Types Of Systems Research Articles

Research progress of energy regenerative suspension systems

As energy saving and recycling in the automobile industry becoming a hot topic today, the energy recovery and regeneration system attracts the attention of a large number of researchers. However, unlike the energy recycling system of the braking system, the suspension is a relatively more immature technology. This article focuses on the summary of the current development of the energy recycling suspension system. It starts with a brief introduction to suspension systems, including their definition and several types of typical suspension systems with their structures and principles. After that is the description of four types of energy recycling suspension systems: hydraulic type, air pressure type, electric type, and mechanical type. It shares their principles, structures, workings, and the research achievements of others contemporary. The following is a comparison of the four types of energy recovery and regeneration suspension systems from several different aspects. The last part of this article is the summary conclusion of this research, mainly about their development prospect in the future.

Solution forms for generalized hyperbolic cotangent type systems of p-difference equations

Due to the recent increasing interest in hyperbolic-cotangent types of scalar-or two-dimensional systems of difference equations and treatment of some particular states. This paper presents a natural extension of the p-dimensional of four-systems of this generalized type and treats general states. Which is an extension of Stevic's work (J. Inequal. Appl., 2021, 184 (2021)). We also show these systems are solvable by using appropriate variable transformations and obtaining systems of homogeneous linear difference equations with constant coefficients. Some numerical examples of these systems are presented.

Master symmetries of non-linear systems

We explore new symmetries in two-component third-order Burgers’ type systems in (1+1)-dimension using Wang’s O -scheme. We also find a master symmetry for a (2+1)-dimensional Davey-Stewartson type system. These results shed light on the behavior of these equations and help us understand their integrability properties. Our approach offers a practical method for identifying symmetries, contributing to the study of integrable systems in mathematics and physics.

Prediction by genetic MATS of 4CMenB vaccine strain coverage of invasive meningococcal serogroup B isolates circulating in Taiwan between 2003 and 2020.

Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (NmB) strains have diverse antigens, necessitating methods for predicting meningococcal serogroup B (MenB) vaccine strain coverage. The genetic Meningococcal Antigen Typing System (gMATS), a correlate of MATS estimates, predicts strain coverage by the 4-component MenB (4CMenB) vaccine in cultivable and non-cultivable NmB isolates. In Taiwan, 134 invasive, disease-causing NmB isolates were collected in 2003-2020 (23.1%, 4.5%, 5.2%, 29.8%, and 37.3% from individuals aged ≤11 months, 12-23 months, 2-4 years, 5-29 years, and ≥30 years, respectively). NmB isolates were characterized by whole-genome sequencing and vaccine antigen genotyping, and 4CMenB strain coverage was predicted using gMATS. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships with 502 global NmB genomes showed that most isolates belonged to three global hyperinvasive clonal complexes: ST-4821 (27.6%), ST-32 (23.9%), and ST-41/44 (14.9%). Predicted strain coverage by gMATS was 62.7%, with 27.6% isolates covered, 2.2% not covered, and 66.4% unpredictable by gMATS. Age group coverage point estimates ranged from 42.9% (2-4 years) to 66.1% (≤11 months). Antigen coverage estimates and percentages predicted as covered/not covered were highly variable, with higher estimates for isolates with one or more gMATS-positive antigens than for isolates positive for one 4CMenB antigen. In conclusion, this first study on NmB strain coverage by 4CMenB in Taiwan shows 62.7% coverage by gMATS, with predictable coverage for 29.8% of isolates. These could be underestimated since the gMATS calculation does not consider synergistic mechanisms associated with simultaneous antibody binding to multiple targets elicited by multicomponent vaccines or the contributions of minor outer membrane vesicle vaccine components.IMPORTANCEMeningococcal diseases, caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus), include meningitis and septicemia. Although rare, invasive meningococcal disease is often severe and can be fatal. Nearly all cases are caused by six meningococcal serogroups (types), including meningococcal serogroup B. Vaccines are available against meningococcal serogroup B, but the antigens targeted by these vaccines have highly variable genetic features and expression levels, so the effectiveness of vaccination may vary depending on the strains circulating in particular countries. It is therefore important to test meningococcal serogroup B strains isolated from specific populations to estimate the percentage of bacterial strains that a vaccine can protect against (vaccine strain coverage). Meningococcal isolates were collected in Taiwan between 2003 and 2020, of which 134 were identified as serogroup B. We did further investigations on these isolates, including using a method (called gMATS) to predict vaccine strain coverage by the 4-component meningococcal serogroup B vaccine (4CMenB).

Point-Counterpoint: The Need for Do-It-Yourself (DIY) Open Source (OS) AID Systems in Type 1 Diabetes Management.

In the last decade, technology developed by people with diabetes and their loved ones has added to the options for diabetes management. One such example is that of automated insulin delivery (AID) algorithms, which were created and shared as open source by people living with type 1 diabetes (T1D) years before commercial systems were first available. Now, numerous options for commercial systems exist in some countries, yet tens of thousands of people with diabetes are still choosing Open-Source AID (OS-AID), previously called "do-it-yourself" (DIY) systems, which are noncommercial versions of these open-source AID systems. In this article, we provide point and counterpoint perspectives regarding (1) safety and efficacy, (2) regulation and support, (3) user choice and flexibility, (4) access and affordability, and (5) patient and provider education, for open source and commercial AID systems. The perspectives reflected here include that of a person living with T1D who uses and has developed OS-AID systems, a physician-researcher based in the United States who conducts clinical trials to support development of commercial AID systems and supports people with diabetes using all types of AID, and an endocrinologist with T1D who uses both systems and treats people with diabetes using all types of AID.

Virtual Trailroom using Machine Learning

The virtual trail room system receives a real-time video feed from a camera and processes data with the OpenCV computer vision library and Haarcascade classifier. In order to correctly identify faces in the video feed, the Haarcascade classifier is trained on a sizable dataset of human faces.The virtual room system may function independently, which eliminates the need for additional employees and associated expenditures, in contrast to typical security systems that demand the presence of physical security officers.

Planning tools for next-generation DSP-based passive optical networks above 50G [Invited Tutorial

Next-generation optical access networks are evolving towards ultra-high bit rates (above 50 Gbps per wavelength) and extended fiber reach architectures. This trend will likely push the optoelectronics to their limits, thus requiring impairment compensation based on digital signal processing (DSP) techniques in the transceivers. In this paper, which is an invited follow-up of a tutorial given at ECOC 2023, we first present an overview of this evolving scenario and then propose a unified analytical model that is able to predict the performance of these new systems for both direct-detection and coherent transceiver types. We believe that this model can be useful for preliminary scalability studies of new access architectures (as it happens in international standardization bodies). Moreover, when they are deployed, it can be useful as a base for network planning tools, particularly if future transceivers will be, as expected, highly reconfigurable at the DSP level.

Interlocking characteristic and its correlation with interlayer shear strength in typical double-layered asphalt systems

ABSTRACT Interlayer bonding is crucial to maintaining the structural integrity of asphalt pavement structures. Addressing a crucial research gap, this study uniquely investigated the impact of interface morphology on interlocking properties and interlayer shear strength in three typical double-layered asphalt systems: AC-13/AC-20, SMA-13/AC-20, and OGFC-13/AC-20. Through the innovative application of nondestructive separation technology and three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning, interface morphology characteristics were thoroughly analyzed. This approach enabled the detailed extraction of texture parameters, unveiling the complex relationship between interface morphology and interlayer bonding strength. Interface shear tests further assessed the difference in shear strength, revealing significant differences in texture characteristics influenced by the mineral size variance in the upper layer. This analysis led to the development of a predictive model for interlayer shear strength based on morphological characteristics, offering a new tool for approximating the shear bonding condition, despite challenges in capturing the complex interaction between interface morphology and interlocking effects. The comprehensive examination of 3D interface morphology, combined with the shear strength analysis, clarified the mechanisms of interlayer bonding in relation to interface morphology. This breakthrough provides essential insights into the role of interface morphology in bonding efficacy and represents a significant advancement in understanding of interlayer bonding mechanisms.

Reduced expression of central innate defense molecules in pancreatic biopsies from subjects with Type 1 diabetes.

Defensins play a crucial role in the innate immune system's first defense against microbial threats. However, little is known about the defensin system in the pancreas, especially in relation to Type 1 diabetes. We explore the expression of defensins in different disease stages of Type 1 diabetes and correlated obtained findings to the degree of inflammation, providing new insights into the disease and the innate immune system. Pancreases from non-diabetic human organ donors of different age groups and donors with Type 1 diabetes with different disease duration were examined. Sections from head, body and tail of the pancreas were stained for eight different defensins and for immune cells; CD3+, CD45+, CD68+ and NES+ (granulocytes). In non-diabetic adult controls the level of expression for defensins Beta-1,Alpha-1, Cathelicidin and REG3A correlated with the level of inflammation. In contrast, individuals with Type 1 diabetes exhibit a reduction or absence of several central defensins regardless of the level of inflammation in their pancreas. The expression of Cathelicidin is present in neutrophils and macrophages but not in T-cells in subjects with Type 1 diabetes. Obtained findings suggest a pancreatic dysfunction in the innate immune system and the bridging to the adaptive system in Type 1 diabetes. Further studies on the role of the local innate immune system in Type 1 diabetes is needed.

Progress of Optimization in Manufacturing Industries and Energy System

The manufacturing and energy industry are typical complex large systems which cover a long cycle such as design [...]

Light-assisted thermochemical reduction of CuFe2O4 within a photo-thermogravimetric analyser for solar fuel production

The solar thermochemical cycle has emerged as a promising clean energy technology that enables the splitting of water for solar fuel production. However, conventional two-step thermochemical cycles using single-metal oxides require high operating temperatures above 1000 °C, especially for the reduction step. Typical solar thermal systems struggle to meet such high temperature requirements, making it vital to reduce the operating temperature. To find a solution enabling lower temperature requirements, we propose a photo-thermochemical reduction (PTR) strategy, which employs light illumination as assistance, combining both thermally induced and photo-induced effects for more generation of oxygen vacancies (VOs), within the oxygen carrier copper ferrite (CuFe2O4). Experimental studies were performed in a specially-designed photo-thermogravimetric analyser (photo-TGA) that directly measures the weight change of solid reactants under direct light illumination. The results indicate that the PTR achieves a decrease of nearly 40 °C in temperature requirements, giving a higher oxygen release of 21% compared to that driven by pure thermal heating at 800 °C. We also measured an increase of 0.09 in the non-stoichiometry parameter δ in the photo-TGA. Additionally, we observed that oxygen release increases distinctly with the light intensity of incident illumination. From the viewpoint of spectral ranges, ultraviolet and visible light illumination give the primary boost to the generation of photo-induced VOs. These results demonstrate the effective assistance of concentrated solar energy to enhance the two-step thermochemical cycle for solar fuel production at lower temperatures.

Exploring Ecological Management Plans for Typical Systems in Arid Areas from the Perspective of Ecosystem Service Value Evolution

Ecological management zoning plays a significant role in optimizing resource utilization, improving ecosystem service function, and promoting coordinated regional development. Taking Hexi Corridor as a representative region of the Mountain–Oasis–Desert composite system in arid regions of Asia, this study analyzed the spatial and temporal evolution of ecosystem service values and explored the influencing mechanism based on the optimal parameters-based geographical detector model. We have comprehensively divided ecological management zones and proposed corresponding control strategies. The results show that (1) the Hexi Corridor is characterized by regional differentiation, which is composed of three systems: The southern mountain system, central oasis system, and northern desert system. The mountain system is mainly composed of forestland and grassland, the oasis system is mainly composed of cropland, and the desert system is mainly composed of unused land. The conversion of land use mainly involves the conversion of unused land to cropland and grassland, while grassland is mainly converted to cropland. (2) The ecosystem service value of the Hexi Corridor increased significantly and demonstrated agglomeration characteristics in space. The highest value areas are mainly distributed in the southern mountain, with higher value and medium areas mainly distributed in the central oasis, and the lowest value areas are mainly located in the northern desert. (3) Socio-economic factors greatly influence the spatial differentiation of ecosystem service values in the Hexi Corridor, with natural environmental factors having less impact. Additionally, the internal interaction of natural environmental factors is the most significant. (4) The Hexi Corridor is divided into three ecological management zones: Ecological function protection zone, ecological and agricultural coordinated development zone, and ecological and urbanization coordinated development zone. This research has important reference value for global ecological management in arid regions.

Experimental investigation on the thermal behavior of two typical stainless steel roof systems

Experimental investigation on the thermal behavior of two typical stainless steel roof systems

Interpretation of molecular electron transport in ab initio many-electron framework incorporating zero-point nuclear motion effects.

A computational methodology, founded on chemical concepts, is presented for interpreting the role of nuclear motion in the electron transport through single-molecule junctions (SMJ) using many-electron ab initio quantum chemical calculations. Within this approach the many-electron states of the system, computed at the SOS-ADC(2) level, are followed along the individual normal modes of the encapsulated molecules. The inspection of the changes in the partial charge distribution of the many-electron states allows the quantification of the electron transport and the estimation of transmission probabilities. This analysis improves the understanding of the relationship between internal motions and electron transport. Two SMJ model systems are studied for validation purposes, constructed from a conductor (BDA, benzene-1,4-diamine) and an insulator molecule (DABCO, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane). The trends of the resulting transmission probabilities are in agreement with the experimental observations, demonstrating the capability of the approach to distinguish between conductor and insulator type systems, thereby offering a straightforward and cost-effective tool for such classifications via quantum chemical calculations.

Efficient EPID-based quality assurance of beam time delay for respiratory-gated radiotherapy with validation on Catalyst™ and AlignRT™ systems.

To propose a straightforward and time-efficient quality assurance (QA) approach of beam time delay for respiratory-gated radiotherapy and validate the proposed method on typical respiratory gating systems, Catalyst™ and AlignRT™. The QA apparatus was composed of a motion platform and a Winston-Lutz cube phantom (WL3) embedded with metal balls. The apparatus was first scanned in CT-Sim and two types of QA plans specific for beam on and beam off time delay, respectively, were designed. Static reference images and motion testing images of the WL3 cube were acquired with EPID. By comparing the position differences of the embedded metal balls in the motion and reference images, beam time delays were determined. The proposed approach was validated on three linacs with either Catalyst™ or AlignRT™ respiratory gating systems. To investigate the impact of energy and dose rate on beam time delay, a range of QA plans with Eclipse (V15.7) were devised with varying energy and dose rates. For all energies, the beam on time delays in AlignRT™ V6.3.226, AlignRT™ V7.1.1, and Catalyst™ were 92.13 5.79ms, 123.11 6.44ms, and 303.44 4.28ms, respectively. The beam off time delays in AlignRT™ V6.3.226, AlignRT™ V7.1.1, and Catalyst™ were 121.87 1.34ms, 119.33 0.75ms, and 97.69 2.02ms, respectively. Furthermore, the beam on delays decreased slightly as dose rates increased for all gating systems, whereas the beam off delays remained unaffected. The validation results demonstrate the proposed QA approach of beam time delay for respiratory-gated radiotherapy was both reproducible and time-efficient to practice for institutions to customize accordingly.

On the issue of control of neutral-type systems by hybrid controllers with state feedback

For linear autonomous systems of neutral type, an approach to control design problems in the form of feedback based on a new class of hybrid controllers is proposed. The structure of hybrid regulators necessarily includes a differential equation, so the closed system becomes differential-algebraic. A distinctive feature of hybrid controllers is the existence of elementary transformation of equations of a closed-loop system, which make it possible to obtain an independent subsystem of neutral type. In this case, the specified subsystem of neutral type uniquely determines the behavior of the solution $x(t)$ of the original open-loop system (possibly as a vector component of the solution vector of the closed-loop system). The main advantages of using hybrid controllers include the possibility of their application to systems that do not satisfy the “traditional” controllability properties. The properties of hybrid controllers have been studied. The author gives an example of using these controllers to solve a new problem of controlling the coefficients of a characteristic quasi-polynomial in the case where the approaches known in the literature are not applicable. The possibility of using hybrid controllers to solve the $0$-controllability problem using the finite control method is demonstrated.

Causality-aware social recommender system with network homophily informed multi-treatment confounders

Typical recommender systems utilize observed ratings of users as inputs to learn their preferences and aim to output recommendations of new items that users will like by predicting their potential ratings. The real world is driven by causality given that whether or not a user is made exposed to the item may significantly affect the rating. While some recent methods have taken a causal view to mitigate the confounding bias in observed rating data, few have recognized recommendation as a multiple causal inference problem that concerns numerous items simultaneously in practice. By framing the recommendation as a multiple causal inference problem, this paper develops a causality-aware social recommender that incorporates underlying social network structures with matrix factorization methods for deconfounding in networked observational data to enhance social recommendations. Leveraging social network information, which inherently confounds with the preferences of users, is particularly crucial but not trivial for inferring unobserved confounders in social recommender systems. Considering that connected users in a social network share similar attributes, we propose to incorporate the network homophily into the matrix factorization models through regularization to better learn the latent variables. The extracted latent variables then capture the network informed multi-treatment confounders to mitigate the confounding bias and improve the rating prediction accuracy. The models are estimated through a proximal gradient-based optimization framework, which not only eases the incorporation of the network structure constraints but also improves the computational efficiency of the proposed method. Simulation and case studies are conducted to validate the proposed method.

Limits of Bessel functions for root systems as the rank tends to infinity

We study the asymptotic behaviour of Bessel functions associated to root systems of type An−1 and type Bn with positive multiplicities as the rank n tends to infinity. In both cases, we characterize the possible limit functions and the Vershik-Kerov type sequences of spectral parameters for which such limits exist. In the type A case, this gives a new and very natural approach to recent results by Assiotis and Najnudel in the context of β-ensembles in random matrix theory. These results generalize known facts about the approximation of the positive-definite Olshanski spherical functions of the space of infinite-dimensional Hermitian matrices over F=R,ℂ,H (with the action of the associated infinite unitary group) by spherical functions of finite-dimensional spaces of Hermitian matrices. In the type B case, our results include asymptotic results for the spherical functions associated with the Cartan motion groups of non-compact Grassmannians as the rank goes to infinity, and a classification of the Olshanski spherical functions of the associated inductive limits.

Generalized Schrödinger–Bopp–Podolsky type system with singular nonlinearity

In this paper we establish the existence, non-existence and multiplicity of solutions for a class of generalized Schrödinger–Bopp–Podolsky system with singular nonlinearity. The main techniques we use are some results on critical point theory for non-differentiable functionals and the sub-supersolution method.

Molecular Mechanism for Regioselectivity of P450-BM3 Monooxygenase Towards Stearic Acid Hydroxylation

Hydroxy stearic acid is an important raw material for the synthesis of biobased materials, and the hydroxylation at different positions showed different properties. With the catalysis of P450-BM3 monooxygenase, (ω - 1)-Hydroxy stearic acid was generated, which is a precursor of macrocyclic musk. Experimental results have shown that the L188Q mutant can increase the yield of (ω - 1)-Hydroxy stearic acid by more than three times, but the reason and underlying molecular mechanism are still unclear. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to study the structural characteristics of the P450-BM3 wild type and its three mutants (F87V, L188Q, and F87V-L188Q) in combination with stearic acid. The MD simulation results showed significant changes in the interactions between the three mutants and the carboxyl- and terminal-end of stearic acid. The results of the Molecular mechanics-Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MMPBSA) binding free energies indicated that the L188Q mutant showed the most stable binding with the stearic acid. Finally, the H-abstraction free energy barriers of L188Q and wild type systems were calculated to study the regioselectivity, and the results indicated that the L188Q mutant shown a significant advantage in the hydroxylation of stearic acid at the ω - 1 position. Our research results not only explain molecular mechanism for regioselectivity of P450-BM3 towards stearic acid hydroxylation, but also provide some useful ideas for the synthesis of biobased materials from hydroxy fatty acids.