Water Systems Research Articles

Multi-level pumping water system from bioengineering wood microstructure by self-growing mycelium for boosting photothermal evaporation efficiency

Due to low cost, renewability, high porosity and eco-friendliness, wood has been widely used to design solar steam generation devices, displaying great promise for clean water production in desalination and wastewater treatment. However, cleaner preparation processes and efficient structure design of wood based interfacial evaporators still need further exploration and development. Here, we reported an eco-friendly bio-incising method of wood microstructure modulation to fabricate high-performance wood-based solar steam generator by creating multi-level pumping water system. Self-growing Trametes versicolor (TV) which is a kind of bothersome wood fungus was skillfully used to increase porosity of wood and form interweaved mycelia fibers on wood surface, achieving the resegmentation and transmission of water bodies. These water-absorbing cell fibers and porous wood substrate collectively form a multi-level pumping water system ensuring effective heat management and high water evaporation area. Coupling with densely dispersed polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NPs) on the surface of TV fiber for light absorption enhancement, the designed wood based solar steam generator with a smallest thickness of 1 mm shows outstanding evaporation rate (1.61 kg·m−2·h−1) and solar energy conversion efficiency (98.4 %) under simulated 1 sun irradiation. Moreover, the obtained clean water using as-prepared steam generator shows high removal rates both in simulated seawater and wastewater. This work presents a novel concept and green method for designing high-performance wood-based solar steam generator with multi-level pumping water system.

Methane Hydrate-in-Oil Systems in the Presence of Natural Amino Acid-Equilibrium Phase Condition Measurements.

This experimental study reports the thermodynamic influence of three different amino acids on methane hydrate in oil-dominated systems, namely, glycine, proline, and alanine. To thoroughly examine the effect of selected amino acids on methane (CH4) hydrate formation compared to the commercial inhibitor monoethylene glycol (MEG) in the presence of oil, the hydrate liquid-vapor equilibrium (H-Lw-Lo-V) curve is used to measure amino acid aqueous solutions. All experiments are performed at a concentration of 10 wt % by using the isochoric T-cycle technique in a high-pressure reactor cell at the selected range of pressures with temperatures of 4.0-9.0 MPa and 276.5-286.0 K, respectively. Results show that all studied amino acids inhibit hydrate formation of methane; the inhibition trend shows as glycine > alanine > proline in both systems; in the brine water system, the inhibition performance was higher than in the pure water system due to the presence of NaCl. Glycine showed the highest inhibition strength in both systems with an average reduced temperature in pure and brine water of 0.92 and 1.75 K, respectively, at 10 wt %, making the inhibition performance of glycine comparable to the commercial inhibitor MEG. The inhibition effect is attributed to the amino acid's hydrogen bonding energies and side group alkyl chain. Calculating the dissociation enthalpies of methane hydrates in the presence of amino acids using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation implies that the amino acids do not occupy the cage structures during methane hydrate formation.

Sono-photo-Fenton action is improved by the addition of Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Degener (yellow passion fruit).

The improvement of the sono-photo-Fenton process at nearby neutral pH (~ 6.2) and high iron concentration (5mg L-1) by the addition of the juice of Passiflora edulis f.flavicarpa Degener (yellow passion fruit) on the degradation of imipenem in water is reported for the first time. Considering that the combination of sonochemistry with photo-Fenton takes advantage of the in situ sonogeneration of H2O2, the effects of frequency and acoustic power for the H2O2 accumulation were established initially. The sonication at 578kHz and 23.8 W favored the H2O2 generation. Using such frequency and power, the antibiotic was synergistically degraded by the sono-photo-Fenton system in distilled water, leading to ~ 90% removal at 120min of treatment. An atomic charge analysis showed that thioether, β-lactam ring, and carboxylic acid moieties on the imipenem structure were very prone to interactions with the HO• generated in the sono-photo-Fenton process. Indeed, the primary transformation products (TPs) came from the oxidation of the thioether, the opening of the β-lactam ring, and decarboxylations. Such TPs had a lower probability than imipenem to be active against bacteria. Besides, the addition of small amounts (2.5-10 µL) of the yellow passion fruit juice to the sono-photo-Fenton system significantly improved the pharmaceutical elimination. However, a juice excess (e.g., 100 µL) caused a detrimental effect due to competing effects by radicals. The juice of the yellow passion fruit induced analogous effects to citric acid (a commercial complexing agent) on the sono-photo-Fenton process. Indeed, the degradation of imipenem in simulated hospital wastewater by sono-photo-Fenton was improved by the yellow passion fruit juice (~ 38% at 60min), and it was similar to that with citric acid (~ 39% of removal at 60min). Thus, the commercial reagent can be replaced by a natural and low-cost complexing agent (e.g., yellow passion fruit juice or fruit wastes containing citric acid), as an enhancer of the sono-photo-Fenton process carried out at near-neutral pH and high iron concentration for degrading imipenem in water.

Laying the groundwork for a Legionella pneumophila risk management program for public drinking water systems

ABSTRACT Legionella pneumophila is different from traditional drinking water contaminants because it presents a latent public health risk for public and private drinking water systems and for the building water systems they supply. This paper reviews information on the likelihood of occurrence of L. pneumophila in public water systems to lay a foundation for public water systems, as a stakeholder in public health risk management, to better manage L. pneumophila. Important to this approach is a literature review to identify conditions that could potentially promote L. pneumophila being present in drinking water systems at either an elevated abundance or at an increased frequency of occurrence, and/or water quality and supply conditions that would contribute to its amplification. The literature review allows the development of an inventory of hazardous conditions that a public water system could experience and, therefore, can be used by water systems to develop control and monitoring strategies. However, effective L. pneumophila risk management programs are hampered by significant data and knowledge gaps. Priority research to advance public water system's risk assessments and management of L. pneumoaphila is proposed.

Advancements in Understanding Beryllium Contamination: Novel Insights Into Environmental Risk Assessment

ABSTRACTBeryllium (Be), a lightweight metal with significant industrial applications, poses notable environmental and health risks due to its toxicity and persistence, and widespread use, particularly in the mechanical, aerospace, and electronics sectors. It is commonly alloyed with other heavy metals to enhance material properties. The primary environmental pathways for Be release include emissions from coal and fossil fuels combustion, as well as the incineration of solid wastes. Once introduced into the natural environment, primarily Be associated with soil particles and sediments, particularly in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This review examined the pathways through which Be enters the environment, including atmospheric deposition, industrial discharge, and leaching from natural geologic deposits. The paper highlights the bioavailability and mobility of Be in soil and water systems, emphasizing the geochemical and physical factors influencing its persistence and potential for bioaccumulation. Risk appraisal methodologies are evaluated, with a focus on human exposure routes, including inhalation of airborne particulates and ingestion of contaminated water and food. The toxicological impacts on human health are critically analyzed, detailing both acute and chronic effects, such as respiratory diseases and carcinogenicity. This review evaluates existing regulatory frameworks and remediation strategies, assessing their efficacy in mitigating environmental contamination and exposure to Be. By integrating interdisciplinary research, this paper provides an in‐depth understanding of the environmental behavior and toxicology of beryllium, offering insights that can inform robust policy frameworks and shape future research directions.

Water, Ecosystem Services, and Urban Green Spaces in the Anthropocene

As urban centers worldwide face the escalating impacts of climate change, rapid urbanization, and increasing water scarcity, the need for sustainable water management practices to enhance urban resilience in the Anthropocene has become critical. This study explores how ancient water management practices—including Roman aqueducts, Maya rainwater harvesting systems, and ancient Chinese flood control techniques—can be adapted to address contemporary water challenges in modern cities. We evaluate these historical practices through a lens of contemporary environmental pressures, including climate change, urbanization, and resource scarcity. By integrating ancient methods with modern technologies, we propose adaptive solutions to enhance urban water resilience. Case studies from five cities (Singapore, Copenhagen, Mexico City, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia) illustrate how modern green infrastructure, inspired by ancient techniques, is being successfully implemented to manage stormwater, mitigate urban flooding, and improve water conservation. By integrating historical practices with modern technologies—such as advanced filtration systems and water recycling—these cities are enhancing their water resilience and sustainability. The findings suggest that urban planners can draw valuable lessons from historical systems to design adaptive, climate-resilient cities that balance human needs with ecological sustainability. This paper concludes with actionable recommendations for future urban planning, emphasizing the importance of decentralized water systems, nature-based solutions, and community engagement to ensure sustainable urban water management in the Anthropocene.

Combining hydrodynamics, geochemical and multiple isotopic tracers to understand the hydrogeological functioning of karst groundwater system in Jinci, northern China

Karst groundwater is important for global sustainable water supply and ecological development. However, the lack of understanding of karst systems’ hydrogeological functioning increases the challenges of karst water resources management. Here, the natural responses of the main discharge sites (such as Jinci Spring, Pingquan Spring and so on) of Jinci karst water system were controlled by continuous monitoring of the discharge rate. Water samples were collected to constrain the chemical evolution of groundwater in Jinci karst water system through geochemical and isotopic tracers. The application of trend analysis tests (Mann-Kendall) shows the Jinci karst water system is highly dependent on natural recharge and influenced by human activities. Our research first timely revealed that old karst groundwater from the stagnation areas might potentially be one of the main recharge sources of karst aquifers. The recharge proportions and chemical effects of the old karst water were evaluated. The recharge proportions of old karst water increased gradually along the main flow path from the Jinci Spring to the Dongyu artesian well, where the highest estimated mixing ratio was up to 24.8 %. It was observed that the mixing recharge of the old karst water causes a significant elevation of total dissolved solids (TDS), sulfate (SO42-), and sulfur isotope (δ34S-SO4) values in karst water from the southern area of Jinci Spring, which may threaten the quality and safety of drinking water supply. Our research provides a new view on groundwater circulation and poses new challenges for groundwater management in the karst areas.

Unveiling the Impact of Operating Current on Active Species Generation in Pin‐To‐Water Plasma Activated Water System

ABSTRACTThis study explores plasma‐activated water (PAW) generation in a pin‐to‐water (P2W) setup, examining how operating current affects gas production and its interaction with neutral pH range water. High‐current mode (HCM‐32.3 mA) significantly increases hydrogen peroxide ( by 2x and nitrite () by 1.5x over low‐current mode (LCM‐19.5 mA), with and concentrations reaching 161 mg/L and 1070 mg/L, respectively. These findings align with increased gas production. The study underscores the air–water interface's role in PAW chemistry, with ICCD emission and chemical‐workbench (CWB) simulations providing further reaction insights. Overall, it highlights operating current as a critical factor in PAW chemistry and the role of in reactive nitrogen species formation.

A histological observation on heavy metal induced implications on respiratory epithelium and its causative impact on a catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)

Present study is based on lead nitrate induced histological effect on the respiratory organs of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Lead nitrate is a heavy metal compound which used in many industries and indiscriminately drains out in water system and contaminates aquatic medium leads serious hazardous effect on respiratory epithelium of fish. Lead nitrate induced alteration on respiratory epithelium associated with the air breathing organ, suprabranchial chamber and air sacs of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) and also affect the oxygen consumption capacity of fish which adversely affect its survival. Heavy metal poisoning produced remarkable histopathological deleterious effect on the accessory respiratory organ decreases the rate of oxygen consumption. Various concentration of lead nitrate showed noticeable histopathological changes which is a sign of serious effect of this heavy metal and its bioaccumulation ultimately dangerous for human consumption of contaminated fish through food chain.

Connecting With Building Water System Operators and Managers

Public water systems have access to an abundance of professional expertise and technical resources. Sharing this information with customers who operate and manage building water systems provides numerous benefits.

End-user participation in drinking water management through Awareness, Education, and Resources: Tools for Water Partnerships

ABSTRACT The long-term success of safely managed drinking water systems requires participation from many stakeholders, especially the water users, but also community leaders, technical experts, health practitioners, teachers, NGOs, and others. However, people may need to be empowered before they can be confident or able to contribute to meaningful decision making or governance roles in Water Partnerships. Discussions with water leaders from nine organizations on four continents revealed a surprisingly similar three-step approach to empowering end-user participation in water management. The first step is creating the Awareness of local water challenges and their impact on health. The second step is Education about the options for safe water. Together, Awareness + Education lead to people understanding their challenges and being able to devise a locally appropriate solution. The third step is Resources for water action. Through Awareness, Education, and Resources, water stakeholders including households can be empowered to participate in safely managing drinking water solutions.

Dyadobacter helix sp. nov. and Dyadobacter linearis sp. nov., from drinking water.

The purpose of this study is to better characterize and complete the classification of two bacterial strains, CECT 9275T and CECT 9623T, isolated from drinking water systems and affiliated to the genus Dyadobacter by partial 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison. Hence, we report here the phenotypic, genomic and phylogenetic characterization performed on these strains. Both strains grow on R2A agar forming mucous, bright yellow colonies, developing at 26 °C in 48 h. They produce flexirubin and are oxidase and catalase positive, mesophilic and non-halophilic. The cells of strain CECT 9275T are curved rods mainly associated in pairs, forming nearly closed rings or resembling the shape of the number three, to long spirals resembling a corkscrew. Its draft genome has an estimated size of 7.23 Mbp (G+C content 45.4%). Strain CECT 9623T appeared on wet mounts as straight rods, mostly in pairs, sometimes forming long filaments (up to 20 µm). Its draft genome is shorter, with an estimated size of 6.45 Mbp (G+C content is 46.1%). Overall genome relatedness indexes clearly define them as separate organisms, so based on all the data collected, we propose the species Dyadobacter helix sp. nov. with type strain AB1T (=CECT 9275T=LMG 32341T) and Dyadobacter linearis sp. nov. with type strain AB67T (=CECT 9623T=LMG 32342T).

Evaluating Energy Efficiency Parameters of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in Terms of Management Strategies and Carbon Footprint Reduction: Insights from Three Polish Facilities

Water management in cities is a critical factor for sustainable growth and development. Satisfying the current needs with respect for the future is not possible without properly managed water and wastewater systems. An essential element of wastewater systems is the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The nexus between wastewater treatments and energy demand is a well-known problem. In times of energy crisis, effective energy management in this critical infrastructure is a key task. The purpose of this article is to analyze WWTPs’ energy consumption with regard to proposed management strategies for managers, designers and decision makers. A detailed analysis of WWTP operational parameters and a proposal of improvement actions will be useful for applicability and benchmarking studies. Estimating the carbon footprint (CF) of selected WWTPs considering the indirect emissions due to energy consumption is an important step for developing energy neutrality of WWTPs. Due to the desire to deepen research in the area of a complex phenomenon, which is the energy management system in WWTPs, the research undertaken herein is based on the case study method of three water and sewage companies operating southwestern Poland. Each urban area has different specificities, natural conditions and needs. The presented results of the analyses may be the basis for developing directions for changes in national policy, other benchmarking studies, and improving the energy management system in WWTPs.

GIS technology for sustainable urban water system

GIS technology for sustainable urban water system

Characterization of Synanthropic Habitats on Shallow Seabeds Using Map Clustering Techniques: A Case Study in Taranto, Apulia, Italy

The Mar Piccolo is a transitional water system located in Taranto city (Southern Italy); it is a semi-enclosed basin affected by severe pollution issues due to the presence of various industrial, agricultural and other anthropic activities that require careful monitoring and management. The pollution levels reached over time have harmed marine biodiversity and human health, repeatedly requiring timely actions for its mitigation. Characterization methodologies and techniques today play a fundamental role in supporting the decision-making phase, processing large quantities of data and identifying complex patterns and correlations. An approach focused on gaining detailed knowledge of complex environmental contexts through clustering map techniques enables highly precise results, capturing even the smallest variations in the features of the study object and strongly correlating them with possible sources of pollution. The use of these techniques improves the precision of the analyses and can significantly contribute to improving the understanding of the environmental state in the Mar Piccolo area. This study addresses the issue of pollution in Mar Piccolo due to marine litter, which has led to the formation of synanthropic habitats on the seabed. It also highlights the value of clustering maps and other characterization techniques for achieving detailed insights at various levels of analysis. Data processing through the proposed methodology can generate very detailed mapping useful for planning precision reclamation interventions that also include species conservation actions, as well as a better understanding of how synanthropic habitats are distributed and evolve. In summary, this study demonstrates how it is possible to improve the precision of data processing, providing crucial details for the management and conservation of highly threatened marine ecosystems.

Augmented machine learning for sewage quality assessment with limited data

Physical, chemical, and biological processes within sewers significantly alter sewage composition during conveyance. This leads to the formation of sulfide and methane—compounds that contribute to sewer corrosion and greenhouse gas emissions. Reliable modeling of these compounds is essential for effective sewer management, but the development of machine learning (ML) models is hindered by differences in data accessibility and sampling frequencies of water quality variables. Here we present a mechanistically enhanced hybrid (ME-Hybrid) model that combines mechanistic modeling with data-driven approaches. This model harmonizes datasets with varying sampling frequencies and generates synthetic samples for ML training, thereby enhancing the monitoring of methane and sulfide in sewers. The optimal ME-Hybrid model integrates the backpropagation neural network with mechanistic frequency harmonization. We demonstrate that the ME-Hybrid model outperforms pure ML and linear interpolation in capturing fluctuating trends and extremes of sulfide concentrations, achieving a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.94. Synthetic samples generated through mechanistic augmentation closely approximate real samples in modeling performance, statistical distribution, and data structure. This enables the model to maintain high predictive accuracy (R2 > 0.76) for sulfide even when trained on only 50 % of the dataset. Additionally, the ME-Hybrid model successfully assesses sewer methane concentrations with an R2 of 0.94, validating its applicability and generalization ability. Our results provide a reliable methodological framework for modeling and prediction under data scarcity. By facilitating better monitoring and management of sewer systems, the ME-Hybrid model aids in the development of strategies that minimize environmental impacts, enhance urban resilience, and ultimately lead to sustainable urban water systems.

CO2 geological storage in subsurface aquifers as a function of brine salinity: A field-scale numerical investigation

Subsurface aquifers demonstrate a broad range of salinities and salt compositions, affecting the physicochemical characteristics of the CO2/brine/rock systems, which in turn, influence the CO2 trapping of the aquifer formation. Available simulation studies generally focus on single NaCl systems and do not adequately account for the variations in salt types. In this study, the impact of salinity and salt type on several key parameters, including wettability, interfacial tension, brine properties, diffusion, and capillary pressure, were considered within the context of underground CO2 storage. We conducted pore network modeling to assess the impact of salinity (i.e., pure water, 1 M (molality), 3 M, and 5 M) and salt type (i.e., NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2) on the residual trapping behaviors. Subsequently, these findings were utilized in field-scale simulations to assess the influence of various salinities and salt types on the CO2 trapping capacity in a single salt brine system. The pore network modeling results showed that residual CO2 saturation decreases in higher salinity conditions, with the lowest value in MgCl2 brine system. In field-scale simulations incorporating residual trapping alone, the residual trapping capacity decreases in higher salinity NaCl brine systems. However, in high salinity MgCl2 brine, increased viscosity and density lead to a widespread CO2 plume, leading to an increased residual trapping capacity. This plume spread difference also influences the amount of dissolved CO2 in scenarios considering dissolution trapping alone. When considering both trapping mechanisms, our observations indicate that a decrease in dissolution trapping under high salinity and divalent cations conditions leads to enhanced residual trapping (e.g., ∼51.56% for 5 M MgCl2) - suggesting an interplay or codependency between these two mechanisms. The influences of diffusion and capillary pressure on the CO2 geo-storage trapping capacity are also investigated. Overall, an aquifer containing lower salinity brine composed of monovalent ions exhibits lower residual trapping, greater dissolution trapping, and lower mobile CO2. Especially, the pure water system exhibits the lowest percentage of mobile CO2 (∼13.72%). We also highlight that this impact is not governed by the corresponding wettability shift alone; rather, the physical properties of native brine (i.e., viscosity and density) play a part too. The findings help evaluate the CO2 storage potential of aquifers and thus assist in de-risking large-scale storage projects.

Facet engineering in Au nanoparticles buried in Cu2O nanocubes for enhanced catalytic degradation of rhodamine B and larvicidal application

Water systems around the world are significantly impacted by organic pollutants from industrial activities. In this study, we report a novel and promising approach utilizing a cost-effective and simple chemical co-precipitation method for the synthesis of Cu2O@Au nanocubes. The characterization of these nanocubes was conducted using various advanced techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and photoluminescence (PL). These analyses revealed the formation of crystalline nanocube-structured catalyst, confirming their purity, chemical state, and electronic structure. The synthesized Cu2O@Au nanocubes, particularly with 5 % Au over Cu2O, showed the highest catalytic efficiency in degrading Rhodamine B (RhB), achieving about 99.6 % degradation in 7 min. The deposition of Au significantly enhanced the electron mobility, thereby increasing the catalytic efficiency of the catalyst. GC/MS analysis performed to identify the intermediates formed and a possible degradation pathway of RhB was proposed. In addition, the toxicity of intermediates also evaluated by ECOSAR software. Reusability tests were conducted to assess the consistency and practical application of Cu2O@Au-5 % nanocubes. The results indicated high stability and sustained catalytic performance over multiple cycles. Additionally, the multifunctional properties of the synthesized material were validated through larvicidal activity tests, demonstrating its potential for broader environmental applications. Overall, Cu2O@Au-5 % presents a highly efficient and versatile catalyst for environmental remediation and other practical applications, demonstrating significant potential for large-scale use. These findings underscore the promise of Cu2O@Au as a multifunctional catalyst, capable of delivering substantial advancements in both environmental and public health domains.

S-scheme QDs-sized photocatalyst fabricated through combination of TiO2-x with gray BiOCl for efficient removal of organic pollutants upon visible light

As a safe and environmentally friendly technology, photocatalysis has a promising application in removing various pollutants from water systems. Herein, novel S-scheme QDs-sized TiO2-x/gray BiOCl (TiO2-x/G-BiOCl) heterojunction photocatalysts were successfully fabricated via a simple strategy. Among the photocatalysts, TiO2-x/G-BiOCl (20 %) nanocomposite exhibited superior activity in the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline) TC(, azithromycin (Azi), fuchsine (FS), and malachite green)MG) upon visible light, which was about 14.1, 24.8, 11.4, and 4.61 folds higher than TiO2-x, and 18.5, 14.1, 28.4, and 11.4 times greater than G-BiOCl, respectively. The excellent photocatalytic activity of TiO2-x/G-BiOCl (20 %) nanocomposite was attributed to the significant light-harvesting ability, diminished electron/hole pair recombination, and superior textural properties. Furthermore, the biocompatibility of the resulting solution following TC removal over the TiO2-x/G-BiOCl (20 %) sample was investigated by the growth of wheat seeds. More importantly, this study provided new insights for designing high-efficiency visible-light-triggered photocatalysts employing defect-rich materials.

Predicting CO2 and H2 Solubility in Pure Water and Various Aqueous Systems: Implication for CO2–EOR, Carbon Capture and Sequestration, Natural Hydrogen Production and Underground Hydrogen Storage

The growing energy demand and the need for climate mitigation strategies have spurred interest in the application of CO2–enhanced oil recovery (CO2–EOR) and carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). Furthermore, natural hydrogen (H2) production and underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in geological media have emerged as promising technologies for cleaner energy and achieving net–zero emissions. However, selecting a suitable geological storage medium is complex, as it depends on the physicochemical and petrophysical characteristics of the host rock. Solubility is a key factor affecting the above–mentioned processes, and it is critical to understand phase distribution and estimating trapping capacities. This paper conducts a succinct review of predictive techniques and present novel simple and non–iterative predictive models for swift and reliable prediction of solubility behaviors in CO2–brine and H2–brine systems under varying conditions of pressure, temperature, and salinity (T–P–m salts), which are crucial for many geological and energy–related applications. The proposed models predict CO2 solubility in CO2 + H2O and CO2 + brine systems containing mixed salts and various single salt systems (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, SO42−) under typical geological conditions (273.15–523.15 K, 0–71 MPa), as well as H2 solubility in H2 + H2O and H2 + brine systems containing NaCl (273.15–630 K, 0–101 MPa). The proposed models are validated against experimental data, with average absolute errors for CO2 solubility in pure water and brine ranging between 8.19 and 8.80% and for H2 solubility in pure water and brine between 4.03 and 9.91%, respectively. These results demonstrate that the models can accurately predict solubility over a wide range of conditions while remaining computationally efficient compared to traditional models. Importantly, the proposed models can reproduce abrupt variations in phase composition during phase transitions and account for the influence of different ions on CO2 solubility. The solubility models accurately capture the salting–out (SO) characteristics of CO2 and H2 gas in various types of salt systems which are consistent with previous studies. The simplified solubility models for CO2 and H2 presented in this study offer significant advantages over conventional approaches, including computational efficiency and accuracy across a wide range of geological conditions. The explicit, derivative–continuous nature of these models eliminates the need for iterative algorithms, making them suitable for integration into large–scale multiphase flow simulations. This work contributes to the field by offering reliable tools for modeling solubility in various subsurface energy and environmental–related applications, facilitating their application in energy transition strategies aimed at reducing carbon emissions.