System Load Research Articles

Globally optimal sequencing of optimal reactive dispatch control adjustments to minimize operational losses in transmission systems by graph shortest path, parallel computing, and dynamic programming

Minimizing operational losses in transmission systems through the Optimal Reactive Dispatch (ORD), a non-convex mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem, is crucial for operational cost reduction, resource optimization, and greenhouse gas emission mitigation. Besides all intricacies associated with solving ORDs, transmission system operators encounter the challenge of determining sequences in which ORD control adjustments must be implemented before significant changes occur in generators scheduled power output and system loading. Sequencing ORD control adjustments, in spite of not being novel, remains modestly scrutinized in the literature. This paper introduces a two-phase framework that tackles the globally optimal sequencing of n ORD control adjustments over n! potential paths by solving the ORD to minimize operational losses in transmission systems in the first phase, and optimally sequencing ORD control adjustments employing fast power flow calculations, graph shortest path, parallel computing, and dynamic programming in the second phase. We discuss the framework’s second phase asymptotic time complexity, which is exponential over factorial for brute-force approaches, and its capability to guarantee globally optimal paths toward minimal operational losses determined in the framework’s first phase. ORD control adjustments for transmission systems with up to 27 controllable variables are benchmarked against two mixed-integer nonlinear programming solvers: BARON, a global non-convex solver, and Knitro, a local solver (assuming convexity around local optima). Globally optimal sequences of ORD control adjustments over n! potential paths (more than 1028 for sequencing 27 control adjustments) and average algorithm runtimes validate the straightforward application and, more importantly, effectiveness of such a comprehensive framework.

Optimising design and operation of sewage source heat pump: techno-economic and environmental assessment

ABSTRACT Heat pump can be used to recover abundant thermal energy contained in the discharge of municipal wastewater treatment plants. While there are some design standards for common heat pump systems, the design of a sewage source heat pump (SSHP) system is still often based on a fixed heat load and neglects the interdependencies between the equipment sizing and operating parameters. To address the issue that previous design methods have not balanced investment and operational costs well from a global optimisation perspective, this work formulates the simultaneous optimisation of SSHP design and operation as a non-linear programming problem. The proposed model features the consideration of multiple working conditions caused by the impact of ambient temperature variation on the heat load of the SSHP system. The feasibility and potential benefits of the optimised SSHP system are also evaluated by incorporating techno-economic performances and environmental impact analyses into the mathematical framework. A case study is carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The results show that the total annual cost of the optimally designed and operated SSHP in Harbin could be 9% lower than in Beijing and 39% lower than in Shanghai, suggesting that constructing and running the SSHP system in severe cold regions with great heating demands might be more economical than in less cold regions. The CO2, SO2, and NOx emissions of the SSHP could be approximately 50% less than that of coal-fired boiler heating, and 80% less than that of direct electric heating with coal-fired electricity.

Shear Behavior of Reactive Powder Concrete Ferrocement Beams with Light Weight Core Material

In this paper, the shear behavior of ferro-cement hollow beams is investigated experimentally and analytically. Ten reinforced concrete beams with cross-sectional dimensions of 100 × 200 × 1300 mm and a clear span of 1000 mm were cast and tested until failure under a two-point loading system. Ferrocement beams in this research contained either an autoclaved aerated lightweight brick core (AAC) or an extruded foam core (EFC) and were reinforced with either expanded metal mesh (EMM) or welded wire mesh (WWM). The structural behavior of the studied beams, including first crack, deflection, ultimate load, crack pattern, failure mode, and ductility index, was investigated. The experimental data were used to validate finite element models created with the ABAQUS finite element program. It can be concluded that the optimum performance of ferrocement beams can be achieved using beams with a second layer of expanded steel mesh as additional reinforcement, which led to an increase in the ultimate load and maximum deflection by 12.9% and 22.8%, respectively. Furthermore, the Numerical results agreed with the experimental results, where the ratio between the NLFE ultimate loads and the experimental ultimate loads varies between 1.02 and 1.07, with an average ratio of 1.04.

Enhancing power quality in grid-connected hybrid renewable energy systems using UPQC and optimized O-FOPID

Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) have recently been proposed as a way to improve dependability and reduce losses in grid-connected load systems. This research study suggests a novel hybrid optimization technique that regulates UPQC in order to address the Power Quality (PQ) problems in the HRES system. The load system serves as the primary link between the battery energy storage systems (BESS), wind turbine (WT), and solar photovoltaic (PV) components of the HRES system. The major objective of the study is to reduce PQ issues and make up for the load requirement inside the HRES system. The addition of an Optimized Fractional Order Proportional Integral Derivative (O-FOPID) controller improves the efficiency of the UPQC. The Crow-Tunicate Swarm Optimization Algorithm (CT-SOA), an enhanced variant of the traditional Tunicate Swarm Optimization (TSA) and Crow Search Optimization (CSO), is used to optimize the control parameters of the FOPID controller. Utilizing the MATLAB/Simulink platform, the proposed method is put into practice, and the system’s performance is assessed for sag, swell, and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). The THD values for the PI, FOPID, and CSA techniques, respectively, are 5.9038%, 4.9592%, and 3.7027%, under the sag condition. This validates the superiority of the proposed approach over existing approaches.

Power system loading margin enhancement based on a multi-objective TCSC placement to mitigate the risk of blackouts

In the evolving power systems, loading margin (LM) enhancement has a significant effect on the mitigation of the risk of cascading line outages and thereby the occurrence of large blackouts. On the other hand, flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices, especially thyristor-controlled series compensated (TCSC) devices, are more effective than other mitigation strategies such as constructing new lines because of environmental and economic reasons. In this paper, a multi-objective framework is presented to maximize the LM with a minimum installation cost of TCSCs. The optimization problem is solved by using the ɛ-constraint method. The benefit of each Pareto solution is calculated by the probabilistic risk assessment, and the most preferred one is selected by a benefit/cost analysis. The proposed method is developed based on a modified alternating current (AC) version of the ORNL–Pserc–Alaska (OPA) model inspired by the self-organized criticality (SOC) theory in complex power grids. Using the benefit/cost criterion, it is revealed that by the proposed approach, a larger value for the most preferred Pareto solution is obtained in comparison with the defined transmission expansion planning (TEP) scenarios. It confirms the suitability of the proposed method to suppress the cascading outages instead of expensive and time-consuming policies such as building new lines.

Coordinated Control of Constant Output Voltage and Maximum Efficiency in Wireless Power Transfer Systems

This article presents a coordinated control method used for wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. This method can improve WPT system transmission efficiency while maintaining the constant output voltage. First, the topology of the DC–DC converter is selected and the equivalent circuit model of the WPT system is established. Then, the WPT system characteristics are discussed and the mutual inductance estimation process is presented. Furthermore, the coordinated control method is proposed, where the constant voltage output is achieved by connecting the Buck–Boost converter after the diode rectifier. Meanwhile, the optimal phase shift angle is calculated and sent to the controller to achieve maximum transmission efficiency tracking control, according to the measured load voltage and current. Finally, simulations and experiments are adopted to verify the proposed coordinated control method. The experimental results indicate that the average system transmission efficiency is increased by 1.80% and the efficiency fluctuation is decreased by 2.67% when the system load resistance varies, while the average system transmission efficiency is increased by 1.80%, and the efficiency fluctuation is decreased by 3.14% when the mutual inductance changes. This means the proposed coordinated control method is effective under the conditions of the WPT load and mutual inductance variations.

Reservation of the heat supply system with biofuel heat energy sources

The implementation of the reservation of the heat supply system to a populated area was analyzed. It is noted that increasing the reliability of heat supply to consumers is a fundamental task, especially given the current military situation in Ukraine. The solution to this difficulty is considered when reserving heat supply by constructing a backup source of thermal energy using alternative types of fuel. A combined thermal scheme for connecting a hot water heat generator using biofuel to the existing city heat supply system is proposed to increase its reliability and survivability, which ensures the efficiency and reliability of operation of the heat supply system during the heating and summer periods. It is shown the possibility of operating a solid fuel heat generator with its power significantly less than the total heat load of the city's heating supply in several operating modes: during the heating period - for heating the return coolant at the inlet to the existing gas boiler house; in the summer period - for the needs of hot water supply in full; in the event of an emergency shutdown of a gas boiler house in winter - to maintain the viability of the heat supply system. The results of a calculation analysis of the operation of a 5,0 MW biofuel heat generator under different operating modes are presented. Heating the return coolant by 4...5 °C in winter, in addition to saving natural gas, prevents low-temperature corrosion of existing gas boilers. In the event of an emergency lack of natural gas supply, the combustion of wood chips ensures the production of thermal energy at the level of thermal losses of the heating network while maintaining the coolant temperature at least 3 °C at the calculated external air temperature. Thanks to the accumulation of thermal energy at night in the summer period in the volume of heating network pipes as a buffer tank, compensation for peak hot water consumption is provided with the available power of the solid fuel boiler house equal to the average load of the hot water supply system. When implementing a project to back up the heat supply system in Lutsk using a combined thermal scheme for connecting a solid fuel boiler house, an increase in the reliability and viability of the system and natural gas savings of 40,5% during a year of operation were achieved

Techno-economic evaluation of a hybrid HVAC system combining double-layer pipe-embedded external wall and multi-stage fresh air treatment

Double-layer pipe-embedded external wall (DPEW) offers the advantages of load interception and high-temperature cooling/low-temperature heating. However, complete heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems using DPEWs and the combination of DPEWs with organized fresh air supply have not yet been investigated. To address this issue, this study proposes a hybrid HVAC system that combines DPEWs and a multi-stage fresh air handling unit (FAHU) utilizing shallow geothermal energy and ground source heat pumps (GSHPs). A dynamic simulation model of the proposed system is developed in TRNSYS software. A comparison of the energy, economic and environmental performance between the proposed system and a reference fan coil system with single-stage FAHU is performed in an office building in Beijing. The results indicate that the cumulative cooling load and cumulative heating load of the proposed system are 42.3 and 60.7 kWh/m2, respectively. The proposed system utilizes shallow geothermal energy to handle 18 % of the cumulative cooling and heating loads, and high-temperature chilled water/low-temperature hot water provided by an efficient GSHP to handle 60 % of the cumulative cooling and heating loads. The proposed system consumes 5.8 kWh/m2 electricity in summer and 12.1 kWh/m2 electricity in winter, and achieves 30 % annual energy savings compared with the reference system while maintaining the same level of thermal comfort. The discounted payback period of the proposed system is 3.3 years. The CO2 emissions can be reduced by 4.8 kg/m2 annually by implementing the proposed system. This study provides theoretical support and data basis for the design and operation of DPEW systems.

Stochastic weather simulation based on gate recurrent unit and generative adversarial networks

AbstractThe weather has a significant impact on power load and power system planning. Stochastic weather simulation is important in the field of power systems. However, due to factors such as long recording years, observation technology, and so on, the historical weather data often have the problem of missing or insufficient. Meteorological data are characterized by changeable, rapid change, and high dimensions. Therefore, it is a challenging task to accurately grasp the law of weather data. This article presents a random weather simulation model based on gate recurrent unit (GRU) and generative adversarial networks (GAN). GRU selectively learns or forgets what was in the previous moment during training; it can learn the previous and current data of the time series data. When combined with the GAN, it will produce data with the same distribution as the original weather data. The proposed method was evaluated on a real weather dataset, and the results show that the proposed method outperforms the other contrast algorithms.

The Optimal Selection of Renewable Energy Systems Based on MILP for Two Zones in Mexico

This paper presents a series of enhancements to a previously proposed mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model for investment decisions and operational planning in distributed generation (DG) systems. The main contribution of this study consists of integrating a wind generation system and multiple loads at different buses in a network. The model considers dynamic weather data, energy prices, costs related to photovoltaic and wind systems, storage systems, operational and maintenance costs, and other pertinent factors, such as efficiencies, geographical locations, resource availability, and different load profiles. The simulation results obtained through implementation in Julia’s programming language illustrate that the MILP formulation maximizes the net present value, and four configurations for hybrid power generation systems in Mexico are analyzed. The objective is to enable profitability assessment for investments in large-capacity DG systems in two strategic zones of Mexico. The results show that the configurations in the NE zone, especially in Tamaulipas, are the most cost-effective. Case 1 stands out for its highest net present value and shortest payback time, while Case 2 offers the highest energy savings. In addition, Cases 3 and 4, which incorporate storage systems, exhibit the longest payback periods and the lowest savings, indicating less favorable economic performance compared with Cases 1 and 2. Moreover, the sales of two case studies, one without a storage system and the other with a storage system, are shown. The model also incorporates instruments for buying or selling energy in the wholesale electricity market, including variables that depict the injected energy into the electrical grid. This comprehensive approach provides a detailed overview of optimal energy management.

Experimental Study of Loading System Stiffness Effects on Mechanical Characteristics and Kinetic Energy Calculation of Coal Specimens

Experimental Study of Loading System Stiffness Effects on Mechanical Characteristics and Kinetic Energy Calculation of Coal Specimens

Best-estimate water hammer simulations to avoid the calculation of unrealistically high loads or unphysical pressure and force peaks

For safety-related systems fluid loads due to fluid transients have to be quantified for subsequent structural analyses to ensure their integrity or function, as required. Usually transient fluid loads in pipe systems are determined with one-dimensional water hammer software. For single-phase liquid flow, the method of characteristics (MOC) is often used that gives in this case appropriate results. For the consideration of local vapor bubbles, the MOC is combined with the discrete vapor cavity model (DVC). The DVC model may generate unrealistic pressure spikes due to the calculation of the collapse of multi-cavities in scenarios, where only one vapor bubble should actually occur. The application of a two-phase code may improve the calculation results. One requirement for the latter codes is the ability to calculate the propagation of steep gradients without suffering from numerical diffusion to exclude the underestimation of fluid loads. This is commonly attained by applying higher-order numerical schemes. However, the application of a numerical method of pure 2nd order leads to the calculation of unphysical oscillations at steep gradients causing severe problems during the solution. To exclude this, numerical methods with flux limiters can be used. With their application, the calculation of unrealistically high loads due to numerical deficiencies can be minimized. In addition, the consideration of further physical effects, that lead to the reduction of loads during transient flow processes, allows for a more realistic calculation of the loads. These are unsteady friction, widening of the pipe caused by pressure increase, fluid-structure interaction at junctions and due to friction, degassing of gas that is initially dissolved physically in a liquid and thermodynamic non-equilibrium during vapor bubble collapse. The in-house code DYVRO applies a second-order accurate scheme with flux limiters based on the Godunov method and can account for the above-described physical phenomena. It is shown by comparison of calculation results obtained by DYVRO with experimental data from literature that with modeling of these physical effects the loads can be calculated more realistically. Generally, these loads are lower than the results calculated by simplified models, which do not account for these effects. Considering that these loads are applied in subsequent structural analyses, cost-intensive oversizing of pipes and their supports can be avoided, by ensuring the necessary safety.

Unified analytical and design-oriented models for compressive and tensile membrane actions in RC beam-slab structures under internal column loss

Resisting mechanisms including compressive membrane action (CMA) and tensile membrane action (TMA) are critical for RC beam-slab structures against progressive collapse. However, due to the difficulties in considering the nonlinear behaviors and beam-slab interactions, limited analytical studies are currently available to accurately determine the whole resistance evolution path, let alone a simplified design model. This study presents a unified analytical model and a design-oriented simplified model to predict the whole resistance displacement of RC beam-slab substructures under internal column loss. Both equivalent uniformly distributed load (EUDL) and concentrate load (CL) conditions have been considered. In the analytical model, the beam-slab system is discretized into interior beams and multiple slab strips with consideration of their interaction. The compatibility and equilibrium conditions, curvature equations, and constitutive laws of concrete and reinforcement are incorporated to analyze each beam and slab strip. In the design model, a new strategy is proposed to decompose the structural resistance of membrane effect into summation of two components, CMA and TMA resistances, with explicit expressions. Both developed models are validated through experimental and numerical results and good agreements are achieved. Results of the analytical model show that ignoring the beam-slab interactions can lead to underestimation of structural resistance, especially during the transition from the CMA to TMA. The locations of loading points should be carefully selected to make sure 12-point loading system effective. A rule is also suggested to determine proper locations. The simplified design method gives slightly conservative predictions of structural resistance, and its calculation is easy for engineers to use.

Study on the failure modes of water-bearing soft rock under different low-frequency disturbance

To investigate the evolution of failure modes in soft rock under various low-frequency disturbances and varying moisture content, a creep impact dynamic disturbance loading system was employed. Experiments were conducted on soft rock samples with different moisture contents, while the loading process was monitored using an acoustic emission system. The fracture development and propagation characteristics were reconstructed using a CT scanning system. The experimental results reveal that: (1) The failure mode of dry soft rock transitions from “shear-tension-shear” with increasing initial disturbance, whereas water-bearing soft rock primarily undergoes tensile failure. (2) During disturbance, saturated soft rock exhibits significant fluctuations in acoustic emission characteristic parameters, with the initiation of larger fractures. As the initial disturbance increases, failure transitions from plastic to brittle, resembling the behavior of dry samples. (3) Microcracks in both dry and saturated soft rock predominantly range from 500 to 1000 µm, while those in naturally moist soft rock are less than 500 µm. Although the volume of primary fractures varies slightly among different states, the overall degree of damage increases with higher moisture content. These findings elucidate the evolution of failure modes and fracture development in soft rock under low-frequency disturbances, providing valuable insights for monitoring, early warning, and mitigation of dynamic disasters in deep mines.

Design of an adaptive frequency control for flywheel energy storage system based on model predictive control to suppress frequency fluctuations in microgrids

Frequency fluctuations are brought on by power imbalances between sources and loads in microgrid systems. The flywheel energy storage system (FESS) can mitigate the power imbalance and suppress frequency fluctuations. In this paper, an adaptive frequency control scheme for FESS based on model predictive control (MPC) is proposed to suppress the frequency fluctuation in microgrids. Firstly, a linear-fuzzy control is proposed and employed in a frequency regulation controller (FRC) to carry out adaptive frequency control according to the frequency fluctuation and the energy of the FESS, which improves the utilization rate of the FESS, and at the same time avoid the power oscillation caused by overcharging and over-discharging situations. Secondly, a voltage regulation controller (VRC) for dynamic power balance is designed to improve the speed of FESS power balance and suppress the large fluctuation of DC bus voltage. In addition, a MPC based on quadratic programming method is proposed to make the actual current quickly follow the reference current, speed up the power response, and respond to system changes in time through real-time feedback state variables to improve system stability. Finally, the stability of the proposed control system is verified by simulation and experiment.

Hybrid Optimal Power System Recovery and Load Pick-Up With DGAllocation In Electrical Power System

The increasing demand for electricity, the expansion of complex power networks, and the operation of power systems near their capacity have heightened the risk of power outages. Consequently, control room operators must develop comprehensive restoration plans to minimize recovery time. Key steps in power system restoration include starting non-black-start units with black-start units and initiating load pick-up. This process requires identifying the shortest route between nodes to expedite repairs. This research presents an expert plan employing the Modified Cuckoo Search algorithm (MCSA) to determine optimal pathways. Additionally, it explores the optimal allocation of distributed generators (DG) to enhance the system's voltage profile and reduce power losses using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The results demonstrate that DG significantly reduces losses during recovery. The study prioritizes the restoration of DGs with strong black start capability, considering network and DG constraints. The effectiveness of the proposed restoration approach is validated through MATLAB simulations on theIEEE 39-bus system.

Probabilistic assessment of short‐term voltage stability under load and wind uncertainty

AbstractContemporary electricity networks are exposed to operational uncertainties, which may jeopardise the stability of the power grid. More specifically, the increasing penetration level of variable renewable energy generation and uncertainty in load demand are key catalysts for these emerging stability issues. A mathematical relationship is established to track the system voltage trajectory with respect to variations in uncertain inputs (associated with wind speed, system load, and wind power penetration levels). Additionally, it demonstrates the consequences of varying uncertain inputs on the short‐term voltage response across different potential operating conditions. The theoretical proposition has further been verified by the simulation studies with two test power networks in DIgSILENT PowerFactory software. The simulation results revealed that uncertain injection sources significantly impacted the system voltage at the receiving end. High uncertainty in wind speed and system loads increased voltage recovery variation, causing delays in voltage response during low wind speeds and high system loads. Additionally, increased wind power penetration levels expanded voltage recovery uncertainties, resulting in decreased system voltage and potentially leading to voltage violations and instability at 30% wind power levels. Moreover, the results showed that the system's response time increased, and in some cases, it collapsed due to increased system capacity (>80%) and dynamic load (>75%), as well as encountering a large disturbance under uncertain circumstances.

Power generation system utilizing cold energy from liquid hydrogen: Integration with a liquid air storage system for peak load shaving

Liquid hydrogen (LH2) can serve as a carrier for hydrogen and renewable energy by recovering the cold energy during LH2 regasification to generate electricity. However, the fluctuating nature of power demand throughout the day often does not align with hydrogen demand. To address this challenge, this study focuses on integrating liquid air energy storage with a power generation system based on LH2 regasification. Three configurations are proposed and compared: no-storage, partial-storage, and full-storage. In the no-storage system, power is generated using recuperated Brayton cycle and two organic Rankine cycles without energy storage. In contrast, the partial-storage system offers flexible operational modes. During peak times, cold energy is utilized for power generation, while it is diverted to store liquid air during off-peak times. In the full-storage system, produced energy is partially reserved throughout the day. Thus, compared to the partial-storage system, the full-storage system boasts a simplified configuration, eliminating the need for operational mode transitions. Furthermore, its larger liquid air storage capacity maximizes the difference in power production up to 4.53 MW between on- and off-peak times. Consequently, despite its higher capital costs, the full-storage system demonstrates greater economic viability, especially when considering government subsidies.

Seven sour substances enhancing characteristics and stability of whey protein isolate emulsion and its heat-induced emulsion gel under the non-acid condition

Protein emulsion gels, as potential novel application ingredients in the food industry, are very unstable in their formation. However, the incorporation of sour substances (phosphoric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, malic acid, glutamic acid, tartaric acid and citric acid) would potentially contribute to the stable formation of whey protein isolate (WPI) emulsion as well as its gel. Thus, in this work, physical stability of seven acid-treated WPI emulsions, and microstructures, rheological properties, water distribution of its emulsion gels were characterized and compared. Initially, the absolute zeta-potential, interfacial protein adsorption, and emulsifying characteristics of acid-induced WPI emulsions were higher in contrast to acid-untreated WPI emulsions. Moreover, acid-induced WPI emulsions were thermally induced (95 ℃, 30 min) to form its emulsion gel networks via disulfide bonds as the main force (acid-untreated WPI emulsions were unable to form gels). High-resolution microscopic observation revealed that acid-induced WPI in emulsion gel network showed the morphology of aggregates. Dynamic oscillatory rheology results indicated that acid-induced emulsion gel exhibited highly elastic behavior and its viscoelasticity was associated with the generation of protein gel networks and aggregates. In addition, PCA and heatmap results further illustrated that malic acid-induced WPI emulsion gels had the best water holding capacity and gel characteristics. Therefore, this study could provide an effective way for the foodstuffs industry to open up new texture and healthy emulsion gels as fat replaces and loading systems of bioactive substances.

Experimental study on creep-fatigue damage of hot central plant recycling asphalt mixture containing high RAP

The objective of this study is to delve into the nonlinear damage evolution mechanism of hot central plant recycling asphalt mixture under the influence of creep-fatigue interaction. A predictive model for lifespan, considering the interaction of temperature and load, was developed. Dynamic creep tests were conducted at different temperatures to assess the creep effect of the asphalt mixture under actual road temperature conditions. The investigation began by acknowledging the material's viscoelastic properties, thereby deriving the loss compliance value - a key indicator of temperature effects - using an equivalent conversion factor and a viscoelastic mechanics model. This allowed for the incorporation of creep behavior into the load system. Furthermore, to analyze the nonlinear damage mechanism and fatigue prediction mechanism, direct tensile fatigue tests were performed at different temperatures and different stress levels. The fatigue damage evolution law of hot central plant recycling asphalt mixture containing high RAP considering the creep effect was revealed, and the fatigue life evaluation method under the combined action of temperature and stress level was proposed. The results show that the fitting degree of the time-temperature conversion equation and the viscoelastic mechanics model to the test data is more than 0.9, and the derived loss compliance value better captures the creep effect. Based on the nonlinear creep-fatigue damage model, the damage law of high-RAP hot central plant recycling asphalt mixture was identified. The optimized fatigue life prediction model fully considers the combined effect of temperature and stress level and analyzes the influence parameters of the real state of pavement fatigue. The prediction accuracy is within the requirements of engineering applications. The model's predictive accuracy meets the criteria for engineering applications, enhancing the multifaceted damage coupling analysis approach for hot central plant recycling asphalt mixture and predict the service life of recycled pavements under complex conditions, establishing a groundwork for the prediction and assessment of long-lasting recycled pavements.