Systolic Blood Pressure In Males Research Articles

The Relationship between Low-Sodium Salt Intake and Both Blood Pressure Level and Hypertension in Chinese Residents.

Compared to common salt, low-sodium salt can reduce blood pressure to varying degrees. However, the exact dosage relationship remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the dose-response relationships between low-sodium salt intake and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), as well as the risk of hypertension, and to determine the optimal range for low-sodium salt intake. We investigated the basic characteristics and dietary profile of 350 individuals who consumed low-sodium salt. The samples were divided into three groups according to the 33.3rd and 66.6th percentiles of low-sodium salt intake in condiments (Q1: <4.72 g/d, Q2: ≥4.72 g/d, and <6.88 g/d, and Q3: ≥6.88 g/d). The restricted cubic spline results indicated that low-sodium salt intake decreased linearly with SBP and DBP, while low-sodium intake demonstrated a non-linear, L-shaped relationship with the risk of hypertension, with a safe range of 5.81 g to 7.66 g. The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that compared with group Q1, the DBP in group Q2 decreased by 2.843 mmHg (95%CI: -5.552, -0.133), and the SBP in group Q3 decreased by 4.997 mmHg (95%CI: -9.136, -0.858). Exploratory subgroup analyses indicated that low-sodium salt intake had a significant impact on reducing SBP in males, DBP in females, SBP in rural populations, and DBP in urban populations. The intake of low-sodium salt adheres to the principle of moderation, with 5.81-7.66 g potentially serving as a pivotal threshold.

Health Literacy, Self-Care Behaviors, and Biochemical Parameters Among Hypertensive Patients with Renal Complications in the Tai Lue Ethnic Community of Thailand.

Hypertension (HT) can cause renal complications or deterioration of kidney function. HT management is very important because it reduces the severity of illnesses. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between health literacy (HL), self-care behaviors (SCB), and biochemical parameters in hypertensive patients with renal complications. A cross-sectional study of 405 hypertensive patients with renal complications among Tai Lue people living in Thailand was conducted using simple random sampling. Face-to-face interviews with questionnaires were used to collect information. Blood pressure (BP) and biochemical parameters, such as fasting blood sugar (FBS) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), were measured. The participants' mean age was 68.3 years. A significant correlation was found between HL score, SCB score, systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), FBS, and eGFR (p<0.01). Multiple linear regression revealed that eating salty foods was a risk factor for SBP in males and for SBP and DBP in females. Body mass index (BMI) (B = 0.54), sweet food consumption (B = 13.90), and SCB score (B = -0.29) were significantly associated with FBS level (R2 = 17.8%, p<0.05). Employment (B = 2.55), eating bland food (B = 4.07), receiving information from family (B = 3.53), SCB (B= 0.31), and age (B = -0.51) were all significant factors for eGFR (R2 = 35.0%, p<0.05). HL and SCB levels were associated with the health of hypertensive patients with renal complications in the Tai Lue ethnic community. The significance of organizing health education programs is to emphasize increasing HL to lead to self-care decisions and reduce complications in patients, resulting in improved SCB and quality of life in the future.

Changing Patterns of Stroke and Subtypes Attributable to High Systolic Blood Pressure in China From 1990 to 2019.

It is unknown whether high systolic blood pressure had a similar effect on the disease burden of stroke subtypes. The aim of our study is to compare the long-term trends of stroke subtypes and sex groups attributable to high systolic blood pressure in China from 1990 to 2019. Data about the age-standardized mortality rate and the age-standardized disability-adjusted life-year rate of stroke subtypes attributable to high systolic blood pressure in China were extracted in GBD (Global Burden of Disease) 2019. The trends in the age-standardized mortality rate and the age-standardized disability-adjusted life-year rate were calculated using the liner regression and age-period-cohort method, adjusted for age, period, and cohort. The estimated annual percentage change for mortality of stroke attributable to high systolic blood pressure was different from subtypes, with an estimated annual percentage change and 95% CI of 0.56 (0.37-0.74) for ischemic stroke (IS), -1.52 (-1.97 to -1.07) for intracerebral hemorrhage, and -7.02 (-7.86 to -6.17) for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The curve of the net drifts showed a downward trend for intracerebral hemorrhage and SAH, but that showed a stable trend for IS. The curve of local drifts showed a slow upward trend with age for IS, a slow downward trend for intracerebral hemorrhage, and a sharp downward trend for SAH. The drift curves showed different trends for males and females. The proportion of stroke mortality in young males was gradually increasing. The cohort rate ratio varied by subtypes, with the greatest decline for SAH, a slight decrease for intracerebral hemorrhage, and a slight increase for IS. The period rate ratio had decreased over the past 3 decades, with the greatest decline for SAH and the weakest decrease for IS. Moreover, both the period and cohort rate ratios for IS mortality due to high systolic blood pressure in males have increased significantly over the past 3 decades. Our results provided strong evidence that the disease burden of stroke attributable to high systolic blood pressure varied by subtypes and sex in China from 1990 to 2019. The age-standardized mortality rate and the age-standardized disability-adjusted life-year rate decreased for hemorrhagic stroke but increased for IS. Males had a higher mortality and exposure risk but a slighter decreasing trend than females. Our study suggested that greater attention should be given to the prevention of the burden of IS attributable to systolic blood pressure in China, especially for males.

Abstract 027: Chronic Unpredictable Stress Affects Mitochondrial Function In The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis And Impairs Vascular Reactivity In Male And Female Mice

Chronic stress is associated with hypertension but the underlying mechanisms linking the interplay between the changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and vascular dysfunction remain unclear. We hypothesize that chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) induces mitochondrial dysfunction in the HPA axis and in the vasculature, associated with GasderminD pore formation in the mitochondrial membrane. Adult male and female C57Bl6/J mice were exposed to 28 consecutive days of CUS or handling (CTL). Anxiety-like behavior, coping behavior, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were assessed. Mitochondrial function was assessed using high-resolution respirometry in the hypothalamus, amygdala, and adrenal tissues. The vascular reactivity of mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA), pudendal arteries (PA), and aorta were assessed in response to phenylephrine or acetylcholine. GasderminD protein expression was measured in the MRA. Data are presented as mean ± S.E.M and significance was set at p&lt;0.05. In both sexes, CUS increased SBP by 12.1±4.9%. CUS decreased body weight gain by 53% (p=0.04) and increased anxiety-like behavior (p=0.01) in males (vs CTL) but did not affect females. CUS decreased latency to immobility in the forced swim test by 46% (p=0.0001) in both sexes. Sex-dependent decreases in mitochondrial respiration were observed as follows: in the amygdala of males (20%, p=0.05) and the hypothalamus (20%, p=0.004) and adrenal glands (17%, p=0.06) of females. In the vasculature, CUS led to endothelial dysfunction observed by reduced potency of ACh in the MRA (pEC 50 CUS 6.17±0.09 vs CTL 6.81±0.11; p=0.003) and PA (pEC 50 CUS 6.31 ±0.07 vs CTL 6.65±0.09; p=0.008) of male mice, as well as in the MRA of females (pEC 50 CUS 5.94±0.30 vs CTL 6.98±0.15; p=0.041). Contractile responses to PE were significantly reduced in the aorta of CUS males only (E MAX CTL: 4.70±0.48 mN vs CUS 3.01± 0.23 mN; p=0.007). The expression of gasderminD was increased in the MRA of female mice only. CUS increased SBP in males and females, induced sex-specific changes in the mitochondrial function in key areas of the brain, and caused vascular dysfunction, suggesting that behavioral, brain, and vascular adaptations to CUS are sex-dependent.

Differences and the impact of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor deletion in the vascular and renal response to aldosterone

We recently showed that the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) protects female mice from arterial stiffening, an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality. Previous work indicates that GPER may directly bind aldosterone and/or dimerize with the mineralocorticoid receptor. Therefore, we hypothesized that GPER may promote aldosterone-induced renal and vascular effects, particularly in male animals where less estrogen is available to activate GPER. Male (M) and female (F) wildtype (wt) and global GPER knockout (ko) mice were used between 6-7 months of age. Aldosterone was delivered to all mice subcutaneously via osmotic mini pumps at a dose of 600 μg/kg/day and drinking water was replaced with saline for 28 days. At the end of the study, tail-cuff systolic blood pressure (SBP) and metabolic cage data were collected. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s test and correlation analysis. In basal conditions, GPER ko increased systolic SBP in males but not females. After aldosterone-salt treatment, SBP was similar in Mwt versus Mko but was significantly higher in Fko versus Fwt (Pinteraction=0.002; 148 ± 12 vs. 108 ± 2 mmHg; P&lt;0.001). Similarly, proteinuria was similar in males but greater in Fko than Fwt (Pinteraction=0.01; 6.0 ± 1.5 vs. 2.4 ± 0.4 mg/day; P=0.04), indicating greater kidney injury. In summary, GPER deletion in females revealed enhanced blood pressure and renal damage in response to an aldosterone-salt challenge. These findings do not support a role for GPER in promoting the impact of aldosterone on vascular and renal damage in either sex. In contrast, GPER protected female mice from the negative impact of aldosterone-salt on blood pressure and kidney function. More studies are needed to understand the interactions of GPER and aldosterone in the kidney of both males and females. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (HL133619 and AG071746 to SL, HL155841 to BO) and the American Heart Association (BV and IK) This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Exercise-Induced Excessive Blood Pressure Elevation Is Associated with Cardiac Dysfunction in Male Patients with Essential Hypertension.

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) has been used to explore the blood pressure response and potential cardiovascular system structure and dysfunction in male patients with essential hypertension during exercise, to provide a scientific basis for safe and effective exercise rehabilitation and improvement of prognosis. A total of 100 male patients with essential hypertension (aged 18-60) who were admitted to the outpatient department of the Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases of Jilin University from September 2018 to January 2021 were enrolled in this study. The patients had normal cardiac structure in resting state without clinical manifestations of heart failure or systematic regularization of treatment at the time of admission. Symptom-restricted CPET was performed and blood pressure was measured during and after exercise. According to Framingham criteria, male systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥210 mmHg during exercise was defined as exercise hypertension (EH), and the subjects were divided into EH group (n = 47) and non-EH group (n = 53). Based on whether the oxygen pulse (VO2/HR) plateau appeared immediately after anaerobic threshold (AT), the EH group was further divided into the VO2/HR plateau immediately after AT (EH-ATP) group (n = 19) and EH-non-ATP group (n = 28). The basic clinical data and related parameters, key CPET indicators, were compared between groups. Body mass index (BMI) visceral fat, resting SBP, and SBP variability in EH group were significantly higher than those in non-EH group. Moreover, VO2/HR at AT and the ratio of VO2/HR plateau appearing immediately after AT in EH group were significantly higher than those in the non-EH group. The resting SBP, 15-minute SBP variability, and the presence of VO2/HR plateau were independent risk factors for EH. In addition, work rate (WR) at AT but also WR, oxygen consumption per minute (VO2), VO2/kg, and VO2/HR at peak were significantly lower in the EH-ATP group compared to the EH-non-ATP group. Peak diastolic blood pressure (DBP) increment and decreased △VO2/△WR for AT to peak were independent risk factors for VO2/HR plateau appearing immediately after AT in EH patients. EH patients have impaired autonomic nervous function and are prone to exercise-induced cardiac dysfunction. EH patients with exercise-induced cardiac dysfunction have reduced peak cardiac output and exercise tolerance and impaired vascular diastolic function. CPET examination should be performed on EH patients and EH patients with exercise-induced cardiac dysfunction to develop precise drug therapy and effective individual exercise prescription, to avoid arteriosclerosis and exercise-induced cardiac damage. The retrospective study protocol was approved by medical ethics committee of the First Hospital of Jilin University (AF-IRB-032-06 No. 2021-015). The study was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trials Register, registration number: ChiCTR2100053140.

The Impact of Obesity on Cardiovascular Fitness in Young Individuals.

BackgroundYoung individuals are often at a higher risk for cardiovascular disease and obesity due to lifestyle changes like less physical activity and a sedentary lifestyle.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to determine cardiovascular fitness in young individuals and to study the effects of obesity on their cardiovascular fitness.Material and methodsIn this study, 100 young individuals, out of which 50 were individuals with obesity and 50 were controls, including males and females, of the age group 18-25 years were included. Cardiovascular fitness was assessed in them using body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Parameters like SBP (systolic blood pressure), DBP (diastolic blood pressure), PR (pulse rate), and HFI (Harvard fitness index) were measured.ResultsThere was no difference found in the PR of the group with obesity compared to the control group (79.020/min ± 8.651 versus 79.42/min ± 6.737; p value = 0.797). However, a significant increase was observed in both SBP and DBP amongst the group with obesity compared to the control group (SBP = 122.72 mmHg ± 12.287 versus 110.92 mmHg ± 11.803; p-value < 0.001, DBP = 81.96 mmHg ± 7.913 versus 73.24 mmHg ± 11.06; p-value < 0.001). There was a significant reduction in HFI in the group with obesity than in the control group (57.44% ± 9.322 versus 80.34% ± 12.594; p-value < 0.001). When we compared males with obesity and females with obesity, we observed a non-significant difference in PR between males with obesity and females with obesity (77.12/min ± 6.02 versus 80.92/min ± 10.44; p-value = 0.122). However, we found a significant increase in SBP in males with obesity compared to females with obesity (127.76 mmHg ± 10.93 versus 117.68 mmHg ± 11.66; p-value < 0.01). A significant decrease in DBP in males with obesity (78.80 mmHg ± 7.55 versus 85.12 mmHg ± 7.07; < 0.01) than in females with obesity was also observed. Along with a non-significant increase in HFI value in males with obesity compared to females with obesity (58.96% ± 8.14 versus 55.92% ± 10.31; p-value = 0.253).ConclusionResults suggest that both male and female young individuals with obesity are at higher risk for developing cardiovascular comorbidities in the future. So, we need to focus on encouraging activities that promote physical fitness.

Alterations in Clinical Characteristics of Blood Donors Post COVID-19 Recovery.

Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19), a current worldwide pandemic is the cause of serious concern. Risk-adjusted differences in outcomes of the patients are not well characterized. Therefore, susceptibility to infection with respect to blood group, blood pressure, pulse rate, hemoglobin, age, and BMI is analyzed in this study. Blood donors of all ages and gender, who recovered from COVID-19 infection, were selected for the study. Samples were collected from the regional laboratory and the central blood bank of Hafr al Batin, Saudi Arabia. Out of 1508 healthy blood donors, 134 had recovered from corona without any preexisting diseases. Major donors were male (85.1%). 28% of donors were in the age range of 26-35 years. O+(32.8%) donors were in majority. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate elevated significantly in the age group 46-55 (p<0.05) and 56-65 (p<0.001). Systolic blood pressure in males (134.13 ± 9.57) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than in females (129.35 ± 10.61). Donors with Rh+ had significantly higher systolic (p<0.05) and pulse rate (p<0.05) as compared to Rh-. O+ donors were found to be highly susceptible. Blood pressure, pulse rate and Hb altered with age. Males exhibited higher variation in systolic blood pressure, with the Rh+ factor playing a predominant role. Donors above 45-years of age and with a high BMI had significantly elevated blood pressure and pulse. These results are challenging or contradictory to the results of Turkish and Chinese studies where blood group A+ was more predominantly affected by the SARS-CoV-2 with the minimum infection rate in females and Rh- donors. Factors like blood group, age, physical characteristics and BMI should be taken into account before initiating any therapeutic approach to obtain the best possible outcomes with minimum adverse effects from the current drugs utilized for SARS CoV-2 treatment, especially with the age group of 45 years and above.

Association between physical activity level and blood pressure: varied and graded mediating effects of obesity indices in schoolchildren - CORRIGENDUM.

OBJECTIVE To explore the mediating effects of adiposity indices in the association between physical activity level and blood pressure in a Nigerian schoolchildren population. MATERIALS AND METHODS One thousand five hundred and seventeen schoolchildren (714 males and 803 females) from randomly selected primary schools participated. Physical activity level, sum of skinfold thickness at three sites, waist circumference, body mass index, and blood pressure were measured using standardised procedures. The statistical significance of the mediating effects of adiposity indices was determined using Sobel Test. RESULTS Some obesity indices mediated the association between physical activity level and systolic blood pressure in males [waist circumference (t = 5.31; p < 0.001), skin-fold thickness (t = 3.80; p < 0.001) and waist-circumference/height (t = 2.21; p < 0.001)] and in females [body mass index (t = 8.03; p < 0.001), waist circumference (t = 7.80; p < 0.001), and skin-fold thickness (t = 5.94; p < 0.001)]. Similarly, some obesity indices mediated the association of physical activity and diastolic blood pressure in males [body mass index (t = 1.95; p = 0.05), waist circumference (t = 2.65; p = 0.01), and skin-fold thickness (t = 1.97; p = 0.05)], and in females [body mass index (t = 6.49; p < 0.001), waist circumference (t = 6.29; p < 0.001), skin-fold thickness (t = 2.31; p = 0.02) and waist-circumference/Height (t = 2.59; p = 0.01)]. CONCLUSION The obesity indices that mediate the association between physical activity level and blood pressure vary, and their mediating effects are graded. While waist circumference and skinfold thickness exert the greatest mediating effects on the association in males, body mass index and waist circumference do in females.

Low serum choline and high serum betaine levels are associated with favorable components of metabolic syndrome in Newfoundland population

BackgroundWe investigated the relationships between serum choline and betaine levels with metabolic syndrome-related indices in the general population of Newfoundland. Methods1081 adults were selected from the CODING study. Serum choline and betaine levels were measured. Major confounding factors were controlled in all analyses. ResultsPartial correlation and linear regression analysis showed that serum choline levels were positively associated with systolic blood pressure (r: 0.124), serum TG levels (r: 0.132) and negatively correlated with serum glucose levels (r: −0.121) in males (p < 0.01 for all). In females, serum choline levels were positively correlated with serum TG, TC and HDL levels (r: 0.104 to 0.148, p < 0.05 for all). Serum betaine levels were negatively associated with serum TG, TC, LDL and insulin levels, and with atherogenic index and HOMA-IR index in males (r: −0.081 to −0.179, p < 0.05 for all). In females, serum betaine levels were negatively associated with serum TG, hsCRP and insulin levels, and with HOMA-IR index (r: −0.092 to −0.213, p < 0.05 for all). Moreover, subjects with serum choline levels in the highest tertile showed highest serum TG levels and systolic blood pressure in males, and highest serum lipids levels in females. Subjects with the highest serum betaine levels had the lowest serum lipids levels, atherogenic index, IR severity in males, and the lowest serum TG and hsCRP levels, and IR severity in females. ConclusionLow serum choline and high serum betaine levels are associated with favorable components of metabolic syndrome in general adults.

Metabolic Syndrome in Very Low Birth Weight Young Adults and Controls: The New Zealand 1986 VLBW Study

To assess the physical well-being and components of the metabolic syndrome in a national cohort of very low birth weight (VLBW) young adults and same age controls. The New Zealand VLBW Study cohort prospectively included all infants with birth weight <1500 g born in 1986, with 338 (82%) surviving to discharge home. Height and weight were measured at age 7-8 years. The VLBW cohort (n = 229; 71% alive) and term-born controls (n = 100) aged 27-29 years were clinically assessed in a single center over 2 days, including assessment for components of the metabolic syndrome. Compared with controls, both male and female VLBW adults were significantly shorter (P < .001), but only females were lighter (P < .001) and had lower mean body mass index (P = .044), fat mass, and body fat percentage. Males, but not females, had significantly higher systolic blood pressure (P = .028), but there were no significant differences in other components of the metabolic syndrome. There was no difference in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in VLBW adults compared with controls (males, 22.2% vs 11.1%; P = .15: females, 12.8% vs 13.1%; P = .95). Examining the VLBW cohort with logistic regression, male sex, gestational age <28 weeks, Māori/Pacific Island ethnicity, and body mass index >90th percentile at age 7-8 years were significant predictors for the metabolic syndrome at age 27-29 years, with ORs of 2-4. Systolic blood pressure in males was the only component of the metabolic syndrome that was significantly elevated in VLBW adults compared with controls. Extreme prematurity (<28 weeks) and body mass index >90th percentile at age 7-8 years were significant predictors of the metabolic syndrome at age 27-29 years. Registered at the Australian Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12612000995875.

Trends in Blood Pressure and Prevalence of Hypertension in Korean Adults Based on the 1998-2014 KNHANES.

PurposeTo investigate trends in blood pressure (BP) and hypertension prevalence in Korea.Materials and MethodsBased on the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) I (1998), II (2001), III (2005), IV (2007–2009), V (2010–2012), and VI (2013–2014), 56077 participants (23974 men and 32103 women) were included.ResultsMean systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) decreased in both sexes (male SBP: 128.1 to 120.2 mm Hg, male DBP: 82.0 to 78.5 mm Hg; female SBP: 125.7 to 116.0 mm Hg and female DBP: 77.4 to 73.2 mm Hg from the KNHANES I–VI). The age-standardized prevalence of hypertension was significantly decreased in both sexes (male; 33.3% to 30.3%, female; 28.7% to 22.7%, all p for trend <0.001). Regardless of taking anti-hypertensive medication or not, SBP and DBP declined universally in both sexes. Compared to the KNHANES I, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of the KNHANES II to VI for less-than-normotensive and less-than-hypertensive BP increased in both sexes.ConclusionMean BP levels in both sexes and hypertension prevalence showed downward trends during the 16-year period.

Blood Pressure Profile in School Children (6–16 Years) of Southern India: A Prospective Observational Study

Aims and objective: To determine normal blood pressure (BP) in apparently healthy, asymptomatic school children in the age group of 6–16 years and to determine the correlation of BP values with different sex, weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) and also to find out prevalence of hypertension in school going population.Materials and methods: This prospective, observational study enrolled 3,302 urban children (1,658 boys and 1,644 girls) in the age group of 6–16 years. These were analyzed to study the distribution pattern of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at different ages, sex, weight, height, and BMI. The SBP and DBP were noted as per age and sex. The association was seen between mean SBP and mean DBP with weight, height, and BMI. Information was collected about the family history of hypertension and was correlated with the obtained SBP and DBP readings.Results: The mean SBP in males at 6 years was 99.69 ± 3.62 mm of Hg, at 10 years was 102.20 ± 2.16 mm of Hg, and at 16 years was 115.33 ± 1.26 mm of Hg. The mean SBP in females at 6 years was 96.55 ± 2.86 mm of Hg, at 10 years was 101.16 ± 2.12 mm of Hg, and at 16 years was 112.41 ± 1.06 mm of Hg. The correlation coefficient for relationship between age and SBP in males and females was 0.89 and 0.91, respectively, and for DBP was 0.92 and 0.90, respectively. The correlation coefficient for relationship between height and SBP in males and females was 0.91 and 0.93, respectively, and for DBP was 0.92 and 0.88, respectively. The correlation coefficient for relationship between weight and SBP in males and females was 0.92 and 0.92, respectively, and for DBP was 0.94 and 0.91, respectively. In the nomogram obtained in the study, 95% of study population fall between mean +2SD and −2SD.Conclusion: The blood pressure (BP) (SBP and DBP) tends to increase with age, weight, height, and BMI. The BP values (SBP and DBP) increases grossly after 11 years of age. The students with positive family history of hypertension had higher valve when compared to other student. The BP of children and adolescents can be evaluated using the reference table according to age. The table provided helps to classify as “normal” or “hypertension” (>+2SD).

Effects of arm and body position when measuring blood pressure in young healthy males and females

Controversy exists in the clinical setting as to whether blood pressure (BP) should be taken on only the left arm. It is also not known whether inter-arm BP differences exist when subjects are in varying static body positions. The purpose of this study was to examine whether BP differences exist between right and left arms when male or female subjects were in different static body positions. Young (18-29 years old), healthy, athletic, male (n = 10) and female (n = 10) subjects were used to obtain BP using standard auscultation in the right and left arms in the following different body positions: standing, sitting, and supine. Respiratory rate was set at 17-23 bpm for each subject and heart rate was monitored using a pulse transducer. Neither body position nor arm used influenced systolic BP in males and females, and the diastolic pressure in females (p > 0.05). However, in males, the diastolic BP in standing position was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in supine position both in the right arm (85 ± 3.3 mmHg vs. 74 ± 2.0 mmHg) and in the left arm (88 ± 3.0 mmHg vs.75 ± 2.0 mmHg). Our findings suggest that young, healthy, and athletic adults do not experience inter-arm BP differences and that the effect of body position is sex specific.

A high normal thyroid-stimulating hormone is associated with arterial stiffness, central systolic blood pressure, and 24-hour systolic blood pressure in males with treatment-naïve hypertension and euthyroid

BackgroundWe compared the results of laboratory examinations, echocardiography, arterial stiffness, central blood pressure (BP) and ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) between treatment-naïve patients with low normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and those with high normal TSH levels. MethodsA total of 285 consecutively-eligible patients with both treatment-naïve hypertension and euthyroid were divided into two groups: those with low-normal TSH (0.40–1.99μIU/mL, group 1) and high-normal TSH (2.00–4.50μIU/mL, group 2) and compared according to group and gender. ResultsMales were divided into group 1 (n=113, 68.9%) and group 2 (n=51, 31.1%) and females were divided into group 1 (n=71, 58.7%) and group 2 (n=50, 41.3%). Multivariate analyses revealed that the augmentation index (71.0 [adjusted mean]±1.7 [standard error] vs. 78.8±2.5%, P=0.045), central systolic BP (SBP) (143.3±2.1 vs. 153.0±3.2mmHg, P=0.013), systemic vascular resistance (SVR, 21.4±0.6 vs. 23.9±0.9mmHg/L/min, P=0.027), SBP during daytime (144.1±1.4 vs. 151.6±2.1mmHg, P=0.004) and nighttime (130.4±1.6 vs. 138.5±2.5mmHg, P=0.008), and nighttime pulse pressure (PP, 47.2±0.9 vs. 51.7±1.4mmHg, P=0.010) were significantly higher while cardiac output (5.4±0.1 vs. 4.8±0.2L/min, P=0.043) and PP amplification (1.02±0.02 vs. 0.94±0.03, P=0.039) were significantly lower in the male group 2 than in the male group 1. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in females. ConclusionsTreatment-naïve hypertensive males with high normal TSH and euthyroid showed higher arterial stiffness, central SBP, SVR, and SBP in ABPM and lower cardiac output and PP amplification as compared to the the low normal TSH group, but not females.

HIGH NORMAL THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE IS ASSOCIATED WITH ARTERIAL STIFFNESS, CENTRAL SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSRUE, AND 24-HOUR SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE IN MALE WITH TREATMENT-NAÏVE HYPERTENDSION AND EUTHYROID

s S211 305 HIGH NORMAL THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE IS ASSOCIATED WITH ARTERIAL STIFFNESS, CENTRAL SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSRUE, AND 24-HOUR SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE IN MALE WITH TREATMENT-NAIVE HYPERTENDSION AND EUTHYROID B Kwon, J Roh, H Kim, S Ihm Seogwipo, Korea, Republic of BACKGROUND: The data addressing the association serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels within the reference range and blood pressure (BP) are so far inconsistent in patients with euthyroid. Therefore, we tried to investigate whether differ in various BP parameters between the patients with low normal TSH and high normal TSH levels. METHODS: The prospective study groups consisted of consecutive 285 patients with treatment-naive hypertension and euthryoid undergoing comprehensive laboratory examinations, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (PWV), ankle-brachial index, central BPs, and 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) evaluations. All patients with normal TSH (0.40w4.50 mIU/ml) and free thyroxine levels (0.60w1.90 ng/dl) were divided into those with low normal TSH (0.40w1.99 mIU/ml, group 1) and those with high-normal TSH (2.00-4.50 mIU/ml, group 2) and compared according to group and gender. RESULTS: Treatment-naive hypertensive male patients were divided into group 1 (n1⁄4113, 68.9%) and group 2 (n1⁄451, 31.1%) and female patients were divided into group 1 (n1⁄471, 58.7%) and group 2 (n1⁄450, 41.3%). Multivariate analyses revealed that augmentation index (AIx, 71.0 [adjusted mean] 1.7 [standard error] vs. 78.8 2.5 %, p1⁄40.045), central systolic BP (SBP) (143.3 2.1 vs. 153.0 3.2 mmHg, p1⁄40.013), systemic vascular resistance (21.4 0.6 vs. 23.9 0.9 mmHg/L/min, p1⁄40.027), and SBP in daytime (144.1 1.4 vs. 151.6 2.1 mmHg, p1⁄40.004) and nighttime (130.4 1.6 vs. 138.5 2.5 mmHg, p1⁄40.008), and nighttime PP (47.2 0.9 vs. 51.7 1.4 mmHg, p1⁄40.010) were significantly higher and cardiac output (5.4 0.1 vs. 4.8 0.2 L/ min, p1⁄40.043) and pulse pressure (PP) amplification (1.02 0.02 vs. 0.94 0.03, p1⁄40.039) were significantly lower in a group 2 of male patients. After multivariate analyses, SBP (b1⁄40.225, p1⁄40.010) and PP (b1⁄40.179, p1⁄40.022) at office, PWV (high value) (b1⁄40.192, p1⁄40.036), AIx (b1⁄40.285, p1⁄40.007), central SBP (b1⁄40.351, p1⁄40.001), DBP (b1⁄40.246, p1⁄40.012), and PP (b1⁄40.317, p1⁄40.006), SBP in daytime (b1⁄40.219, p1⁄40.004) and nighttime (b1⁄40.232, p1⁄40.013), and PP in 24-hour (b1⁄40.216, p1⁄40.005) and nighttime (b1⁄40.172, p1⁄40.024) were linearly associated with levels of TSH in hypertensive male. CONCLUSION: Despite euthryoid, arterial stiffness, central SBP, and SBP in ABPM are higher and cardiac output and PP amplification are lower in high normal TSH group among treatment-naive hypertensive male, but not female. Arterial stiffness, SBP and PP at office, central BPs, and SBP and PP in ABPM are linearly associated with levels of TSH among hypertensive male. 306 MMP-2 MEDIATES A MECHANISM OF METABOLIC CARDIOPROTECTION CONSISTING OF NEGATIVE REGULATION OF THE SREBP/HMGCR/ADAM-12 PATHWAY IN THE HEART C Fernandez-Patron, X Wang, Z Kassiri, S Hernandez-Anzaldo, E Berry, D Zhang, L Li

Abstract 443: Androgen-Sensitive Hypertension in Adult mRen2.Lewis Rats

The mRen2.Lewis (mRen2) rat is an angiotensin II-dependent model of hypertension that displays marked sex differences in systolic blood pressure (SBP). Gonadectomy (GDX) of young female mRen2 rats significantly increases SBP; however, the role of androgens has not been assessed. In addition, the impact of GDX in adult rats with well-established hypertension is not known. Therefore, the current study assessed the impact of adult gonadectomy (GDX; 17 weeks of age) on established hypertension and associated end organ damage in mRen2 rats. Baseline SBP at 16 weeks of age was not different between male groups (214 ± 13 mmHg, n=5 vs. 224 ± 3 mmHg, n=3, P&gt;0.05) but was significantly lower in females (143 ± 9 mmHg, n=3, P&lt;0.01). GDX significantly lowered SBP in males after one week (159 ± 13 mmHg, P&lt;0.001), and SBP remained lower until 25 weeks of age (169 ± 9 mmHg, P&lt;0.05). The lower SBP in GDX males was associated with a significant reduction in kidney weight (3.1 ± 0.02 vs. 2.9 ± 0.06 mg/g body weight, P&lt;0.05), heart weight (4.1 ± 0.10 vs. 3.4 ± 0.12 mg/g body weight, P&lt;0.01), and proteinuria (53 ± 7 vs. 20 ± mg/kg/day, P&lt;0.01) at 25 weeks of age. Proteinuria in GDX males remained significantly higher in comparison to GDX females (3.9 ± 0.6 mg/kg/day, P&lt;0.01). In summary, GDX of adult male but not female mRen2 rats had a significant and rapid impact on blood pressure and was associated with a reduction in end organ damage. When combined with our previous work in the female mRen2 rat, we conclude that estrogens may play a critical role in the development of hypertension in younger females, while androgens apparently contribute to the maintenance of blood pressure in adult males. This animal model may be relevant to discern the complex relationships between sex hormones, hypertension, and tissue damage. Future studies will establish the molecular pathways by which each of these steroid hormones interacts with the renin-angiotensin system to modulate blood pressure in the mRen2 strain.

Sex differences in T-lymphocyte tissue infiltration and development of angiotensin II hypertension.

There is extensive evidence that activation of the immune system is both necessary and required for the development of angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension in males. The purpose of this study was to determine whether sex differences exist in the ability of the adaptive immune system to induce Ang II-dependent hypertension and whether central and renal T-cell infiltration during Ang II-induced hypertension is sex dependent. Recombinant activating gene-1 (Rag-1)(-/-) mice, lacking both T and B cells, were used. Male and female Rag-1(-/-) mice received adoptive transfer of male CD3(+) T cells 3 weeks before 14-day Ang II infusion (490 ng/kg per minute). Blood pressure was monitored via tail cuff. In the absence of T cells, systolic blood pressure responses to Ang II were similar between sexes (Δ22.1 mm Hg males versus Δ18 mm : Hg females). After adoptive transfer of male T cells, Ang II significantly increased systolic blood pressure in males (Δ37.7 mm : Hg; P<0.05) when compared with females (Δ13.7 mm : Hg). Flow cytometric analysis of total T cells and CD4(+), CD8(+), and regulatory Foxp3(+)-CD4(+) T-cell subsets identified that renal lymphocyte infiltration was significantly increased in males versus females in both control and Ang II-infused animals (P<0.05). Immunohistochemical staining for CD3(+)-positive T cells in the subfornical organ region of the brain was increased in males when compared with that in females. These results suggest that female Rag-1(-/-) mice are protected from male T-cell-mediated increases in Ang II-induced hypertension when compared with their male counterparts, and this protection may involve sex differences in the magnitude of T-cell infiltration of the kidney and brain.

T cell‐dependent hypertension is attenuated in female mice during angiotensin II infusion (1136.10)

Previous studies have shown that the adaptive immune system is required for the development of Ang II‐induced hypertension in male mice. Here we determine if there are sex differences in the ability of the adaptive immune system to induce hypertension and alter T cell infiltration and renal dysfunction in response to Ang II infusion. Male and female RAG‐1‐/‐ mice, which lack both T and B cells, received adoptive transfer of male CD3+ T cells 3 weeks prior to Ang II infusion (490ng/kg/min 14d) (n=8). Controls received T cells or Ang II. Blood pressure was monitored via tail cuff. In the absence of T cells, Ang II induced a small increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) in males &amp;amp; females (Δ10.9 vs. Δ14.1mmHg). After adoptive transfer, Ang II induced a significant increase in SBP in males (Δ36.8mmHg, p&lt; 0.01), while females were no different from Ang II‐only controls (Δ16.9mmHg). PAS staining identified that Ang II infusion significantly increased glomerular hypertrophy in both males and females, independent of T cells; glomerular area was significantly greater in males vs females, at baseline. Renal CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and Foxp3+ lymphocyte infiltration was significantly greater in males compared to females, independent of Ang II. These results suggest that females are protected from Ang II‐induced T cell‐dependent hypertension, and that this protection may involve sex differences in T cell‐infiltration of the kidney.Grant Funding Source: Supported by Training Grant HL007249 (J. Burt), UA Sarver Heart Center, ARCS Foundation

Obesidade e hipertensão arterial em escolares de Santa Cruz do Sul – RS, Brasil

To verify the prevalence of obesity and hypertension in schoolchildren from Santa Cruz do Sul - RS, Brazil, in 2005 and 2008. The study was performed with two consecutive cross-sectional measurements, consisting of a stratified cluster sample, totaling 414 students, aged between 7 and 17 years, of which 215 (51.9%) were males and 199 (48.1%) were females. Obesity was assessed by body mass index (BMI) and percentage of body fat (%BF). Hypertension was measured by blood pressure values, both systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP). BMI assessment showed 18.6% and 22.3% of excess weight in males and 22.6% and 14.6% in females (in 2005 and 2008, respectively). Regarding obesity, the prevalence was 4.7% in both years for males and a reduction from 12.6% to 9.0% was observed in females. When analyzing the difference between assessments, there was significance in the BMI classification (p = 0.022) and %BF (p = 0.017) only in females. Statistically significant changes in SBP were found only in males (p < 0.001). The levels of excess weight, obesity, and %BF in females, as well as the increased levels of systolic blood pressure in males, demonstrate the need for early intervention through more effective public health campaigns.