Self-regulating System Research Articles

7644 Novel Candidate Genes for SRY-Negative 46,XX Differences of Sex Development with Testicular Differentiation

Abstract Disclosure: M.M. Ferrari: None. M.Y. Nishi: None. A.A. Jorge: None. A.F. Benedetti,: None. R.L. Batista: None. E.S. Silva: None. A. Martinez: None. V. Mericq: None. F.M. Carvalho: None. B.B. Mendonca: None. S. Domenice: None. Introduction: Gonadal development in mammals is a dynamic and complex process, which requires the interaction of multiple factors in a meticulous feedback control and self-regulation system. Defects in genes involved in this process may cause differences of sex development (DSD). In rare cases, the gonads of 46,XX individuals differentiate completely into testes (46,XX testicular DSD, 46,XX TDSD), or with the coexistence of testicular and ovarian tissues in the same individual (46,XX ovotesticular DSD, 46,XX OTDSD). Strategies of large-scale parallel sequencing have enabled the simultaneous analysis of known genes, as well as the identification of novel candidate genes contributing to molecular diagnosis of these conditions. Objective: To establish the molecular diagnosis of a cohort of SRY-negative 46,XX T/OTDSD patients using the whole exome sequencing (WES) technique. Patients and Methods: Twenty-three families (24 patients) were evaluated, 22 patients with sporadic disease, and one family with two affected siblings. Histological diagnosis of OTDSD was confirmed in all patients, except in two with the presumptive (non-histological) diagnosis of TDSD. WES was performed using the Illumina platform. The variants were classified according to ACMG criteria. Results: Six different candidate genes associated with the 46,XX DSD phenotype were identified in the 23 families (26%) studied; all in patients with OTDSD diagnosis. Two variants were classified as likely pathogenic in FLNB and SOX10 genes, and four as VUS in IMMP2L, SOX8, PRKACG, and CLASP1 genes. The unavailability of analysis of case-parent trio samples hampered the classification of some of the novel candidate allelic variants. All these candidate genes were selected as potential causes of OTDSD, based on evidence of direct or indirect interactions of these proteins with SOX9. In the two siblings with 46,XX OTDSD, the allelic variant c.397delT (p.Ser133Leufs*7) in IMMP2L was identified in a heterozygous state and was absent in the unaffected family members (mother and third XY sibling). A potential role of Immp2l had been previously associated with the etiology of XX female-to-male sex reversal in sheep lineage. Conclusion: Although establishing the genetic etiology of gonadal development abnormalities in individuals with 46,XX TDSD/OTDSD remains a challenge, the results of this study generated new information and perspectives on the mechanisms involved in gonadal development. Presentation: 6/3/2024

Online safety and social media regulation in Australia: eSafety Commissioner v X Corp

ABSTRACT This article discusses the issue of online safety and the regulation of social media, examining first, some key theoretical perspectives on social media regulation, transparency, legitimacy and corporate regulation; second, Australian legal responses to the issue of online safety, including the Online Safety Act, legislation to curb abhorrent violent material and violent extremist material, and the eSafety Commissioner v X Corp case; and third, evolving technology-based strategies to regulation: self-regulation systems and user verification. The challenges and complexities that arise in the context of social media are emblematic of the much wider challenges facing both technology regulation and society around the world.

On the Compatibility of the Democratic Rule of Law and the Self-Regulation of Meta: The Oversight Board as a Guardian of Freedom of Expression

The article examines the role of Meta in relation to the principles of the democratic Rechtsstaat. The perspective focuses on the importance of the human right to freedom of expression in a global network society, where Internet intermediaries, through their self-regulation and content moderation, have a crucial impact on the realisation of freedom of expression and, by extension, on democratic processes. Because of their influence, their self-regulatory systems can be seen as independent systems of norms, governed by fundamentally different principles from those of European nation-states committed to democracy, human rights and the rule of law – especially in the context of the European Union. This is of particular importance for public debate and the free expression of opinions, which are fundamental values in democratic societies. Social media both enables and, in some cases, limits the exercise of fundamental and human rights. They also share, or to some extent have even taken over, the institutional role of traditional media in society. The article takes a legal-theoretical approach to the subject matter, as it addresses the role of public debate in the digital environment as part of the legitimacy of the legal order itself. In this respect, the article analyses the relationship between Facebook and the public sphere, which is essential for democracy, and the role of the state in promoting freedom of expression in the online environment. The theoretical framework is based on Kaarlo Tuori's theory of the levels of law and the concept of democratic Rechtsstaat. Against this framework, Facebook/Meta is examined in a European context, which includes both the European Union and Council of Europe law. Most focus is put on the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. Through this framework, the role and position of the Oversight Board at the interface of human rights implementation and Meta's self-regulation will also be examined. Given the emphasis in the ECtHR's jurisprudence on the positive obligations imposed on the state, the article concludes that a more effective horizontal impact of fundamental and human rights is needed. This is supported by the conclusion that Facebook may not be considered as a well-suited public sphere for democracy.

사업장 안전문화 증진을 위한 사업장 안전의식 수준 향상 프로그램의 활용 방안

To effectively reduce industrial accidents, workplaces must be encouraged to undertake safety initiatives independently and establish a strong safety culture. This study introduces leading indicators and a safety culture model developed to assess the safety awareness levels among workplace members. By diagnosing these levels, it becomes possible to promote activities in areas where safety awareness is lacking. Additionally, areas with significant perception differences among members can be improved by investigating the underlying causes. Establishing a safety culture in the workplace necessitates the promotion of improvement activities based on diagnostic results. This study proposed several tasks to raise safety awareness in workplaces. These tasks include activating safety culture diagnosis in connection with the corporate self-regulation system, introducing a safety culture grade certification system, training private experts, supporting workplace consulting, and discovering and disseminating best practices.

Adding Eye-Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy to a Workforce Wellbeing Model

ABSTRACT Children and young people who live in out-of-home care (OoHC) can display aggressive behaviours when their emerging self-regulation and executive functioning systems are overwhelmed. Consequently, their carers can experience incidents that may cause some carers’ ongoing stress symptoms. Early intervention with occupational health supports is important; however, including a specific trauma treatment such as Eye-Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is unusual. EMDR supports the resolution of stress symptoms and helps carers promote a stable home environment. Stability contributes to calm home environments and incident reduction. The purpose of this mixed methods study was to better understand the inclusion of EMDR into a workforce wellbeing model and explore changes in incident numbers in houses, staff retention, and time-loss injury. Interviews with senior managers and focus groups with therapeutic practitioners from two Australian states were conducted. Descriptive statistics for administrative data were calculated after a quantitative audit. Several programs including EMDR and occupational health policies were working towards enhanced workplace safety. A reduction in the monthly average incident rate from 11.9 (2019–2020) to 6.9 (2022–2023) was identified. Offering an effective treatment to staff that promotes wellbeing, retention, and stability in care homes may be a critically important policy recommendation for organisations with staff at risk of traumatic incidents. IMPLICATIONS Eye -Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective trauma therapy that works for residential out-of-home care staff. EMDR enhances carers’ emotional wellbeing and capacity when working with the young people in their care. More stable relationships between carers, children, and young people can lead to reductions in stressful workplace incidents and a more stable workforce.

Urban system and complexity. Socio-spatial fragmentation as a systemic process of inequality

The shape of cities has historically been the expression of complex processes of material and energy differentiation. Like any open and self-regulating system, it needs to evolve by exchanging flows of information and matter with its environment based on non-linear interactions made up of hierarchies and complementarities necessary for its adaptation. In order to establish causality with the phenomenon of socio-spatial fragmentation, structural inequality has been analyzed as a stratifying factor of spatialities in urban space. The dialectical hermeneutic method has allowed the modeling of concepts from information theory and thermodynamics to explain the interaction logic of the operating subsystems and their consequences in the hybrid structuring of urban space. The identification of cycles and morphogenetic causality in the production of spatialities forms a theoretical-conceptual contribution to the study of urban dynamics when spatial proximity coexists with social distance as a norm.

Clinical evaluation of the efficiency of combined phytotherapy in the postoperative period in patients with uterus cancer

As it is well known, that operative procedures which influence on ovary functions and relieve the patient of some suffering and danger from diseases, are realized by pronounced changes in hormonal self-regulation, homeostasis disturbance, deep psycho-emotional disorders, which leads to a change in the quality of life, an increased risk of long-term complications development (cardiac vascular pathology, osteoporosis, etc.).Some authors explain the changes in neurovegetative and endocrine homeostasis after hysterectomy not only by the insufficient development of collateral blood flow, but also by the removal of one of the links of the self-regulatory system – APUD – the uterine system, which causes the disorders in hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian relationships. Menopausal symptoms with the appearance of neurovegetative, psychoemotional disorders, urological disorders, sexual dysfunction, as well as metabolic manifestations do not always provide an opportunity to assess the parameters of a woman’s health, which are combined into the concept of quality of life.The article presents the results of a study on the use of Cimicifuga racemosa for the treatment and prevention of post-hysterectomy syndrome in patients with uterine cancer in the postoperative period.The objective: to study the clinical effectiveness of the drug, which contains the estrogen receptor modulator Cimicifuga racemosa, in patients after surgical treatment for hormone-dependent uterine tumors.Materials and methods. The study included 50 uterine cancer patients after hysterectomy. 30 patients (main group) of them had rehabilitation therapy in the postoperative period (postoperative antibacterial prophylaxis, analgesic therapy, vaginal sanation) and, starting from the second month, they additionally received a herbal preparation with an extract of Cimicifuga racemosa, 1 tablet 1 time a day for 4 months.The control group included 20 women who received only rehabilitation therapy after surgery.Quality of life was assessed after 6 months of therapy based on a comprehensive assessment using the modified MENQOL scale and the study of such important indicators as energy, sleep, emotional reactions, social isolation, physical activity, and pain.All types of statistical processing were performed using the standard package «Statistica for Windows – 10».Results. The use of selective combined herbal therapy of the post-hysterectomy syndrome in patients with hormone-dependent tumors after 6 months of treatment leads to a decrease in the frequency of hot flashes by 63.3%, profuse sweating by 63.4%, sleep disturbances by 43.3%, increased fatigue by 40.0%, depressive disorders – by 36.7% and irritability – by 33.3%.Additional use of the herbal preparation with Cimicifuga racemosa extract reliably (p<0.05) reduces the manifestations of post-hysterectomy syndrome, improves the quality of life, is well tolerated and has no side effects.Conclusions. The use of selective combined herbal therapy in the postoperative period in patients with cancer of the uterine body allows to reliably improve the quality of life of patients and reduce the clinical manifestations of post-hysterectomy syndrome, which is especially relevant in patients with cancer of the uterine body, for whom replacement hormone therapy is contraindicated. Selective herbal therapy is well tolerated by patients and can be used for a long time.

Investigating the Hierarchical Relationship Between Clause and Phrase Using the Menzerath-Altmann Law: Evidence from Academic Research Articles

ABSTRACT The study justifies phrases (instead of words) as the direct constituents of clauses using English academic research articles (RAs) by fitting the Menzerath-Altmann Law (MAL) to the correlations between sentence length (in clause numbers) and clause length (in phrase numbers), and between clause length and phrase length (in word numbers). The study was conducted under the framework of dependency grammar, with a self-built corpus of 104,499 tokens. The results indicate that 1) both correlations abide by the MAL, or abide when excluding the second MAL regime, regardless of part-genres, suggesting that phrases are the appropriate direct constituents of clauses. 2) The increasing MAL fitting curve is found in , which has the shortest mean dependency distance. 3) Clustering analysis on the MAL parameters in dependency structure can effectively differentiate the size-restricted from the other part-genres at the lower level, i.e., clause-phrase-word level. Furthermore, our findings have important implications: 1) The second regime may be closely related to text characteristics or linguistic unit levels. 2) The dependency distance minimization effect is possibly a counteractive force against the Menzerathian shortening effect. 3) The competing relationship between clausal and phrasal complexity in RAs is driven by the self-regulating and self-adapting language system.

Boosting Microfluidic Enzymatic Cascade Reactions with pH-Responsive Polymersomes by Spatio-Chemical Activity Control.

Microfluidic flow reactors permit the implementation of sensitive biocatalysts in polymeric environments (e.g., hydrogel dots), mimicking nature through the use of diverse microstructures within defined confinements. However, establishing complex hybrid structures to mimic biological processes and functions under continuous flow with optimal utilization of all components involved in the reaction process represents a significant scientific challenge. To achieve spatial, chemical, and temporal control for any microfluidic application, compartmentalization is required, as well as the unification of different sensitive compartments in the reaction chamber for the microfluidic flow design. This study presents a self-regulating microfluidic system fabricated by a sequential photostructuring process with an intermediate chemical process step to realize pH-sensitive hybrid structures for the fabrication of a microfluidic double chamber reactor for controlled enzymatic cascade reaction (ECR). The key point is the adaptation and retention of the function of pH-responsive horseradish peroxidase-loaded polymersomes in a microfluidic chip under continuous flow. ECR is successfully triggered and controlled by an interplay between glucose oxidase-converted glucose, the membrane state of pH-responsive polymersomes, and other parameters (e.g., flow rate and fluid composition). This study establishes a promising noninvasive regulatory platform for extended spatio-chemical control of current and future ECR and other cascade reaction systems.

The Effects of Reinforcing Task Alternations on Voluntary Task Selection

Everyday life often requires us to switch between states of cognitive flexibility and stability. However, little is known about what drives their regulation at the meta-control level. Based on current theories of cognitive control, we tested whether the regulation of cognitive flexibility and stability is guided by reinforcement learning. Using a task-switching paradigm with a double registration procedure – where people need to choose which task to perform before seeing the target, we systematically reinforced cued task switches or repetitions to test whether this led to more voluntary task switching (flexibility) or repeating (stability) on interspersed unrewarded free choice trials, respectively. While we did not find the hypothesized effect in an uninstructed version of the experiment (n=97), informing participants (n=58) on the reinforcement schedule on cued trials induced more switching or repeating on unrewarded free-choice trials. We speculate that people adapt their control strategies if they are aware of the respective benefits, even when they cease to be rewarded. Interestingly, choices were predominantly driven by task preference in both experiments and strongly correlated with task performance costs. This finding suggests that, when using an interspersed design with a double registration procedure, people mostly choose tasks based on task difficulty rather than switch avoidance. Together, these experiments help determine whether and when people can learn about the value of task selection strategies beyond the scope of a single task, and provide a self-regulating system to understand putative higher-order control processes.

Meta-Regulation: An ideal alternative to the primary responsibility as the regulatory model of generative AI in China

Generative AI with stronger responsiveness and emergent abilities has triggered a global boom and is facing challenges such as data compliance risks during the pretraining process and risks of generating fake information, which has raised concerns among global regulatory authorities. The European Union, United States, United Kingdom, and other countries and regions are gradually establishing risk-based, scenario-based, and outcome-based governance models for generative AI. China recently introduced new regulations for the management of generative AI, which adopt a governance model focusing on generative AI service providers. It suggests that China is continuing the principle of primary responsibility in Internet governance, which encompasses legal responsibility, contractual obligations, and ethical responsibility. However, the governance model based on primary responsibility emphasizes the accountability of generative AI model service providers, with relatively limited regulation on other important entities such as users and large-scale dissemination platforms, which may not be conducive to achieving China's regulatory goals for the AI industry. In comparison, the Meta-Regulation model could be an ideal alternative for China. As a classic theory explaining the public-private relationship, the ‘Meta-Regulation’ aligns with the generative AI governance requirements. Based on the Meta-Regulation theory, the governance of generative AI in China should move towards a direction of emphasizing safety, transparency, collaborative governance, and accountability. In line with this, it is necessary to include users and large-scale dissemination platforms within the regulatory scope and establish overarching governance objectives that ensure the responsible distribution of duties among stakeholders, with regulatory authorities assuming ultimate oversight responsibility and technical coordination. At the level of specific improvement measures, it is possible to integrate the three stages of model development, usage, and content dissemination of generative AI. During the model development stage, generative AI providers have specific transparency obligations. In the usage stage, a self-regulatory system centered around platform autonomy should be constructed. In the content dissemination stage, the proactive notification obligations of the dissemination platforms should be clearly defined. Additionally, the enforcement of technical interoperability requirements is necessary, thereby promoting the orderly development of generative AI applications.

The impact of platform audits on the manipulation of online reviews

To reduce sellers’ manipulation of online reviews, platforms conduct audits and impose penalties on abusive practices. In this article, we study the effectiveness of self-regulation in preventing fake reviews and increasing consumer and social welfare. To this purpose, we use a Stackelberg model with the platform as the leader. Our major contribution is to explain the auditing game between the platform and the seller. These are our major findings. First, we found a self-regulation’s Achilles’ heel. Despite its noble intent, the self-regulation system often falters. Why? The platform faces a powerful incentive to accommodate fake reviews, especially when consumers heavily rely on the seller’s information and regulatory repercussions remain mild. For this reason, consumer activism and external supervision are the key factors leading the platform to audit the seller. Second, we discovered the paradox of fake reviews, establishing the conditions under which, counter-intuitively, fake reviews create social value. Finally, by considering an endogenous retail price, we found evidence of a complex relationship between pricing, auditing, and review manipulation policies, all dependent on consumer sophistication and product quality, which can only be analyzed numerically, as there is no closed-form solution.

Interlayer-confined strategy to modulate alkaline reaction microenvironment for in-situ degradation of ofloxacin

In advanced oxidation processes designed for the mineralization of organic contaminants, the acidic microenvironment in the peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation system poses a major threat to the stability of active species. In this study, we developed a low-cost Co-Mg–layered double hydroxide (LDH) structure with an OH−-enriched, interlayer-confined alkaline microenvironment around Co sites. This structure exhibited enhanced surface availability and a short reactant diffusion path, which accelerated proton migration and regulated local pH at the slipping plane. Theoretical calculations revealed that CoMg-LDH exhibited high catalytic activity for PMS cleavage and generated high-valence Co-oxo (Co(IV)=O) species in this specific microenvironment. At a natural pH, the optimized system achieved 100 % removal efficiency of the target pollutant (ofloxacin), with negligible Co leaching. It also demonstrated stability in long-term experiments and effectively purified hospital wastewater. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the in-situ degradation of contaminants through self-regulating catalytic systems.

The Nature and Norms of Vigilance

Abstract Many people have long-term commitments that require coordination and cooperation with others. To achieve this, we construct plans to settle when, how, and for how long to pursue certain goals rather than others. This raises an interesting cognitive problem, namely that individuals can, at any given moment, manage significantly less information than they will need to accomplish their goals. Call this the Problem of Scarce Information. The solution requires a special self-regulatory system that strategically manages the varying informational demands of one's activity. This paper argues that vigilance has structural and functional characteristics that make it apt to play this role. This paper illuminates both crucial aspects of temporally extended agency, but also the unique practical norms that structure how we act over time.

ГЕНДЕРНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ МЕХАНИЗМОВ ПСИХИЧЕСКОЙ АДАПТАЦИИ У ПСИХИЧЕСКИ ЗДОРОВЫХ ЛЮДЕЙ

It seems important to study the gender features of the mechanisms of mental adaptation in mentally healthy people due to a high correlation between the increase in the number of mental disorders and the frequency of catastrophes, social crisis periods and traumatic situations, as well as the fact that perceived levels of stress and stress factors can vary between genders. The aim of this study to identify the psychological features of stress response, taking into account gender specifics, to determine adaptation mechanisms in life-threatening situations. Two hundred mentally healthy people aged 18–60 years with a high level of adaptation to stress took part in the research. The diagnostic complex was aimed at studying individual psychological and individual typological characteristics, regulatory processes, and assessing the value-semantic component of personality. Women are distinguished by high rates of anxiety and depression, emotional instability and sensitivity; use of defense mechanisms of regression, compensation and hypercompensation; the use of coping strategies — “escape” and “positive revaluation”. Men are characterized by high levels of modeling in the regulatory profile and the use of the protective mechanism of displacement. They are able to plan in accordance with goals and suppress unacceptable desires, thoughts and feelings in situations of stress. Analysis of intragroup relationships showed that in men and women anxiety is associated with personal characteristics, as well as with the general level of formation of the self-regulation system. For men, the profile of intragroup connections is represented primarily by personal characteristics. Whereas women have a more complex profile organization, which includes not only personal characteristics, but also variables of the value-semantic level, as well as a broader system of regulatory processes. It is advisable that the identified patterns be taken into account when developing individualized programs for the prevention of stress-related disorders in lifethreatening situations and creating medical and psychological technologies for preserving health and extending professional longevity.

DECODING THE SEMANTIC VOLUME OF NOUNS WITH THE VERBAL MODALITY MÜSSEN: THE SYNERGISTIC DIMENSION OF LEAST EFFORT

The presented work is one of the stages of noun research within a certain verbal modality. The focus of the article lies in the study of the generating noun content in relation to the verbal modality müssen in German from the perspective of linguosynergetic scientific paradigm, which considers language as a complex dynamic system capable of self-organization and self-regulation. In this study methodologically important is the position that the synergetic law of making the least effort and conservation of speech energy is the driving factor of language development. In a synergetic sense, the author of the article draws parallels between the dictionary as a representative of the linguistic generalization of the structured amount of knowledge of the learned extraverbal reality and the mental lexicon, which is not an arbitrary accumulation of contributions, but constitutes a structured hierarchical system of such contributions. If lexical units in the synergetic sense and their meanings at the language level contain coded structured information, then in the same aspect the paper considers the implementation of the word in one of its meanings at the speech level as information decoding. The linguosynergetic format of the research proposed in this article assumes that language as a self-regulating system under the influence of external energy and information has developed a mechanism of different representations of nouns in syntactic constructions with different verbal modality in German-language fiction and press. The results obtained on the basis of the synergetic-quantitative approach are extrapolated to linguosynergetic models of self-organization of noun names according to the principle of minimization of efforts, which directs the human mental lexicon to optimal decoding of semantic volume of polysemic or monosemic nouns in relation to the verbal modality müssen in German-language fiction and press. It was proved that since the closest distances in the lexical structure of a word at the linguistic level are the closest in comparison with the structures of knowledge of the human mental lexicon, the construction of noun content in modern German on the synergetic principle of conservation of speech energy and minimization of efforts is the most optimal way of directing the mental lexicon of a person to decoding the semantic scope of the closets (main) meanings of the polysemic and unambiguous monosemic word models.

Война дронов как пример влияния самоуправляемых систем на изменение баланса сил

According to our forecasts a new, very powerful technological wave will begin, in the next 10–15 years, which we call the Cybernetic Revolution. Its final phase will begin in the 2030s. The main technological breakthroughs of the Cybernetic Revolution will lead to the emergence and widespread implementation of self-regulating systems, that is, systems capable of functioning not only in the absence (or with minimal participation) of humans, but also independently (using artificial intelligence and other innovative technologies) to accept complex solutions. Such systems already exist, but in the future we will see the emergence of many new and more advanced self-regulating systems that will be in demand in a wide range of areas of life: from medicine to the management of “smart cities.” However, in the context of the topic of the article, we are especially interested in self-regulating systems used for military purposes: drones of various types (water, land, and air), but especially UAVs, as well as robots and self-driving vehicles. The article will show how the special military operation in Ukraine accelerated the development and expanded the use of these self-regulating systems; how and why UAVs have a major impact on military tactical and strategic decisions and practices. Particular attention will be paid to the impact of drones and other self-regulating military systems on the global and regional balance of power, and to predictions of how future wars may be shaped by the development of self-regulating systems.

A cybersystemic view of autonomous weapon systems (AWS)

Autonomous Weapon Systems (AWSs) are perhaps one of the most contentious forms of technology. However, the notion of an AWS is not easily defined since its differentiating feature from a weapon is the autonomous system. This lends itself to a systems approach to making sense of what constitutes an AWS.This paper's aim is to examine how a systemic perspective can aid our understanding of an AWS. It is proposed that an AWS can be interpreted in terms of three pillars. Firstly is system, which, when viewed in terms of self-regulating systems, leads to the second pillar which is autonomy. Underpinning the functioning of these self-regulating systems is the third pillar, values, manifesting in their legal and moral considerations. The UK approach to AWS, revealed in a number of recent Ministry of defence documents is explored using the three pillars. This provides a rich insight into the complexity associated with AWS and the challenge of defining what constitutes the system, the nature of autonomy and how values govern their use, in particular legal compliance and ethical judgement. It is concluded that the three pillars offers a useful framework to make sense of the complexity of other forms of autonomous technological systems.

Offensive and Harmful Advertising: A Content Analysis of Official Complaints

ABSTRACT This study presents an analysis of 9,055 complaints about offensive and harmful advertising, using archival data from the UK Advertising Standards Authority (ASA). The aim is to identify what advertising is actually complained about and contrast these findings with the field’s previous focus on potential offense. Due to its moral calculus, growing presence in the marketplace, and higher proportion of offense and harm-based complaints, the noncommercial sectors (not-for-profit, third, and public sectors) have been selected for study. Key findings are used to propose a new typology of offense elicitors and raise questions about the effectiveness of a self-regulatory system.

Role of rhizospheric microbial enzymes in plant growth promotion, antagonism, and sustainable agriculture: A review

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) offer eco-friendly alternatives to chemical fertilizers, promoting sustainable agriculture by enhancing soil fertility, reducing pathogens, and aiding in stress resistance. In agriculture, they play a crucial role in plant growth promotion through the production of agroactive compounds and extracellular enzymes to promote plant health and protection against phytopathogens. In the rhizosphere, diverse microbial interactions, including those with bacteria and fungi, influence plant health by production of antimicrobial compounds. The antagonism displayed by rhizobacteria plays a crucial role in shaping microbial communities and has potential applications in developing a natural and environmentally friendly approach to pest control. The rhizospheric microbes showcase their ecological importance and potential for biotechnological applications in the context of plant-microbe interactions. The extracellular enzymes produced by rhizospheric microbes like amylases, chitinases, glucanases, cellulases, proteases, and ACC deaminase contribute to plant processes and stress response emphasizing their importance in sustainable agriculture. Moreover, this review highlights the new paradigm including artificial intelligence (AI) in sustainable horticulture and agriculture as a harmonious interaction between ecological networks for promoting soil health and microbial diversity that leads to a more robust and self-regulating agricultural system for protecting the environment in the future. Overall, this review emphasizes microbial interactions and the role of rhizospheric microbial extracellular enzymes which is crucial for developing eco-friendly approaches to enhance crop production and soil health.