of 195.6 Ω, which indicates the ability to maintain capacitance after 5000 cycles and still retain 60 % efficiency, thereby signifying the potential application of carbon aerogel in sustainable material construction.

Chemical profiling and dermatological and anti-aging properties of Syzygium jambos L. (Alston): evidence from molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and in vitro experiments.

The phytoconstituents of the aqueous extract from Syzygium jambos L. (Alston) leaves were defined using HPLC-PDA-MS/MS and the antioxidant, anti-aging, antibacterial, and anti-biofilm activities of the extract were in silico and in vitro investigated. The antioxidant activities were performed using in vitro DPPH and FRAP assays as well as H2-DCFDA assay in HaCaT cells in which oxidative stress was induced by UVA radiation. Anti-aging activity was tested in vitro, using aging-related enzymes. The antibacterial, anti-biofilm and inhibitory effects on bacterial mobilities (swarming and swimming) were assessed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results showed that S. jambos aqueous extract contained 28 phytochemicals belonging to different metabolite classes, mainly phenolic acids, gallic acid derivatives, flavonoids, and ellagitannins. Mineral content analysis showed that S. jambos leaves contained moderate amounts of nitrogen, potassium, manganese, magnesium, and zinc, relatively low amounts of phosphorus and copper, and high concentration of calcium and iron. The extract displayed strong antioxidant activities in vitro and inhibited UVA-induced oxidative stress in HaCaT cells. Docking the major compounds identified in the extract into the four main protein targets involved in skin aging revealed an appreciable inhibitory potential of these compounds against tyrosinase, elastase, hyaluronidase, and collagenase enzymes. Moreover, molecular dynamic simulations were adopted to confirm the binding affinity of some selected compounds towards the target enzymes. The extract exhibited pronounced in vitro anti-aging effects, compared to kojic acid and quercetin (the reference compounds). It also inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa, counteracted its ability to form biofilm, and impeded its swarming and swimming mobilities. Altogether, these findings strongly propose S. jambos leaves as a promising source of bioactive metabolites for the development of natural cosmeceutical and dermatological agents.

Population status of the endemic Pitcairn Reed Warbler Acrocephalus vaughani on Pitcairn Island, South Pacific

Summary Reed warblers are widespread throughout Eurasia, Africa, and Australasia, and many species undertake long seasonal migrations. By contrast, other species of the genus Acrocephalus are sedentary and endemic to single oceanic islands. The Pitcairn Reed Warbler Acrocephalus vaughani is confined to the small volcanic island of Pitcairn in the South Pacific Ocean, and no population assessments have ever been conducted for this species. Due to its restricted range, the presence of invasive species, and the loss of natural habitat, the species is considered as globally “Endangered”, but its actual conservation status is entirely speculative. We conducted transect surveys and nest monitoring in the austral summer of 2022/23 and present abundance estimates for the species. We counted between 51 and 158 reed warblers along 54 transects that were each 100 m long and covered all habitats and roughly 13% of the vegetated island area. Using binomial mixture models accounting for imperfect detection and habitat variation in abundance, we estimated that Pitcairn may hold 1,568 (95% confidence interval 812–3,237) Pitcairn Reed Warblers, and that the species appeared to be most abundant in introduced Rose Apple Syzygium jambos stands. Based on the monitoring of 49 nests, of which only four failed to fledge any young, we estimated that Mayfield nest survival rate was 0.69 and estimated productivity was 1.07 (± 0.39 standard deviation) fledglings per nest. Assuming that Pitcairn Reed Warblers have similar annual survival probabilities as other island reed warblers, the productivity appears sufficient to maintain the population and there is no indication that the species has decreased significantly over the past three generations. Given the limited extent of occurrence, and the stable current population size between 442 and 2,774 mature individuals, we recommend that the global conservation status of the Pitcairn Reed Warbler be classified as “Vulnerable”.

Exploring Medicinal Plants for Antimicrobial Activity and Synergistic Effects With Doxycycline Against Bacterial Species.

Medicinal plants are rich sources of bioactive compounds with diverse pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial activities. This study aimed to assess the antibiofilm potential of methanol and ethanol extracts from nine selected medicinal plants, as well as their synergistic effects with doxycycline against Bacillus strains. Standard procedures were employed to determine the phytochemical composition, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents of the extracts. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using the broth microdilution method, while biofilm formation was assessed via the microtiter plate method. Antibiofilm activity was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium-bromide (MTT) assay. Combination studies were conducted using the checkerboard microdilution method. All extracts contained phenols, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes, and anthraquinones. The methanolic extract of Psidium guajava exhibited the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents (90.48 ± 0.55 mg GAE/g), while the ethanolic extract of Olax subscorpioidea showed the highest flavonoid content (6.48 ± 0.33 mg QE/g). Ethanol extracts of Eucalyptus globulus and Psidium guajava and methanolic extract of Syzygium jambos demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus anthracis 34F2 Sterne strains, with a MIC value of 64 μg/mL. Biofilm formation in Bacillus strains was notably enhanced in the presence of glucose. The methanolic extract of O. subscorpioides exhibited the highest biofilm imbibition (85%), while Picralima nitida methanolic extract showed the most effective biofilm eradication (79%). The combination of Solanum torvum ethanol extract with doxycycline displayed synergistic effects against biofilm formation inhibition and eradication in all tested Bacillus strains. Taken together, Solanum torvum ethanol extract shows promise for developing new combination antibacterial therapies.

Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Anti-Diabetic Activity Scrutinization in the Methanolic Fruit Extract of Syzygium jambos

Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Anti-Diabetic Activity Scrutinization in the Methanolic Fruit Extract of Syzygium jambos

Differential aggressiveness of Austropuccinia psidii isolates from guava and rose apple upon cross‐inoculation

AbstractMyrtle rust, caused by Austropuccinia psidii, has been associated with more than 480 plant species belonging to the family Myrtaceae. Intraspecific variability in pathogenicity has been reported among isolates of A. psidii from different hosts. However, there are few studies that have comparatively quantified the disease in guava (Psidium guajava) and rose apple (Syzygium jambos). The objective of this work was to quantify the pathogenic variability of A. psidii isolates collected from guava and rose apple in Brazil and to investigate the mechanisms of infection and colonization of the pathogen at the cellular level. The monocyclic components of the rust disease were evaluated on young leaves of rose apple and guava plants cross‐inoculated with isolates from rose apple and guava. Pathogenic specialization of both A. psidii isolates for their respective hosts was confirmed in this work. The guava A. psidii isolate was able to infect and colonize rose apple leaf tissues but no sporulation occurred. Similarly, the rose apple A. psidii isolate infected guava plants but did not sporulate. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that lobed haustoria were present within rose apple leaves at 2 days post‐inoculation (dpi) with both isolates, which resulted in intense mesophyll colonization for both interactions at 9 dpi. The latter is remarkable because infection of rose apple with the guava A. psidii isolate did not result in mature rust pustules.

NMR-based metabolomics and UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS profiling of Syzygium jambos in relation to their antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic activities

Search for natural sources in disease management especially diabetes has surged recently for its potential health benefits. However, several fruit tree species remained unpopular despite their folkloric usage due to insufficient scientific data. Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston (Myrtaceae) is a fruit-bearing plant that is used as a traditional dietary supplement to treat various diseases including diabetes. This study investigated the correlation between S. jambos leaves’ metabolites and the bioactivities using proton-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR)-based metabolomics approach. In-vitro total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radicals scavenging, nitric oxide (NO•) radicals scavenging, anti-α-amylase and anti-α-glucosidase assays were performed. The findings indicated that 70 % ethanolic extract demonstrated the highest potential in overall bioactivities. A total of 59 and 30 metabolites were tentatively identified using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization Quadrupole-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/ESI Q-Orbitrap MS/MS) and NMR, respectively. The partial least square (PLS) model revealed tannins, triterpenoids, and flavonoids significantly contributed to the separation and bioactivities. This study provides comprehensive insights into S. jambos metabolome and reveals the potential as a reliable source of antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic compounds.

Identification of Novel -Glucosidase Inhibitors from Syzygium jambos (L.) Using Spectroscopy and Molecular Docking.

Fruits ofSyzygiumjambos(L.) are recognized as a "food", exhibiting significant antidiabetic activities. However, the α-glucosidase inhibition of the components from Syzygiumjambos(L.) have not yet been investigated. In this study,a total of 14 compounds were isolated from Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston, eight of which showed significant inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase, with IC50 values in the range of 0.011-0.665mM. Notably, compounds 1-3 (IC50: 0.013, 0.011 and 0.030mM, respectively) exhibited much stronger activity than acarbose (IC50: 2.329 ± 0.109mM). The enzyme kinetics study indicated that compound 1 was an uncompetitive inhibitor, and compounds 2-8 were mixed-type inhibitors. Moreover, the interactions between compounds and α-glucosidase were investigated by molecular docking, which further revealed that the number of olefin double bonds and 2-COOH of heptadeca-phenols had a notable effect on the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. This study demonstrated that Syzygiumjambos(L.) fruit might serve as a functional food for the prevention of diabetes mellitus.

TIPE-TIPE STOMATA TUMBUHAN MYRTACEAE DI LINGKUNGAN KAMPUS FKIP ULM SEBAGAI BOOKLET BAHAN AJAR PENDAMPING MATA KULIAH ANATOMI TUMBUHAN

The campus environment of FKIP ULM Banjarmasin consists of various plant families, one of which is the Myrtaceae family. Differences in plant families and species can affect the type of plant stomata. The type of stomata can be used to add data about phylogenetic systematics in plants. This study aims to describe the types of stomata of Mytaceae plants in the Campus Environment of FKIP ULM Banjarmasin. The research started from September 2022 to December 2022. The Myrtaceae leaf sampling technique was carried out using cruise methods. Stomata-type data collection method using a light microscope. The research data obtained were analyzed by descriptive qualitative. The results of the study found 2 types of stomata from 7 species of Myrtaceae plants namely: anomocytic/ranunculaceous stomata type found in Syzygium malaccense and Syzygium aqueum white fruit and parasitic/rubiaceous stomata type found in red fruit Syzygium aqueum, Syzygium jambos, Syzygium oleana, Psidium guajava, and Syzygium polyanthum.

Chromosome-scale assemblies of S. malaccense, S. aqueum, S. jambos, and S. syzygioides provide insights into the evolution of Syzygium genomes.

Syzygium is a large and diverse tree genus in the Myrtaceae family. Genome assemblies for clove (Syzygium aromaticum, 370 Mb) and sea apple (Syzygium grande, 405 Mb) provided the first insights into the genomic features and evolution of the Syzygium genus. Here, we present additional de novo chromosome-scale genome assemblies for Syzygium malaccense, Syzygium aqueum, Syzygium jambos, and Syzygium syzygioides. Genome profiling analyses show that S. malaccense, like S. aromaticum and S. grande, is diploid (2n = 2x = 22), while the S. aqueum, S. jambos, and S. syzygioides specimens are autotetraploid (2n = 4x = 44). The genome assemblies of S. malaccense (430 Mb), S. aqueum (392 Mb), S. jambos (426 Mb), and S. syzygioides (431 Mb) are highly complete (BUSCO scores of 98%). Comparative genomics analyses showed conserved organization of the 11 chromosomes with S. aromaticum and S. grande, and revealed species-specific evolutionary dynamics of the long terminal repeat retrotransposon elements belonging to the Gypsy and Copia lineages. This set of Syzygium genomes is a valuable resource for future structural and functional comparative genomic studies on Myrtaceae species.

Protective Effect of Syzygium jambos (L.) Leaf Extract and Its Constituents Against LPS-induced Oxidative Stress

Protective Effect of Syzygium jambos (L.) Leaf Extract and Its Constituents Against LPS-induced Oxidative Stress

Previsual and Early Detection of Myrtle Rust on Rose Apple Using Indices Derived from Thermal Imagery and Visible-to-Short-Infrared Spectroscopy.

Myrtle rust, caused by the fungus Austropuccinia psidii, is a serious disease, which affects many Myrtaceae species. Commercial nurseries that propagate Myrtaceae species are prone to myrtle rust and require a reliable method that allows previsual and early detection of the disease. This study uses time-series thermal imagery and visible-to-short-infrared spectroscopy measurements acquired over 10 days from 81 rose apple plants (Syzygium jambos) that were either inoculated with myrtle rust or maintained disease-free. Using these data, the objectives were to (i)quantify the accuracy of models using thermal indices and narrowband hyperspectral indices (NBHI) for previsual and early detection of myrtle rust using data from older resistant green leaves and young susceptible red leaves and (ii) identify the most important NBHI and thermal indices for disease detection. Using predictions made on a validation dataset, models using indices derived from thermal imagery were able to perfectly (F1 score = 1.0; accuracy = 100%) distinguish control from infected plants previsually one day before symptoms appeared (1 DBS) and for all stages after early symptoms appeared. Compared with control plants, plants with myrtle rust had lower and more variable normalized canopy temperature, which was associated with higher stomatal conductance and transpiration. Using NBHI derived from green leaves, excellent previsual classification was achieved 3 DBS, 2 DBS, and 1 DBS (F1 score range = 0.89 to 0.94). The accurate characterization of myrtle rust during previsual and early stages of disease development suggests that a robust detection methodology could be developed within a nursery setting. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.

Unveiling the antibacterial potential and antibiotic-resistance breaker activity of Syzygium jambos (Myrtaceae) towards critical-class priority pathogen Klebsiella isolates

Background: Klebsiella has developed multiple-drug resistance (MDR) to a wide range of medicines, including carbapenems and third generation cephalosporins which are often regarded as the most effective drugs against MDR bacteria. The present study examined the anti-klebsiella, modes of action, and antibiotic-resistance reversal potential of Syzygium jambos (Myrtaceae) leaf (SJL) and bark (SJB) methanol extracts towards a panel of sixteen MDR K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca strains and clinical isolates. Methods: The anti-klebsiella potential of SJL and SJB was assessed by determining the minimal inhibitory (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) using broth microdilution. Extracts were tested alone, in combination with an efflux pump inhibitor (PaβN), and in association with conventional antibiotics at their sub-inhibitory concentrations. Effects of SJL were also evaluated on bacterial kinetic growth, H+-ATPase-mediated pump, and cell membrane integrity, using standards. Results: SJL and SJB were shown to have anti-klebsiella action, with MICs ranging from 64 to 2048 g/mL. SJL was found to be more effective, acting on all tested pathogens with 100 ≤ MIC ≤ 2048 µg/mL, indicating considerable to moderate activity and generating bactericidal effects on more than half of the MDR Klebsiella strains investigated. SJL also produced a remarkably active effect (MIC ≤ 100 µg/mL), with MIC of 64 µg/mL against K. pneumoniae KP26. In the presence of PaβN, SJL and SJB activity rose significantly, demonstrating the involvement of active efflux machinery as MDR mechanisms. SJL displayed significant MDR reversal potential, as evidenced by an enhanced efficacy of conventional antibiotics, when in association. The activity of doxycycline and levofloxacin was improved on 100% of studied MDR pathogens. Interestingly, SJL also significantly enhanced the efficacy of the last resort drugs cefixime (cephalosporin) and imipenem (carbapenems) at more than 75% at MIC/2. Exposure of K. pneumoniae KP63 to SJL at 0.5×MIC, MIC, and 2×MIC for 20 h produced a concentration-dependent trend toward greater bacterial killing, extending the latent phase. In addition, SJL showed pronounced inhibition of the H+-ATPase-mediated pump and mildly disrupted the cytoplasmic membrane. Conclusion: This work provides a solid experimental foundation for considering S. jambos leaf extract as a viable treatment option for MDR Klebsiella-related illnesses. Keywords: Antibiotic-resistance modifying agents; efflux pump inhibitor; food plants; Klebsiella infections; multidrug resistance; Syzygium jambos.

ETHNOMEDICINAL STUDIES OF SOME MYRTACEAE PLANTS FROM NANDED REGION OF MAHARASTRA

Nanded is one of the most biodiversity rich region of Maharastra. This area is having deciduous regions known as Kinwat, Mahur and Shita-khandi forest. The regional peoples uses many traditional medicines for the treatments of various diseases. The aim of current research is to survey and documents ethno-medicinal usages of family Myrtaceae. For this data collection many time field visits were given. All the collected data and information were confirmed using available literature. Total six plants of Myrtaceae were reported in the study. Syzygiun cumini (Jamun), Psidium guajava L. (Guava), Eucalyptus globules (Nilgiri) are the common plants reported in survey including Callistemon citrinus ( Bottle brush), Syzygium aromaticum L. (Laong), and Syzygium jambos L. The plants reported in the present study were found to be used by local peoples for the treatments of different aliments.

Bioactivity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Branch of Jambu Mawar (Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston)

Endophytic fungi isolated from medicinal plants have high diversity and the secondary metabolites produced have biological activity. Endophytic fungi isolated from medicinal plants have been the subject of many studies on their diversity and biological activity, one of which is jambu mawar (Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston). S. jambos has long been used as a traditional medicine to treat infections caused by pathogenic bacteria in many parts of the world, including South Sumatra. This study purposed to explore the diversity of endophytic fungi isolated from the branches of S. jambos, the antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi extracts, the determination of the structure of the compounds, and the activity of the active compounds of the selected endophytic fungi. Observations of the morphological characteristics of endophytic fungi were macroscopically and microscopically. The endophytic fungal extracts were then tested for antimicrobial activity against test bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli using the Kirby-Bauer paper disk diffusion method. Isolation of pure compounds using a gravity chromatography column, the determination of the structure of the compound is determined based on 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HMQC, and HMBC spectroscopy. Four endophytic fungi, code SJC1–4, were isolated from a branch of S. jambos. The results of macroscopic and microscopic morphological characterization showed three genera of Botryosphaeria, Trichothecium, and Aspergillus. The endophytic fungal isolate SJC1 exhibited strong activity against Gram-positive bacteria and moderate activity against Gram-negative bacteria, while SJC2–4 showed moderate activity against the four bacteria. Molecular identification of SJC1 revealed that it was Botryosphaeria mamane. Isolation of SJC1’s pure compound yielded compound 1, which was identified as 5-acetyl-6-hydroxy-3-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one. This compound is thought to have antibacterial properties.

PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SYZYGIUM JAMBOS FRUIT AND ITS SEED

Objective: This study was designed to investigate the phytochemical screening of different solvent extracts, total phenolic, and flavonoid content and 13 different methods of in vitro antioxidant activity of Syzygium jambos fruit and its seed. Methods: The antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of S. jambos fruit and its seed was carried out by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ABTS radical scavenging activity, site-specific and non-site-specific hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging, nitric oxide radical scavenging, potassium ferricyanide reducing assay, ferric thiocyanate, total antioxidant capacity, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and cupric reducing antioxidant Cusing standard procedures. Results: The preliminary phytochemical screening has revealed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, saponin, and carbohydratesexcept for steroids and terpenoids. The total phenolic content and flavonoid content of S. jambos fruit and its seed was found to be (S. jambos fruit – 127.61 mg of GAE/100 g, S. jambos seed – 217.34 mg of GAE/100 g) and (S. jambos fruit – 8.64 mg of QE/100 g, S. jambos seed – 15.97 mg of QE/100 g), respectively. The fruit and its seed also showed significantly strong antioxidant activity in different in vitro methods. Conclusion: The Syzygium jambos fruit and its seed have anadequate quantity of phytochemicals that act as an antioxidant and scavenge free radicals efficiently. Hence, the fruit and its seed may be considered as effective in the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress-induced diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, arthritis, gout, neurodegenerative diseases, and respiratory tract infections.

Anti-staphylococcal and antibiotic-potentiating activities of botanicals from nine Cameroonian food plants towards multidrug-resistant phenotypes

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal and pathogenic bacterium responsible for both community and nosocomial infections, superficial or deep, and benign or lethal. Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal and pathogenic bacterium responsible for both community and nosocomial infections, superficial or deep, and benign or lethal. Because of its infectious potential and its ability to develop resistance to many antibiotics, staphylococcal infections remain the target of reinforced clinical surveillance. To contribute to the fight against resistant staphylococcal infections, the in vitro assessment of the anti-staphylococcal activity of methanol extracts (or botanicals) of nine food plants from Cameroon, Persea americana, Psidium guajava, Syzygium jambos, Vernonia amygdalina, Citrus sinensis, passiflora edulis, Carica papaya, Aframomum letestuanum, and Garcinia kola), as well as the effects of the association of some of these botanicals with antibiotics against resistant and multidrug-resistant staphylococci. Methods: The plant secondary metabolites were extracted by maceration in methanol; the microdilution method using the rapid para-Iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT) colorimetric method was applied to evaluate the antibacterial activities of the botanicals as well as the effects of combining these extracts with antibiotics. Results: The botanicals had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of 64-2048 µg/mL on the 17 staphylococcal strains and isolates tested. Extracts from Aframomum letestuanum seeds and Psidium guajava leaves and bark had the broadest activity spectra, inhibiting the growth of 95% and 85% of the studied bacteria, respectively. In the presence of an efflux pump inhibitor, reserpine, methanol extracts from Syzygium jambos leaves, Psidium guajava bark and epicarp, and Afromomum letestuanum epicarp showed a considerable increase in their activity. Botanicals from the leaves of Syzygium jambos improved the activities of tetracycline, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin against more than 80% of the tested bacteria. Conclusion: The investigated pants, mostly Psidium guajava, Syzygium jambos, and Aframomum letestuanum could be used in the treatment of staphylococcal infections with multidrug-resistant phenotypes.

Botanicals from nine selected Cameroonian edible plants displayed Anti-pseudomonas effects and potentiated the activities of antibiotics against multidrug-resistant phenotypes over-expressing MexAB-OprM efflux pumps

Background: Despite the recognized efficiency of antibiotic therapy, the annual cases of deaths related to bacterial diseases is still growing in developing countries. In the present study, the in vitro antipseudomonal activity of the methanol extracts of nine food plants from Cameroon against the multidrug-resistant strains and isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa overexpressing active efflux pumps was determined. These plants included Persea americana, Syzygium jambos, Mangifera indica, Garcinia kola, Citrus sinensis, Passiflora edulis, Vernonia amygdalina, Aframomum letestuanum, and Artocarpus heterophylus. Methods: The liquid microplate dilution method using the rapid para-Iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT) colorimetric method was applied to evaluate the antipseudomonal activities of botanicals, as well as their association with the efflux pump inhibitor and antibiotics. Results: All botanicals displayed an antibacterial activity that varies from one bacterium to another, in the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of 64 µg/mL to 2048 µg/mL. The extracts from a mixture of leaves and bark of Syzygium jambos and Mangifera indica, the bark of Garcinia kola, and the leaves of Persea americana had the highest spectrum of antipseudomonal activity, with their inhibitory effects being noted in 100% of the 15 tested bacteria. Botanical from the leaves of Garcinia cola, were active against 90% of the strains tested, that from the bark of Persea americana and the leaves of Citrus sinensis were active against 70% and 60% of tested strains and isolates. Botanicals from the leaves and bark of Mangifera indica were very active against the isolates P124 and P57 with a MIC value of 64 µg/mL. At the concentration of MIC/2 and MIC/4, the extract from the leaves of Mangifera indica and Syzygium jambos potentiated the activity of four antibiotics (Penicillin, Ampicillin, Imipenem, Augmentin) on 100% (7/7) of the strains and isolates tested. Persea americana leaf extract also enhanced the activity of penicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, levofloxacin, ampicillin, and augmentin in 85% (6/7) of strains and isolates tested. The activity of all tested antibiotics increased in the presence of botanicals against at least one bacterial strain. The extract of leaves and bark of Persea americana, Psidium guajava, and leaves of Syzygium jambos potentiated the activity of 80% of the antibiotics on the strains and isolates tested. Conclusion: Finally, the methanol extracts from the leaves and bark of Mangifera indica could be used effectively alone or in combination with antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa including antibiotic-resistant phenotypes expressing efflux pumps.

Antimicrobial activity of jambu mawar [Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston] leaf extract against foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms

The present work evaluated the antimicrobial potential of the ethanolic extract of jambu mawar [Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston] leaves against various foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms via the disc diffusion assay (DDS) and the time-kill curve assay. These microorganisms included bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC13773, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC19112, Proteus mirabilis ATCC21100, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC9027, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29737, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC17802), yeasts (Candida albicans ATCC10231, C. krusei ATCC32196, C. glabrata ATCC2001, and C. parapsilosis ATCC22019), and moulds (Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC26430, A. niger ATCC9029, Rhizopus oligosporus ATCC22959, and R. oryzae ATCC22580). The inhibition zone of DDA ranged from 7.00 ± 0.23 to 10.25 ± 0.29 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal (MBC/MFC) of the ethanolic leaf extract were obtained at the concentrations of 0.01 to 2.50 and 0.01 to 5.00 mg/mL, respectively. The time-kill curve assay showed that except for P. mirabilis, other microorganisms were completely killed at MIC concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 4× MIC. In comparison, P. mirabilis showed a growth reduction of > 3 log10 CFU/mL for 4 h. Meanwhile, the conidial germination of A. fumigatus was fully inhibited at 0.5× MIC. Though not fully inhibited, the ethanolic leaf extract significantly reduced the conidial germination of A. niger, R. oryzae, and R. oligosporus to 7.0, 7.0, and 11.0%, respectively. Overall, the ethanolic leaf extract of S. jambos exhibited antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms.