Syzygium Cumini Bark Research Articles

Examination and Chemical Analysis by GC-MS of Syzygium Cumini Extract(Bark)

The investigation focused on the analysis of the hexane extract obtained from the bark of Syzygium cumini originating from India. Through chromatographic techniques, both traditional column chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the oily fraction of the bark was examined, leading to the identification of numerous ester and hydrocarbon compounds. While the initial hexane eluate yielded waxy substances, which were challenging to separate through column chromatography due to their limited quantity, GC-MS analysis facilitated the identification of 39 compounds. These compounds were matched with existing literature through comparisons of retention times, Kovats indexes, and interpretation of mass spectra. Many of these identified compounds find applications across industries such as perfumery, flavoring, deodorants, antiseptics, and pharmaceuticals. This study aimed to elucidate the chemical composition of the hexane extract from S. cumini bark, particularly focusing on the identification of hydrocarbons and esters. Key words: Syzygium cumini (bark), esters, hydrocarbons, signals, peak gas chromatography -mass spectrometry

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Emulgel Containing Syzigium Cumini Extract

Traditional healers use Syzygium cumini bark to treat inflammation. The main aim of this work is to formulate an emulgel containing extract of Syzigium cumini. Syzygium cumini bark was extracted using hydro-alcoholic solvent. Phytochemical evaluation of extract was done. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was evaluated. 4 batches of emulgel were formulated by varying the concentrations of the gelling agents. The emulgel was evaluated for pH, spreadability, viscosity, consistency, appearance, color, washability and appearance. Best results were shown by F2 formulation. Stability studies if F2 formulation was carried. The formulation was found to be stable. It was considered better for treatment of skin inflammation. The proposed research work concludes that the newly formulated herbal emulgel loaded with extract of Syzygium cumini can be used in future for anti-inflammatory effect.

Isolation, Structural Elucidation, In Vitro Anti-α-Glucosidase, Anti-β-Secretase, and In Silico Studies of Bioactive Compound Isolated from Syzygium cumini L.

Diabetes is one of the main health issues worldwide because of its lifetime duration. To overcome this health problem, the current study was conducted. This investigation aims to explore the α-glucosidase and β-secretase potential of extract/fractions and pure isolated compounds of Syzygium cumini bark. The chloroform extract of Syzygium cumini bark was subjected to chromatographic analysis to yield compound 1. The structure of isolated phytochemical (1) was conducted using advanced spectroscopic analysis. Among test extracts, the chloroform fraction exhibited a significant effect against α-glucosidase with a % activity of 86.20% and an IC50 of 77.09 µM, while the isolated compound exhibited a promising effect with a % activity of 91.54 and an IC50 value of 17.54 μM. The extract/fractions and isolated compound 1 also showed promising effects against the β-secretase enzyme, having % effects of 83.21 and 91.54% with IC50 values of 318.76 and 17.54 μM, respectively. The extract/fractions and compound 1 were found to possess promising inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and β-secretase. This research project opens a new avenue for research into detailed chemical and biological studies on Syzygium cumini to isolate bioactive enzyme inhibitors. Furthermore, the isolated compound 1 friedelin was docked into the active site of β-secretase and α-glucosidase. The molecular docking was assessed using molecular docking via the MOE-Dock tool. The docking results showed good docking scores of −6.84 and −6.46 when docked against β-secretase and α-glucosidase, respectively, and strong interactions.

Intensification of catechin extraction from the bark of Syzygium cumini using ultrasonication: Optimization, characterization, degradation analysis and kinetic studies

Catechin is a prominent polyphenolic component that possesses various medicinal properties. Present work communicates the intensification and optimization of catechin extraction from the bark of Syzygium cumini tree using stirred reactor, soxhlet, ultrasonic bath, and ultrasonic horn technique. The optimization of several parameters such as type of solvent, solid to solvent ratio (1:100 w/v), speed of agitation (300 RPM), extraction temperature (40 °C), and amplitude (20%) has been done for the maximization of catechin extraction yield. The kinetic (second-order rate mechanism) and degradation analysis (based on LC-MS characterization) have been performed to understand the extraction mechanism, forecast extraction stability, and avoid unwanted catechin degradation during ultrasonication. The effectiveness of different extraction techniques was compared based on the yield of catechin per unit of power dissipated. These studies revealed that ultrasonic horn produced maximum extraction yield (13.8 mg/g) in a shorter time (5 min), consumed less energy (0.2974 kJ), and gave the highest extraction rate (0.0910 g/mg.min) as compared to other techniques. The effectiveness of extraction using the ultrasonic horn was 39.67 mg/g.kJ. A mathematical model using the linear regression method was investigated for the process, which shows numerical correlation and significance factor between the yield and all other parameters.

Formulation of a Biologically-leavened Composite Cracker with Functional Properties

ABSTRACT Rice-based crackers with functional properties were formulated according to Taguchi’s L8 design using four variables; flour composite (a0 = rice: wheat flour in 50:50 ratio, a1 = rice: wheat: corn: green gram flour in 50:40:5:5 ratio), dehydrated Moringa oleifera leaves powder (DML) (b0 = 0%, b1 = 1%), dehydrated Spirulina powder (DSP) (c0 = 0%, c1 = 1%), and Syzygium cumini bark decoction (SCBD) (d0 = 0%, d1 = 15%). Of the eight treatment combinations, crackers comprising the treatment of a1b0c0d1 (rice: wheat: corn: green gram flour in 50:40:5:5 ratio, 0% DML, 0% DSP, 15% SCBD) was selected as the most preferred sample with an acceptable sensory profile. Further studies with the crackers from the same treatment combination (a1b0c0d1) demonstrated a significantly high protein and mineral content, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity along with a significantly low carbohydrate content compared to crackers prepared with 50:50 ratio of rice and wheat flour (a0b0c0d0).

Cadmium Removal Using Eucalyptus Bark and Syzygium Cumini Bark as Adsorbents

Abstract: "When there is a decision of Smart, for what reason to pick just better." Eucalyptus bark and syzygium barks are very abundant, inexpensive and forest residues. It was decided to do experiment with it as a potential adsorbent for the removal of certain metals in industrial waste water. The efficiency of eucalyptus bark and syzygium cumini bark as a low cost sorbents for removing cadmium ions from aqueous solution has been investigated in batch mode. In order to study the variables that define the process, the variables selected were: Time, metal ion concentration, pH variation, Adsorbent dosage and particle size. Batch mode experiments were conducted to observe the effects of selected variables. It was verified that all the variables studied had significant influence on the adsorption process. Maximum cadmium uptake was obtained at 70 minutes for Eucalyptus bark and 60 minutes for Syzygium cumini bark. The equilibrium data could be well described by the Langmuir isotherm but a worse fit was obtained by the Freundlich model. Keywords: Eucalyptus bark, Syzygium cumini bark, adsorbent, cadmium, waste water.

THE ROLE OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF SYZYGIUM CUMINI STEM BARK ON FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IN WISTAR RATS

Background: The medicinal plant's role is well established in folklore medicine in India. Among numerous health complications, infertility is a crucial condition that bothers modern society. The traditional practitioners are using various parts of plants to overcome infertility in women. One such plant is Syzygium cumini (stem bark), used by traditional practitioners for pro-fertility in females without the scientific literature endorsing the fact. Material and Methods: Wistar rats approximately six months age and weighing 190-210 g were used for the experimental study. The rats were treated with 500 mg/kg body weight of Syzygium cumini stem bark ethanol extract with a vehicle through oral administration. The ether anaesthesia was given on the day of sacrifice and noted the body weight. The ovaries were carefully dissected, cleaned, weighed and processed for histological studies. Results: The body and ovarian weights were slightly increased in the treated group but not statistically significant. The microscopic structure of the ovary showed a normal histo-architecture. The ovarian corpora lutea number increased and was statistically significant in the treated group when compared to control. Conclusions: So, from the present study, it can be concluded that the ethanolic extract of stem bark of Syzygium cumini brings about the pro-fertility effect on the female reproductive system in Wistar rats. KEY WORDS: Estrous cycle, Hormones, Reproductive system, Syzygium cumini.

Antiproliferative Activity and Apoptotic Efficiency of Syzygium cumini Bark Methanolic Extract against EAC Cells In Vivo.

Syzygium cumini is one of the evidence-based traditional medicinal plant used in the treatment of various ailments. Herein, the antioxidant property and anticancer property of Syzygium cumini against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) cells were examined to find effective chemotherapeutics. In vitro assays, and phytochemical and chromatographic analyses were used to determine antioxidant properties and chemical constituents of Syzygium cummini Bark Methanolic Extract (SCBME). Functional assays were used to measure the anticancer activity of SCBME. Fluorescence microscopy and RT-PCR were used to examine morphological and molecular changes of EAC cells followed by SCBME treatment. Phytochemical and GC-MS analyses confirmed the presence of compounds with antioxidant and anticancer activities. Accordingly, we have noted a strong antioxidant activity of SCBME with an IC50 value of ~10μg/ml. Importantly, SCBME exerted a dose-dependent anticancer activity with significant inhibition of EAC cell growth (71.08±3.53%; p<0.001), reduction of tumor burden (69.50%; p<0.01) and increase of life span (73.13%; p<0.001) of EAC-bearing mice at 75mg/kg/day. Besides, SCBME restored the blood toxicity towards normal in EAC-bearing mice (p<0.05). SCBME treated EAC cells showed apoptotic features under a fluorescence microscope and fragmented DNA in DNA laddering assay. Moreover, up-regulation of the tumor suppressor p53 and pro-apoptotic Bax and down-regulation of NF-κB and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 genes implied induction of apoptosis followed by SCBME treatment. The antiproliferative activity of SCBME against EAC cells is likely due to apoptosis, mediated by regulation of p53 and NF-κB signaling. Thus, SCBME can be considered as a useful resource in cancer chemotherapy.

The Potency of endophytic fungi from the bark of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels as antifungal agents

The bark of Syzygium cumini is potential as an antimicrobial agent, so this bark is a reservoir of endophytic fungi. The purpose of this study was to isolate endophytic fungi and determine its antifungal activity. Several methods used in this research are surface sterilization, endophytic isolation on plain media and media containing host plant, morphology identification of endophytic fungi and determine antifungal activity. Thirteen endophytic fungi have been isolated from the bark of S. cumini, in which seven and six endophytic fungi grow on the plain media and media containing host plants, respectively. Based on the morphology identification, these endophytic fungi include the genus Phomopsis, Colletotrichum and Aspergillus. Seven endophytic fungi displayed antifungal activity against pathogenic microorganisms. The results demonstrated that endophytic fungi isolate from S. cumini bark could be a source of antifungal agents.

Chromium removal from tannery wastewater using Syzygium cumini bark adsorbent

In this study, chromium removal efficiency of the prepared adsorbent from the Syzygium cumini bark is stated. After collecting, Syzygium cumini bark was sun-dried, burnt, grinded and sieved on 80 mesh. The prepared adsorbent was characterized by different techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX). The effectiveness of adsorbent for the chromium removal efficiency was examined investigating different parameters, e.g., adsorbent dose, contact time, and relative pH. In batch-wise treatment process at optimized conditions, 75 mL chromium-containing wastewater was mixed with 3 g adsorbent, stirred for 15 min, settled, and chromium content was measured by the titrimetric method. Chromium content in the raw wastewater and filtrate was 2920.24 and 3.46 mg/L, respectively. The chromium removal efficiency was obtained 99.9%. The reduction in BOD, COD, and chloride was 97, 94, and 56%, respectively. The use of low-cost indigenous adsorbent could be an option for the chromium removal from tannery wastewater.

Antidiabetic Compounds in Syzygium cumini Decoction and Ready to Serve Herbal Drink.

Herbal beverages with desirable sensory attributes are an ideal way to offer consumers with phytochemicals having specific health promoting functionalities. Syzygium cumini bark decoction is used in treating diabetes mellitus in Ayurveda medicine. This work attempted to prove the presence of antidiabetic compounds in the S. cumini decoction and the ready to serve (RTS) herbal drink developed using the decoction. Activity guided fractionation of the decoction of the S. cumini was carried out by sequential extraction with organic solvents of different polarities. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) with authentic compounds and HPLC were performed for identification and confirmation of the compounds in the decoction and the RTS herbal drink. Presence of gallic and ellagic acids in the decoction and RTS herbal drink was proven and confirmed with HPLC. The LC UV-VIS spectra of the two compounds were identical with the corresponding spectra of the library. Further, gallic acid and umbelliferone were determined as the active compounds in the decoction by TLC and were confirmed by cochromatography with authentic compounds. The present investigation confirmed the presence of gallic acid, ellagic acid, and umbelliferone which are proven to have antidiabetic activities in the decoction and the RTS herbal drink prepared with the decoction.

Comparison of Antiglycation and Antioxidant Potentials and Total Phenolic Contents of Decoctions from Antidiabetic Plants

Non enzymatic protein glycation and oxidative stress are the key molecular basis for the macro and micro vascular complications observed in chronic diabetics. Decoctions prepared with medicinal plants with antiglycation and antioxidant potentials therefore have therapeutic potential in preventing diabetic complications. Decoctions of five antidiabetic plants (parts) namely, Cassia auriculata flowers, Osbeckia octandra leaves, Syzygium cumini bark, Phyllanthus emblica fruits and Scoparia dulcis whole plant were analyzed for their DPPH and ABTS antioxidant potentials, antiglycation potentials and total phenolic contents. Decoctions of S. cumini, O. octandra and P. emblica had significantly high (p < 0.05) antiglycation potential ranges of 16.8–35.2, 23.0–28.5 and 37.4–82.3 μg/ml with correspondingly high antioxidant potentials and total phenolic contents of 851, 658 and 625 mg GAE/g respectively.

Pharmacognostical standardization and antidiabetic activity of Syzygium cumini (Linn.) barks (Myrtaceae) on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The objectives of the present study were phytochemical and pharmacological screening of bark of Syzygium cumini on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wistar albino rats. Dose selection was made on the basis of acute oral toxicity study (300-5,000 mg/kg b.w.) as per OECD guidelines. Rats were made diabetic by a single dose of STZ at 50 mg/kg b.w. intraperitoneally. The effect of Syzygium cumini extracts (500 mg/kg) on postprandial blood glucose level was determined in fasted diabetic and normal rats. Blood glucose levels were measured at 0, 30, and 90 min after the glucose administration in the OGTT study. The bark extracts were administered orally at the dose of 500 mg/kg for 21 days in the chronic study. Glibenclamide (2.5 mg/kg) was used as a standard drug for activity comparison. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison tests. The phytochemical screening showed positive results for triterpenes/steroids, glycosides, carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and amino acids. Administration of Syzygium cumini extracts 30 min before oral glucose loading significantly suppressed (p<0.001) the rise in postprandial blood glucose levels in treated rats compared to control rats but less significant than glibenclamide. Daily, continuous oral treatment of STZ-induced diabetic with various extract of Syzygium cumini for 3 weeks resulted in significant reductions in fasting blood glucose levels compared with diabetic controls. The ethanol and aqueous extracts were most active. This study brings out the evidence regarding phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Syzygium cumini.

DIURETIC ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTS OF BARK OF SYZYGIUM CUMINI (LINN.) SKEELS

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the diuretic activity of different extracts of bark of Syzygium cumini (Linn. ) Skeels in Wistar albino rats. Animals were se lected randomly and divided into five groups of six animals each. The test extracts w ere administered orally at a dose of 5 00 mg/kg body weight . F urosemide which was administered at a dose of 1 0 mg/kg body weight i.p. to the rats was used as standard d rug . The diuretic activity was evaluated by determination of urine volume and urinary electrolyte concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride ions. The findings revealed that the methanol and aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini possesses diuretic activity. Both the extracts have shown an increase in total urine output and increased the excretion of the electrolyte concentrations of sodium and potassium ions significantly. The study concluded that Syzygium cumini

Antiglycation and Antioxidant Activities of a Ready to Serve Herbal Drink of Syzygium Cumini Bark Extract

Diabetes mellitus is a major public health issue in most countries around the world. About 60% of the world’s population use herbal medicines as a remedy to prevent complications which arise due to glycation of proteins, enhanced by free radical formation. A previous study has proven the antiglycation and antioxidant potentials of Syzygium cumini decoction. The present study attempted to produce a ready to serve herbal drink using a water extract of Syzygium cumini bark. The consumer acceptable formulation selected by a sensory evaluation was investigated for the physical characteristics, microbial stability and antiglycation and antioxidant potentials up to a three months storage period. Antiglycation and antioxidant potentials were determined by Bovian Serum Albumin assay, ABTS and DPPH assay respectively. The overall acceptability of herbal formulation of 20 ml of decoction and 80 ml of 0.01% sucralose solution was optimum. Antiglycation activity of the freshly prepared drink was 35.8 μg/ml and did not decrease significantly during storage of 45 (39.2 μg/ml) and 90 days (41.1 μg/ml). The antioxidant potentials of fresh drink, during storage on day 45 and 90 days were 1314, 1200 and 1095 mmol/g TEAC and 82.3, 84.8 and 87.0 μg/ml for ABTS+ and DPPHI‡ assays respectively. The herbal drink was microbiologically safe up to three months under refrigerated conditions and physical characteristics did not change significantly. It is concluded that S. cumini decoction could be used as a valuable ingredient for the production of an herbal drink with many health benefits.

In-vitro Antioxidant activity of Methanolic Extract of Syzygium cumini Linn. Bark

The present research was subjected to screen invitro antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Syzygium cumini bark. Preliminary Phytochemical investigation was carried out on the methanolic extract of Syzygium cumini bark. It indices presence of Carbohydrates, Amino acids, Tannins, Saponins, Phytosterols, Terpenoids, phenols and flavones. The antioxidant activity was determined by invitro methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The IC50 value of methanolic extract of Syzygium cumini for DPPH and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity were found to be 53.3% at concentration of 600mg and 42.03% at 1.2mg/ml respectively. FRAP value found to be 810μg Fe2+/gm. The extract showed significant antioxidant activity in all antioxidant assays when compared to ascorbic acid. The results of this research work are promising thus indicating the utilisation of the bark of Syzygium cumini as a significant source of natural antioxidants.

Biosorption of Ni(II) from aqueous solutions by Syzygium cumini bark powder: Equilibrium and kinetic studies

The present work deals with the use of Syzygium cumini bark powder as a biosorbent for Ni(II) removal from aqueous solution. The biosorption characteristics of Ni(II) onto S. cumini bark powder was investigated as a function of pH, contact time, biosorbent dosage, and initial Ni(II) ion concentration. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to fit the experimental data. The best interpretation for the equilibrium data was given by the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum biosorption capacity was found to be 294.1 mg/g for Ni(II) at pH 5.0 and at room temperature. The biosorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The equilibrium biosorption data were well fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. The chi-square (χ2) and sum of the square error tests were also carried out to find the best-fit biosorption isotherm and kinetic model. The FTIR results revealed that carboxyl, hydroxyl, and amine groups are responsible for Ni(II) biosorption onto S. cumini bark powder.

In vitro antioxidant activity and phenolic contents in methanol extracts from medicinal plants

Antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of 26 species extracts from 20 botanical families grown in north-western Himalaya were investigated. Antioxidant activities were determined using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined using a Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of phenolic compounds was also carried out by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) using diode array detector (DAD). Major phenolics determined using RP-HPLC in analyzed species were gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid. Antiradical efficiency (1/EC50) determined using DPPH radical scavenging assay ranged from 0.13 to 5.46. FRAP values ranged from 8.66 to 380.9 μmol Fe(II)/g dw. Similarly, the total phenolic content in the analyzed species varied from 3.01 to 69.96 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight. Gallic acid was found in the majority of the samples, being most abundant compound in Syzygium cumini bark (92.64 mg/100 g dw). Vanillic acid was the predominant phenolic compound in Picrorhiza kurroa root stolen (161.2 mg/100 g dry weight). The medicinal plants with highest antioxidant activities were Taxus baccata and Syzygium cumini. A significant positive correlation, R 2 = 0.9461 and R 2 = 0.9112 was observed between TPC determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method and antiradical efficiency and FRAP values respectively, indicating that phenolic compounds are the major contributor of antioxidant activity of these medicinal plants.

Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the hexane extract of the Syzygium cumini bark

The oily fraction of the bark of Syzygium cumini of Indian origin, led to the identification of number of ester and hydrocarbon compounds. The hexane eluate of n-hexane extract of S. cumini yielded a waxy fraction which was rechromatographed on silica gel column. Its hexane eluate yielded waxy liquids, which were small in amount and was not separated by column chromatography. Hence, they were separated by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis which revealed the presence of 39 compounds. The compounds were identified by comparing their retention time and covate indexes with that of literature and by interpretation of mass spectra. Many of them are used in industry for various applications like perfumes, flavors, deodorants, antiseptic, and pharmaceuticals. The aim of the present study was to analyze the hexane extract of the S. cumini bark which was useful for identification of number of hydrocarbons and esters. Key words: Syzygium cumini (bark), esters, hydrocarbons, gas chromatography mass spectrometry.

Identification of vibriocidal compounds from medicinal plants using chromatographic fingerprinting

The aim of the present study was to investigate the vibriocidal activity of bark of Syzygium cumini, leaves of Lawsonia inermis, fruits of Terminalia bellerica and identify the bioactive compounds. The vibriocidal activity of plant extracts was determined in aqueous and organic solvents, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Vibrio spp. using the disk diffusion method was established. The chemical constituents of the plant extracts were analysed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), the vibriocidal compounds were determined by TLC-bioautography and were further confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Significant inhibitory activity was observed with ethanol extract of plants against the test bacteria while less antibacterial activity was observed in acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts. The MIC of the plant extracts ranged between 2.5 and 20 mg/ml. The TLC, TLC-bioautography and HPLC analysis showed that gallic acid and tannin present in ethanol extracts of S. cumini, tannin present in L. inermis and gallic acid present in T. bellerica may be responsible for the vibriocidal activity. S. cumini, L. inermis and T. bellerica can be used for the treatment of gastroenteritis, diarrhoea and cholera diseases after detailed investigations. We also conclude that the plants rich in gallic acid and tannin can be used as an alternative to search for new vibriocidal drugs.