Systolic Blood Pressure Recovery Research Articles

The Effects of Slow Breathing during Inter-Set Recovery on Power Performance in the Barbell Back Squat

Slow breathing (SB) reduces sympathetic nervous system activity, the heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP) and increases parasympathetic nervous system activity, HR variability, and oxygen saturation which may lead to quicker recovery between bouts of exercise. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine whether a SB technique using the 4-7-8 method between sets of barbell back squats (SQs) would attenuate drops in power and bar velocity. In a randomized, crossover design, 18 healthy resistance-trained college-aged males (age: 20.7 ± 1.4 years, body height: 178.6 ± 6.4 cm, body mass: 82.2 ± 15.0 kg, 4.5 ± 2.4 years of experience) performed 5 sets of 3 repetitions of SQs with normal breathing (CON) or SB during the 3-min recovery between sets. Peak and average power and bar velocity were assessed using a linear positioning transducer. HR recovery (RHR), systolic BP recovery (RBP), the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and the rating of perceived recovery score (RS) were assessed after each set. There were no significant differences between conditions for peak and average power and bar velocity, RBP, RPE, and RS (p > 0.211). SB led to a greater RHR after set 2 (SB: 51.0 ± 14.9 bpm vs. CON: 44.5 ± 11.5 bpm, p = 0.025) and 3 (SB: 48.3 ± 13.5 bpm vs. CON: 37.7 ± 11.7 bpm, p = 0.006) compared to the CON condition. SB was well tolerated, did not hinder nor improve training performance and improved RHR after the middle sets of SQs. Further investigations are warranted to examine the effects of other SB techniques and to determine SB’s effects on different training stimuli as well as its effects over an entire workout and post-workout recovery metrics.

Physiological and psychological recovery in two pure forests: interaction between perception methods and perception durations.

The forest experience is good for people's physical and mental health. However, few studies on the effects of pure forest based on the duration and way of experience on people's physical and mental recovery. In this study, we took 180 first-year college students as research objects and conducted experiments in Pinus sylvestris and Betula platyphylla and the control group of grass plot. The changes of physiological and psychological indexes of the subjects were compared by two perception methods (onsite perception, video perception) and three perception duration (10 min, 20 min, 30 min). The results indicated that: (1) Differences between the two pure forests were mainly reflected in short-term recovery of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and long-term recovery of total mood disorder (TMD). (2) Video perception was more conducive to short-term recovery of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). (3) Viewing the Pinus sylvestris for 20 min in different ways was the best way to relieve stress. It is suggested that, Pinus sylvestris can be used as the rehabilitation perception material, and reasonable path length or perception time can be selected for landscape construction in future. These results can provide scientific reference for landscape design based on forest health and environmental perception.

Cardiovascular response to body positioning following sub-maximal exercise test among long-COVID individuals

Abstract This study aimed to observe the effect of cardiovascular response to body positioning after cardiopulmonary exercise testing in post covid individuals. Ninety post covid participants (age group 18-45) were assigned into four groups: standing, sitting, supine, and prone position. All participants were assessed cardiovascular response, VO2max baseline, post exercise in standing, sitting, supine and prone by using pulse oximeter, digital sphygmomanometer, polar heart rate and Borg scale. In SpO2, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate, there was no significant difference between the groups at pre-exercise. However, a significant difference was observed at 1 min post-exercise and at 3 min post-exercise. As for systolic blood pressure, there was no significant difference between the groups at pre-exercise and at 1 min post-exercise, but a significant difference was noted at 3 min post-exercise. The findings of this study suggest that, when comparing standing, sitting, supine, and prone positions, the prone position exhibited faster recovery in terms of oxygen saturation and rate of perceived exertion, while the supine position showed quicker recovery in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Additionally, individuals with long-COVID symptoms were observed to have a lower VO2max.

Walking Pace Induced Cardiovascular Recovery in School Sport- Aversive Students: Role of Gender

The importance of School sporting activities on psychomotor, cognitive and overall health of students has been documented. The aim of the study was to investigate the gender influence of walking pace on cardiovascular recovery in school sport aversive students. 30 students that consisted of 16 males and 14 females were recruited for the study using respondent driven sampling out of a pool of 50 students after satisfying the inclusion criteria. They were made to walk through the treadmill at 2.7km/h (low walking pace), 4.4 km/h (medium walking pace) and 5.5km/h (high walking pace) for 3 minutes. Blood pressure, pulse rate and SP02 were measured before, immediately after and 1 minute post recovery. High walking pace induced recovery systolic blood pressure was significantly elevated in females when compared to male. Recovery diastolic blood pressure, recovery mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), recovery pulse pressure and recovery pulse rate were higher at high walking pace in females than males. Under high, medium and low walking paces, shock index and pulse rate were elevated in females than males. In conclusion, school sport aversive females showed lower cardiovascular recovery than their male counterparts.

Effect of Cardiac Rehabilitation on Post Exercise Systolic Blood Pressure Recovery in Patients with Impaired Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction after Recent Myocardial Infarction

Abstract Background Ischemic Heart diseases (IHD) are significant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide with an estimated 9 million deaths each year. Exercise-based Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) is one of the most important and cost-effective aspects of secondary prevention in patients with IHD. Post-exercise Systolic Blood Pressure Recovery (SBPR) represents an important hemodynamic parameter that is associated with the risk and severity of ischemic artery disease and future cardiovascular events. Aim of the Work The aim of this study is to assess the effect of CR on post-exercise SBPR in patients with Left Ventricular Ejection fraction less than 45% following a recent Myocardial Infarction. Patients and Methods this study included patients with Left Ventricular Ejection fraction less than 45% following a recent Myocardial Infarction, presenting to Cardiac Rehabilitation Units. the study included two groups of patients. Study group included Patients on optimal medical treatment who are attending CR sessions, and control group included patients on optimal medical treatment who refused or failed to attend more than 50% of cardiac rehabilitation sessions. SBPR was assessed in each patient before and after the CR program. Results When compared to baseline findings, both groups had statistically significant improvement in LVEF, resting SBP, recovery SBP value and HRR. However, CR group had better improvement in LVEF, lower Resting SBP, lower Peak SBP, Better SBP recovery ratio and better HRR outcomes when compared to the changes in the control group. Conclusions Cardiac Rehabilitation after recent Ischemic coronary artery event can provide significant improvement in Systolic blood pressure recovery and heart rate recovery which are important haemodynamic parameters that are associated with the significance and severity of future cardiovascular events. Abbreviations IHD: Ischemic Heart Disease; CR: Cardiac Rehabilitation; LVEF: Left Ventricular Ejection fraction; SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure

Adolescent girls' cardiovascular responses to peer rejection: exploring the impact of early life stress.

Detrimental effects of early life stress on cardiovascular health are evident in adolescence. Cardiovascular reactivity and recovery in response to interpersonal stress may be a mechanism. This study aimed to evaluate if adolescent girls with higher early life stress demonstrated greater cardiovascular reactivity and slower recovery to peer rejection. A sample of 92 adolescent girls (age: M = 13.24) self-reported early life stressors. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) were continuously measured before, during, and after a laboratory peer rejection paradigm. Counter to hypotheses, adolescent girls with higher early life stress had lower, not higher, HR during the recovery period. Early life stress was not associated with SBP or DBP recovery. Additionally, early life stress was not associated with SBP, DBP, or HR reactivity. Future research is needed to assess if blunted cardiovascular reactivity to interpersonal rejection during adolescence is a mechanism linking early life stress and later cardiovascular disease risk in women.

148 ORTHOSTATIC HEMODYNAMICS AND ACCELERATED BRAIN AGING

Abstract Background Impaired recovery of blood pressure (BP) in response to standing up is a prevalent condition in older individuals. We evaluated the relationship between the recovery of hemodynamic responses to standing and brain health in adults over 50. Methods Participants from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Aging (TILDA) (n=418) performed an active stand challenge while BP and heart rate (HR) were continuously monitored. The recovery of these parameters was determined as the difference in measurements taken at 10 s and 20 s after standing, in relation to the baseline value. The difference between biological and chronological brain age was determined using BrainPAD, a novel validated measure of accelerated brain ageing. The data was fitted using linear regression models, using age, sex, weight, height, cardiac disease prevalence, antihypertensive and antidepressant use, smoking status, standing speed and pulse wave velocity as covariates. Results Adjusting for age and sex only, each additional year of BrainPAD was associated with a –0.35 mmHg (95% CI: –0.54 – –0.16, P<.001) change in orthostatic systolic BP recovery. In a fully adjusted model, the regression coefficient was estimated at –0.29 mmHg (95% CI: –0.48 – –0.10, P<.01). Similarly, a year increase in BrainPAD was associated with –0.21 mmHg (95% CI: –0.32– –0.10, P<0.001) and –0.14 mmHg (95% CI: –0.25– –0.04, P<.01) change in orthostatic diastolic BP recovery, for minimally and fully adjusted models respectively. HR recovery was not significantly associated with BrainPAD. Conclusion These results demonstrate that impaired systolic and diastolic BP recovery after standing is associated with accelerated brain aging in older individuals. This suggests that the BP response to standing, measured using beat-to-beat monitoring, has potential to be used as a marker of accelerated brain aging, relying on a simple procedure and devices that are easily accessible for clinical use.

Cardiometabolic determinants of cardiorespiratory fitness at rest, during exercise and post-exercise periods

We aimed to assess the relationship between cardiorepiratory fitness (CRF) and cardiometabolic parameters among young Nigerian adults. 100 young adults (50 males, 50 females) aged 20-30 years, selected from College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria, participated in the study. Subjects’ demographic data and medical information were obtained through the use of structured pre-exercise health and lifestyle screening questionnaire, physical examination and morphometric measurements. Exercise test was carried out using a mechanically braked magnetic ergometer bicycle at an incremental workload of 30 W every 2 min until the subject reached a volitional exhaustion. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured at rest, during exercise and at post-exercise periods. Data indicated a significantly (Ρ<0.05) lower resting HR and rate pressure product (RPP), but higher targeted HR reserve, %RPP increase, peak oxygen pulse, cardiac output, exercise duration and work rate compared with the intermediate and unfit groups in both sexes. Age and BMI adjusted correlation test also indicated significant associations between peak oxygen consumption (VO2) and resting HR, resting RPP, targeted HR reserve, oxygen pulse, cardiac output, % RPP increase, actual HR reserve, exercise duration, and work rate. In contrast, resting BP, resting pulse pressure, peak systolic blood pressure (SBP), peak HR, percentage maximum HR, SBP recovery and HR recovery did not correlate with peak VO2. The present findings suggest that a multiple approach involving both metabolic and cardiovascular interventions might be appropriate when implementing strategies to enhance CRF and improve general well-being.

Short-term acute constipation and not short-term acute diarrhea altered cardiovascular variables in male Wistar rats.

Gastrointestinal dysmotility is a substantial public health challenge globally. Based on previous findings in developed countries, it has been observed that there is an association between diarrhea, constipation, and some cardiovascular variables. This study investigated the effects of experimentally-induced short-term acute constipation and short-term acute diarrhea on certain cardiovascular variables in rats. Thirty (30) male Wistar rats (150 -180 g) were divided into three groups; Control, Diarrhoea, and Constipation. The experiment was carried out in 2 phases, the period after induction and the recovery period, and 5 animals per group were used for each phase. The control group received an equivalent amount of distilled water while Diarrhoea and the Constipation group were induced by oral administration of 2ml Castor oil and administration of Loperamide (3mg/kg, b.d, orally x 3 days), respectively. Cardiovascular variables were assessed using the Edan Scientific®Electrocardiography and Heart Rate Variability machine. Recovery was allowed for 4 days after the onset of the procedure and cardiovascular parameters were reassessed. Post-induction Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) and Heart Rate (HR) significantly increased in constipated rats (153.2 ± 2.9 mmHg; 109.0 ± 3.7 mmHg; 123.7 ± 3.2 mmHg; 123.4±5.6 bpm) when compared with the control values (95.5±4.8 mmHg; 61.2 ± 3.5 mmHg; 72.6 ± 3.6 mmHg; 72.3 ± 5.2 bpm), respectively. The recovery SBP, DBP, MAP, and Heart Rate in the constipated group remained significantly higher compared to the control. Diarrhea had no significant effect on the parameters determined in both post-induction and recovery phases. The electrical activities did not change in both experimental groups compared to the control.This study revealed increased SBP, DBP, MAP, and HR in short-term acute constipated rats but not so with short-term acute experimental diarrhea.

EVALUATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT ANTIHYPERTENSIVES BY MEANS OF THE STRESS TEST

Objective: To evaluate different antihypertensive drug regimens for the control of BP according to selected variables of the exercise stress test during cardiac rehabilitation Design and method: Observational, longitudinal, retrospective study in 419 debutant or uncontrolled hypertensive patients, between 18–87 years, treated at ‘El Instituto del Corazón de Querétaro’, from January 2015-December 2021, to which a stress test was performed. The statistical analysis was performed using the statistical software SPSS, Version 28.0.1.0, the comparison of the means between groups was made using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Three variables were considered to evaluate the response to exercise in blood pressure; the blood pressor response to exercise (hypertensive > 10, 7 -10 as normal, 0–7 as flat and < 0 as hypotensive), BP index (>1.22 were taken as normal) and recovery of systolic blood pressure (normal < 0.95) Results: When analyzing 75.5% were men and 24.5% were women, under hypertensive treatment includes Beta blockers (BB), calcium channel blocker (CCBs), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), Loop diuretics and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MCRA). There was no significant difference in the pressor response under any antihypertensive treatment in monotherapy, however a better response was found in the BP index to exercise. In patients with two or more antihypertensive drugs, it was found a better response to the combined treatment with ARBs + MCRA, in the three variables evaluated Conclusions: The exercise stress test may represent a unique tool to assess the effective protection potential of drugs against an important increase in SBP in patients with hypertension during physical activity. The study design elements proposed have the potential to establish exercise testing as a valid tool to assess the efficacy of antihypertensive treatments during stress conditions. Cardiac rehabilitation can significantly improve the parameters assessed in the stress test. It will be useful to compare these data with a short- and long-term stress test and thus evaluate the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy.

Effect of 6 Hz theta frequency binaural beats on post-exercise heart rate and blood pressure recovery

Background: Binaural beats are an auditory illusion which causes entrainment of various brain waves in the central nervous system which corresponds to various mind consciousness levels. Six Hz binaural beats have found to be causing entrainment similar to that in relaxation techniques such as meditation. Post-exercise recovery of heart rate is a prognostic indicator of various clinical health. The study investigated the effect of presentation of theta binaural beats on post-exercise recovery of heart rate and blood pressure. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to compare the effect of 6 Hz theta frequency binaural beats to placebo music on post-exercise blood pressure and heart rate recovery. Materials and Methods: It is an observational cross-sectional study in which subjects were enrolled for two sessions of maximal exercise till 70% VO2 max which was followed by presentation of either binaural beats or placebo during the relaxation period. Recording of heart rate recovery time (HRT) and heart rate recovery ratio and systolic blood pressure recovery time with systolic blood pressure recovery ratio (SBPR1 and SBPR3) were calculated. All data were analyzed using paired t-test. Results: Forty subjects participated out of which 25 were male and 15 were female. HRT was significantly decreased in the participants when presented with binaural beats as compared to placebo. No significant difference was seen in blood pressure recovery time. Among the participants, the subjects performing moderate physical activity showed increased fall in heart rate and blood pressure in the 1st and 3rd s measured by the recovery ratio. No significant difference was seen in slight and vigorous physical activity subjects. Conclusion: Theta binaural beats presented in post-exercise period hasten the heart rate and blood pressure recovery suggestive of entrainment of theta waves which correspond to brain waves similar to that during relaxation techniques such as meditation probably by increasing sympathetic withdrawal and parasympathetic activation.

Blood pressure response during treadmill exercise testing and the risk for future cardiovascular events and new-onset hypertension

Abstract Background Although there is a diminishing role of exercise stress testing (EST) in the diagnostic assessment of coronary heart disease, the physiologic response to exercise may provide valuable prognostic information. We aimed to investigate the association of repeated blood pressure (BP) measurements during EST with long-term risk of myocardial infarction, stroke or death (MACE), as well as the development of new-onset hypertension. Methods Retrospective analysis of EST performed between the years 2005–2019 in a single center according to Bruce protocol. Included were patients aged 35–75 years without a history of cardiovascular disease (n=14,792; 48% women). BP was documented at rest, submaximal exercise (Bruce stage-2), peak exercise and recovery (2 minutes). Association of BP measures with study outcomes during a median follow-up of 78 months was investigated. Results An increment of 10-mmHg in rest, submaximal, peak and recovery systolic BP was each associated with a significant increase in the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for MACE: 1.09 (1.04–1.14), 1.06 (1.01–1.10), 1.04 (1.01–1.08), and 1.06 (1.02–1.10), respectively, after adjustment including exercise capacity, medications and resting BP. The association between SBP at submaximal exercise and recovery with MACE had a J-shaped appearance (Figure). Among non-hypertensive patients without BP lowering medications (n=8,529), 13% were diagnosed with new-onset hypertension during follow-up. Excessive systolic BP response to peak exercise (≥190 mmHg in women and ≥210 mmHg in men) was an independent predictor of future hypertension [HR (95% CI)]: 1.87 (1.41–2.48), as were systolic BPs during submaximal exercise [>160 vs. ≤130 mmHg: 2.44 (1.97–3.03)] and recovery [≥140 vs. ≤120 mmHg: 1.65 (1.37–1.98)], showing gradual, incremental association with the risk for developing hypertension. Conclusions BP measurement during exercise and recovery phases of treadmill testing provides incremental prognostic information regarding long-term risk for cardiovascular events and the probability for developing future hypertension. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Exercise tolerance and quality of life in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is known to impact on patients' physical and mental health. The relationship between performance on treadmill exercise tolerance test (ETT) and health-related quality of life (HRQL)has never been specifically investigated in the setting of CAD. Consecutive patients undergoing an ETT with the Bruce protocol during a diagnostic workup for CAD (n = 1,631, age 55 ± 12years) were evaluated. Exercise-related indices were recorded. Detailed information on cardiovascular risk factors and past medical history were obtained. HRQLwas assessed with the use of the validated 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) questionnaire. Increasing age and the presence of cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities correlated with lower scores on the physical and mental health component of SF-36(all P < 0.05). Subjects with arrhythmias during exercise and slow recovery of systolic blood pressure had lower scores on the physical health indices or the Social Role Functioning component (P < 0.05). Achieved target heart rate and good exercise tolerance were independently associated with better scores of the physical and mental health domains of SF-36 and overall HRQLscores (β = 0.05 for target HR and PCS-36, β = 1.86 and β = 1.66 per increasing stage of exercise tolerance and PCS-36 and MCS-36, respectively, P < 0.001 for all associations). Ischemic ECG changes were associated with worse scores on Physical Functioning (β = - 3.2, P = 0.02) and Bodily Pain (β = - 4.55, P = 0.026). ETT parameters are associated with HRQL indices in patients evaluated for possible CAD. Physical conditioning may increase patient well-being and could serve as a complementary target in conjunction with cardiovascular drug therapy.

Differences in exercise-induced blood pressure changes between young trained and untrained individuals.

There are no studies assessing short‐term blood pressure (BP) changes induced by daily exercise load in young trained individuals. The authors enrolled 25 healthy, trained (mean age 19.7 ± 0.1 years, 36% female) and 26 healthy, untrained (mean age 20.4 ± 0.3 years, 50% female) individuals and measured BP after the Master two‐step test. Among them, 42 individuals underwent echocardiography after BP measurements to assess left ventricular mass index (LVMI). The baseline systolic BP (SBP) levels of trained and untrained individuals were 122.7 ± 2.9 versus 117.4 ± 1.5 mmHg, respectively (p = .016). Trained individuals showed a significant suppression of the SBP increase soon after exercise loads and lower SBP levels at 1, 2, and 3 min after exercise loads compared with untrained individuals. The peak SBP level over the study period was also significantly lower in trained individuals than in untrained individuals: 156.4 ± 3.3 versus 183.7 ± 5.2 mmHg (p < .001). Trained individuals showed significantly higher LVMI compared with untrained individuals: 129.4 versus 101.6 g/m2 (p < .001). These findings demonstrated that trained individuals showed significant suppression of short‐term BP variability in response to by daily exercise loads and prompt SBP recovery from acute exercise loads compared with untrained individuals. Our results would be useful to understand short‐term BPV and LV hypertrophy induced by adaptive responses of the heart to regular exercise loads.

Exercise-related blood pressure response is related to autonomic modulation in young adults: A new extension study.

BACKGROUND: The delayed blood pressure recovery (BPR) at post-exercise has been in association with a major risk of cardiovascular disease and death.OBJECTIVE: The study focused on evaluating the systolic and diastolic blood pressure recovery (SBPR, DBPR) and the autonomic modulation following treadmill exercise in healthy young adults. Although considerable literature had been published about BPR and HRV, the association between BPR and ultra-short-term HRV has not yet been completely described.METHODS: Fifteen subjects performed exercise with three different intensities on a treadmill, the speed was 6 km/h, 9 km/h, 12 km/h, respectively. SBP and DBP was measured per 30 s in each trial. The synchronous 5-min electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were recorded and HRV parameters including SDNN, RMSSD, SDNN/RMSSD, SD1, SD2 and SD1/SD2 were calculated every 30 s periods in 5 min ECG signals to match the corresponding BPR.RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values and the Bland-Altman plots indicated good consistency and repeatability between HRV and HRV at three post-exercise trials, with most ICC values 0.75. Besides, SBPR and DBPR generally decreased and returned to the Rest level in 5 mins. The Spearman correlation coefficients showed strong relationships between BPR and HRV sympathetic-vagal balance parameters, i.e., ratio SDNN/RMSSD and ratio SD1/SD2.CONCLUSIONS: These observations represented a new insight into the cardiovascular regulation at post-exercise, which could contribute to physical exercise areas in the future.

Effects of different plasma expanders on rats subjected to severe acute normovolemic hemodilution

BackgroundPlasma expanders are widely used for acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH). However, existing studies have not focused on large-volume infusion with colloidal plasma expanders, and there is a lack of studies that compare the effects of different plasma expanders.MethodsThe viscosity, hydrodynamic radius (Rh) and colloid osmotic pressure (COP) of plasma expanders were determined by a cone-plate viscometer, Zetasizer and cut-off membrane, respectively. Sixty male rats were randomized into five groups with Gelofusine (Gel), Hydroxyethyl Starch 200/0.5 (HES200), Hydroxyethyl Starch 130/0.4 (HES130), Hydroxyethyl Starch 40 (HES40), and Dextran40 (Dex40), with 12 rats used in each group to build the ANH model. ANH was performed by the withdrawal of blood and simultaneous infusion of plasma expanders. Acid-base, lactate, blood gas and physiological parameters were detected.ResultsGel had a lower intrinsic viscosity than HES200 and HES130 (P < 0.01), but at a low shear rate in a mixture of colloids, red cells and plasma, Gel had a higher viscosity (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01, respectively). For hydroxyethyl starch plasma expanders, the COP at a certain concentration decreases from 11.1 mmHg to 6.1 mmHg with the increase of Rh from 10.7 nm to 20.2 nm. A severe ANH model, with the hematocrit of 40% of the baseline level, was established and accompanied by disturbances in acid-base, lactate and blood gas parameters. At the end of ANH and 60 min afterward, the Dex40 group showed a worse outcome in maintaining the acid-base balance and systemic oxygenation compared to the other groups. The systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased significantly in all groups at the end of ANH. The DBP and MAP in the Dex40 group further decreased 60 min after the end of ANH. During the process of ANH, the Dex40 group showed a drop and recovery in SBP, DBP and MAP. The DBP and MAP in the HES200 group were significantly higher than those in the other groups at some time points (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).ConclusionGel had a low intrinsic viscosity but may increase the whole blood viscosity at low shear rates. Rh and COP showed a strong correlation among hydroxyethyl starch plasma expanders. Dex40 showed a worse outcome in maintaining the acid-base balance and systemic oxygenation compared to the other plasma expanders. During the process of ANH, Dex40 displayed a V-shaped recovery pattern for blood pressure, and HES200 had the advantage in sustaining the DBP and MAP at some time points.

Blood pressure responses to the Cold Pressor Test according to body mass index and waist-to-height ratio in adolescents

Objectives: to analyze the blood pressure (BP) values ​​and responses to the Cold Pressor Test (CPT) according to the body mass index (BMI) and the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Methods: 166 adolescents of both sexes participated in the study. Participants underwent measurements of body mass, height and waist circumference. BMI and WHtR were calculated. BP was measured before (pre-test), during (test) and after CPT (recovery). The groups were compared using a mixed ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc, and Odds Ratio calculation. The level of significance was p &lt; 0.05. Results: prevalences of 16.9% of high BMI, 19.9% ​​of increased WHR and 8.4% of pretest BP were found above the recommended. Participants with high BMI had increased systolic BP compared to their normal peers (113.0 ± 11.4 vs. 121.7 ± 11.6 mmHg; p = 0.003). Adolescents with elevated WHR had higher pre-test and recovery systolic BP (pre-test: 113.2 ± 11.4 vs. 119.6 ± 12.7 mmHg; p = 0.021; recovery: 111.9 ± 14.1 vs. 117.4 ± 14.0 mmHg; p = 0.044). Finally, individuals with BMI and WHtR above the recommended had 2.1 (95% CI 0.62 - 7.36) and 2.5 (95% CI 0.77 - 7.91) times, respectively, more likely to have high pre-test BP values. Conclusion: adolescents with increased BMI and WHtR have higher BP values ​​compared to their normal peers.

Systolic Blood Pressure And Heart Rate Recovery Are Related To Cognition In Healthy Older Adults

SYNOPSIS: Attenuated heart rate recovery (HRR) and systolic blood pressure recovery (SBPR) after a maximal exercise test (VO2peak) are linked to cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF). The relationship between the presence of CVRF and reduced cognition is well established in older adults. Yet the explicit relationship between HRR or SBPR and cognition has yet to be studied in older adults, here we found that reduced HRR and SBPR were directly related to worse cognition. PURPOSE: To determine if a relationship exists between cognition and HRR or SBPR measured during a VO2peak test in older adults METHODS: Prior to enrollment in an intervention, a total of 68 participants (70±6yrs; 45 women) completed neuropsychological tests and a VO2peak incremental test on a cycle ergometer. After standard verifications at rest, heart rate and blood pressure were continuously monitored during the incremental test and a 3-minute recovery period. HRR was calculated as the first minute recovery heart rate subtracted from the maximal heart rate during the test, where lower numbers were interpreted as reduced recovery and increased likelihood of CVRF. SBPR was defined as the maximal reading during the test divided by the first- and third-minute recovery where a higher ratio indicates higher probability of CVRF. Correlations analyses were completed with sex, age and education as covariates. RESULTS: VO2peak was inversely related to Stroop inhibition reaction time (r = -0.275, p = 0.048). HRR approached significance with total digit span score (r= 0.230; p = 0.090). SBPR was negatively associated with Stroop inhibition reaction time (r = -0.327; p = 0.042) and Stroop switching reaction time (r = -0.379; p = 0.017) CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, we identified that there is a direct relationship between SBPR and cognitive outcomes. HRR and SBPR are early indicators of cardiovascular and endothelial dysfunction, thus, it could be that the relationship between cognition and CVRF are mediated by early vascular dysfunction that could be affecting upstream cerebral vascular health. This hypothesis could be confirmed in future work including larger samples of individuals as well as neuroimaging techniques.

The circadian system modulates the rate of recovery of systolic blood pressure after exercise in humans.

Recovery rates of systolic blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) after exercise have been used to assess cardiovascular fitness, and slower recovery rates are predictors of coronary heart disease and cardiac mortality. The endogenous circadian system is known to modulate BP and HR at rest and during exercise. Here, we examined whether the post-exercise recovery rates of BP and HR are also under circadian control. Twelve healthy adults (mean age = 26 ± 6 (SD) years; 6 female) participated in a 240 h forced desynchrony protocol in dim light where all behaviors, including 15 min cycle exercise tests at 60% maximal HR, were uniformly distributed across the circadian cycle. Circadian phases were assigned based on the rhythm of core body temperature. For each session, HR was measured continuously, and BP every 3-5 min throughout baseline, exercise, and recovery. Recovery was quantified as the proportional return to pre-exercise baseline levels following exercise ([peak exercise-recovery]/[peak exercise-baseline) × 100%], whereby 100% represents full recovery to baseline). There was a significant circadian rhythm in systolic BP recovery, with fastest recovery at the circadian phase corresponding to late afternoon (equivalent to ~5 pm) and slower recovery across the early morning (~8:30 am; p = 0.029, peak-to-trough: 9.2%). There were no significant circadian variations in post-exercise recovery rates of diastolic BP or HR. The circadian system modulates the rate of recovery of systolic BP after exercise with fastest recovery in the biological afternoon. These data could have implications for exercise prescription and interpretation of clinical tests of stress recovery.

Body mass index in relation to cardiovascular recovery from psychological stress among trauma-exposed women.

Delayed cardiovascular recovery has been associated with greater heart disease risks. However, relative to stress reactivity, cardiovascular recovery has been understudied. Further, few studies have examined associations of recovery with modifiable factors that might inform efforts to enhance recovery. The focus of the present study was whether body mass index (BMI) was associated with recovery following two stress tasks (speech and mental arithmetic). Based on the conceptualization that obesity may lead to impaired post-stress recovery, we also examined whether higher BMI accounted for previously reported associations between elevated PTSD symptoms and delayed recovery. The sample consisted of 50 trauma-exposed civilian women ages 19-49 (M±SD = 30 ± 8). The stress tasks were followed by 15-min post-task rest periods. Cardiovascular recovery was assessed as percentage return to baseline; the recovery measures consisted of heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). PTSD severity was based on structured interview. Higher BMI was associated with significantly less CO recovery from the speech task and less HR recovery from mental arithmetic. Higher BMI was associated with more SBP recovery from the math task, but was not associated with DBP recovery. The indirect effects of BMI in the PTSD/CO recovery relationship based on the Sobel test of mediation were significant. These results partially support the hypotheses that BMI is associated with cardiovascular recovery and that associations of PTSD with recovery may be mediated by BMI.