Economic System Research Articles

A influência da Reforma Protestante na construção do sistema internacional moderno de Estados Europeus

This study aims to analyze the relationship between the Protestant Reformation and the development of the International System of States, with an emphasis on the political changes and power dynamics that emerged during this period. It will be highlighted, in particular, how the Protestant Reformation achieved remarkable success in the northern region of Europe, and how this contributed to a significant expansion of trade and finance. Additionally, it will examine how a pragmatic and cosmopolitan organization of merchants, such as the Hanseatic League, as well as the bourgeoisie of these cities, played a facilitating role in the propagation and acceptance of Protestantism. In short, we intend to point out how the Hanseatic league is a necessary condition for the success of the Protestant Reformation, and how it impacted the configuration of the European political and economic system, and, by extension, the International System - such a relationship is fundamental for a better understanding of the evolution of relations between States in Modern History.

Multi-Objective Coordinated Optimization Method of Active and Reactive Power Considering Power Characteristics of Renewable Energy Converters

In new power systems with a high proportion of renewable energy, optimization criteria based solely on economic efficiency or system stability may lead to a reduction in the static stability domain of the system or lead to long-term deviations from economic operation, thus reducing the overall applicability of such methods. This paper proposes a multi-objective active–reactive power coordinated optimization model that considers both economic efficiency and static stability indicators. The goal of the model is to minimize operating costs while optimizing static stability margins. It combines the reactive power support capabilities of converters and other reactive power compensation equipment to ensure safe and economical dispatch of the system. The proposed method is verified through a case study, which shows that this method can make full use of the potential reactive power regulation capability of the converter. At the same time, the economics and stability of the system are significantly improved by using this method. The overall improvement is about is 12.3%.

Dynamic Analysis for Enhancing Urban Resilience Against Public Health Emergencies of International Concern

The frequent occurrence of Public Health Emergencies of International Concern (PHEIC) has posed significant challenges to urban public health, economic, and social systems, exposing gaps in urban resilience. This study developed a dynamic urban resilience assessment framework against PHEIC based on the system dynamics method, integrating index analysis and the SEIR (susceptible–exposed–infectious–recovered) epidemiological model to investigate the interactions and dynamic evolution of urban subsystems in New York, Hong Kong, and Nanjing during the COVID-19 epidemic. The findings revealed significant differences in the response mechanisms and recovery capacities across subsystems. For example, the stringent lockdowns policy in New York curbed virus spread and heavily impacted economic activities; the “close to Dynamic zero of COVID-19” policy in Hong Kong demonstrated stronger resilience in balancing public health and economic recovery; the dynamic control measures in Nanjing China allowed for the rapid restoration of urban functions with minimal resilience fluctuations. Although strict control measures can effectively suppress disease spread, they can have profound economic and social impacts. More scientific strategies, such as those seen in Hong Kong and Nanjing, offer a more balanced approach to managing both epidemic control and urban function recovery, providing key insights for future PHEIC response strategies.

Exploitation, slavery, and protest in the global north: the silicon ‘plantations’ of Salento (Italy) – the tecnova case

This study analyses the Tecnova case in Salento (2009-2011), a paradigmatic example of the exploitation of migrant labour in the context of renewable energy, a sector often celebrated for its innovative and sustainable potential. Through a sociological analysis combining qualitative interviews with privileged observers and the Protest Event Analysis approach, the complex connections between racialisation, precarious labour and the dynamics of global capitalism are explored. Migrant workers, employed in conditions of extreme exploitation, have given rise to spontaneous protests that, while achieving concrete results in terms of immediate demands, have failed to undermine the deep structures of racialised capitalism and the migration policies that fuel its existence. Using the concepts of the coloniality of power and the racialisation of labour, the study highlights how even sectors related to the energy transition can reproduce the extractive, hierarchical and oppressive logics typical of contemporary capitalism. Finally, the research sheds light on the structural limits of traditional unionisation in supporting migrants' forms of spontaneous resistance and reflects on the theoretical and practical possibilities of building broader movements capable of challenging the racial hierarchies and extractive logics underpinning the global economic system.

Социальное и экономические развитие Монголии и Туркменистана после распада социалистического лагеря

Following the dissolution of the socialist camp, both laypersons and researchers closely monitored the processes of reintegration of these countries into the global community, the transition to market-based economies, and the adoption of more democratic and liberal values. However, less prominent representatives of the former socialist camp, such as Mongolia and Turkmenistan – countries that share significant historical and geographical similarities – have often been overlooked as they embarked on divergent paths following their departure from socialism. The article examines and compares the consequences of the transition of these two states from a planned economic system to a market-oriented one. The author analyzes the common historical features of the countries under study, their socio-economic indicators, and identifies the causes and factors influencing the formation of these indicators. Additionally, the article presents brief recommendations for improving these metrics. In conclusion, it is posited that due to inclusive state institutions, Mongolia is likely to have long-term advantages in social and economic indicators compared to Turkmenistan, which is characterized by extractive institutions.

Between global risk reduction goals, scientific–technical capabilities and local realities: a modular approach for user-centric multi-risk assessment

Abstract. We live in a rapidly changing and globalized society. The increasing interdependence and interconnection of our economic, social and technical systems; growing urbanization; and increasing vulnerability to natural hazards (including climate change) are leading to ever more complex risk situations. This paper presents a conceptual approach for user-centred multi-risk assessment aimed to support potential users like disaster risk managers, urban planners or critical infrastructure operators. Based on the latest scientific and technical capabilities, we developed a method that enables the simulation and visualization of a range of scenarios with different intensities. It is based on a modular and decentralized system architecture using distributed web services that are published online, including a user-friendly interface. The approach is demonstrated using the example of earthquakes and tsunamis for the Lima metropolitan area (Peru), a megacity exposed to various cascading natural hazards. The development involved a wider group of Peruvian stakeholders from research and practice in a structured, iterative and participative feedback process over a period of 2.5 years to capture the needs and requirements from the user perspective. Results from the feedback process, including 94 responses to 5 questionnaires, confirmed the potential of the demonstrator as a complementary analysis and visualization tool. Together with the visualization of cascading processes, the ability to simulate and compare scenarios of varying severity was considered relevant and useful for improving the understanding of and preparedness for complex multi-risk situations, in practical applications, especially at the local level.

Varieties of anti‐imperialism in modern China, 1890s–1920s

AbstractThe modern critique of imperialism as a political economical system first emerged in Britian in late 19th century and quickly developed along two major paths: a capitalist critique and Marxian socialist one. Both critiques reached China during this period, but the Marxian socialist interpretation proved especially attractive to Chinese activists and intellectuals in part because of the influence of the Third Communist International (Comintern) but also because of the socialists' ready embrace of the linkage between anti‐imperialism and national and social revolution. This article examines the varieties of anti‐imperialist thought in late Qing and early Republican China to explain the distinctiveness of the Chinese response to the global problem of foreign imperialism in the early twentieth century, stressing the critical role played by the Chinese understandings of the nation in the process and explaining why and how the socialist anti‐imperialist critique proved more persuasive in the Chinese context.

The Union State in the Conditions of Digital Transformation

In the context of the regionalisation, deglobalisation and exacerbation of systemic contradictions in the world economic system, the revision of existing economic ties between states, the protection of national interests in the context of geoeconomics and geopolitical confrontation are becoming especially relevant. Recent events related to the sanctions policy aimed at Belarus and Russia have shown the need to deepen integration processes within existing associations. The purpose of this study is to identify promising areas for the development of the Union State of Belarus and Russia in the face of challenges and threats generated by the digital transformation of the economy. The study significantly contributes to the world-system analysis as enabling tools to determine trends and prospects for cooperation between Belarus and Russia within the framework of the Union State in the digital economy. The set of general philosophical and general scientific methods are supplemented by comparative, formal and legal modeling methods. The author formulated the list of challenges and threats formed by the digital transformation of the economy. The recommendations aimed at minimizing them are developed, namely, measures for ensuring state control over the information and communication infrastructure. Moreover, the proposal on the need to develop and adopt a model law of the Union State “On the basics of regulating the digital economy” is scientifically substantiated.

О влиянии профессиональной структуры занятости на рост экономики современной России

The paper attempts to identify the relationship between the professional structure of employment and the growth rate of the economy of modern Russia based on correlation analysis and construction of regression models using regional statistics. The obtained research results show that the expansion of the scale of using the labor of managers can contribute to an increase in the rates of economic growth, which corresponds to the trends in the development of the post-industrial economic system. The use of unskilled labor slows down economic growth, which indicates the use of outdated relict technological structures. The absence of a significant impact of skilled labor on the rate of economic growth indicates that industrial technologies are used that have exhausted the possibilities of increasing labor productivity. The absence of a significant impact on the rate of economic growth of specialists indicates that their role in accelerating scientific and technological progress is insignificant. This may be due to insufficient research and development, limited funding for this area of activity. The use of skilled labor in agriculture and forestry, fish farming and fishing slows down economic growth, which indicates that these industries are based on outdated relict structures.

A Study of the Complexity of Markets and the Diversity of Economic Embodiments

This research investigates the social context of the variety of economic systems and the intricacy of markets. It looks at how markets and economic systems have developed and operated globally, taking into account historical, cultural, and social influences. The analysis and comprehension of the diversity of economic systems and the intricacy of markets are the main goals of this thesis. It investigates the functioning and interactions of various economic systems, including capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies, in various social contexts. The intricacies of markets and their influences on inequality, economic growth, and general social welfare are examined. The goal of this research is to offer a grasp of the composition and dynamics of economic systems and marketplaces. It outlines the main forces at work in them, such as supply and demand, market forces, and governmental involvement. This paper also studies how various economic systems affect social mobility, income distribution, and economic stability. This paper uses analytical data, analysis of literature, case studies and comparative analysis to analyze the various economic systems and their results. This paper finds that economic policies must be tailored to the specific needs of diverse and dynamic markets in order to support inclusive and sustainable growth.

Analyzing WTO's Path to Balancing Developing and Developed Countries in Globalization: A Study Based on Cross-Domain Rule Interaction Theory

The World Trade Organization was established to support cooperation in trade policy to achieve common economic goals. In the area of cross-rule interaction, however, international competition has intensified, making it difficult for the WTO to balance the responsibilities and obligations, and the costs and benefits, of developed and developing countries. The governance of the international economic and trade system has fallen into a new dilemma, with the gradual rise of minorilateralism and bilateral trade conflicts causing cracks in globalization. Based on this, this paper will analyze the drivers of the current dilemma faced by the WTO and provide suggestions for a balanced approach. At present, the rules of global economic and trade governance are lagging behind the needs of the new international trade model, as the WTO has not clearly apportioned the responsibilities and obligations to be borne by the countries of the South and the North and is facing a crisis of legitimacy in its dispute settlement mechanism. Therefore, WTO needs to strengthen its internal mechanisms as well as its organizational functioning to assign obligations to States on a case-by-case basis. In addition, the WTO should clarify its economic and trade policies according to different areas and strive to make the multilateral trading system more equitable and fair.

Theoretical Origins and Implications of the Western Linear Development Models in Contemporary International Relations and Development Economics

Beginning with Lenin's criticism of imperialism and working through the modernization theory presented by academics such as Walt Rostow, this study attempts to investigate these development theories' theoretical roots and consequences. This paper examines the theoretical origin and contemporary implications of Imperialism, neocolonialism, neoliberalism, and trade liberalization, focusing on applying linear development models in international relations and development economics. Using critical theoretical frameworks, including Lenin's theory on imperialism, dependency theory, and modernization theory, analyzed the transformation of economic control from colonialism to the neocolonial practice perpetuated by transnational corporations and international monetary institutions. Cases including the reconstruction of the Haitian earthquake in 2010, President Trumans inaugural address, and Chiles neoliberal economic reforms under Pinochet provide an empirical examination of how trade liberalization and neoliberal policy strengthen the economic reliance of developing countries and increase their internal inequality. By challenging the traditional Western linear development model, this paper criticized how the global economic system perpetuates a hierarchical relationship between the Global South and North.

Роль іноземних капіталів у формуванні господарської системи України: аналіз наукової літератури другої половини XIX – початку XX ст.

The article is devoted to the analysis of scientific literature of the second half of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, regarding the role of foreign capital in the formation of the economic system of Ukraine. In the context of modern challenges as to the financial support of the war economy, and in the future – of the post-war recovery, attention is focused on the presence of a wide scientific discourse on the search for financial sources of reconstruction, whose important aspect is the attraction of foreign capital. An important informative source for the development of this issue is the presence of domestic historical experience of the period of market-industrial transformations, when Ukraine’s economic system developed as part of the overall imperial complex, and foreign investments became an important factor in its formation and development. In particular, it was found that due to direct and portfolio foreign investments, extensive modernization of this country's industry, and development of the financial sector and communication routes took place, which gives grounds to characterize foreign investment as one of the main stimulating factors for the development of an economic system. Along with this, it is emphasized that foreign investment can be considered a factor in the innovative development of Ukraine’s economy in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, due to the promotion of the creation of new branches of production, the introduction of new technologies and methods of production organization into domestic practice, etc. An important practical conclusion of the conducted research is that the existing historical experience is an important source of substantiation of modern state policy measures in terms of ensuring a favorable institutional environment for attracting foreign capital for the implementation of socially significant projects of modernization and restoration.

Еволюція концепцій концентрації капіталу

The article studies the evolution of capital concentration concepts, starting from the classical approaches inherent in traditional economics to modern digital economic systems. The author analyzes the main changes in approaches to capital concentration that have occurred under the influence of technological innovations, globalization, and the development of information technology. An interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of capital concentration concepts is applied, which allows taking into account the impact of economic, social and technological transformations. It is substantiated that capital concentration is a fundamental process that determines the structure and functioning of economic systems at different stages of their development. The article identifies the main approaches to assessing capital concentration in the context of socio-economic transformations. It is determined that the change in capital concentration paradigms requires new approaches to regulation and public policy that take into account the specifics of the digital economy. The impact of digital platforms on capital concentration is analyzed. The author identifies the current challenges and opportunities arising in the context of digitalization of the economy and outlines the future development of capital concentration concepts. Particular attention is paid to the development of a conceptual matrix that reflects the relationships between the main institutional factors that affect capital concentration. Proven the necessity of revising traditional economic paradigms in the context of digital transformation and forming a competitive policy in the field of capital concentration in order to ensure sustainable economic development and social justice. The article systematizes theoretical and methodological approaches to the analysis of capital concentration, which can serve as a theoretical and methodological basis for further research.

Деінституціоналізація корпоратизму в радянській економіці та її наслідки для економіки сучасної України

The article is devoted to the study of the Soviet period of Ukraine’s economy, in particular the transformation of institutions in the absence of Ukrainian statehood. The subject of the study is corporatism as a mechanism for coordinating and implementing the interests of the state, society and business in different economic systems: the command-administrative and market ones. The aim of the article is to identify the main factors of the deinstitutionalization of corporatism in the Soviet economy and to clarify their impact on the modern economy of Ukraine. General scientific methods of interdisciplinary research, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction and a systemic approach are used in generalizing economic trends and determining cause-and-effect relationships. It is argued that the ideology of Bolshevism was the basis for changing the economic system, on whose basis the transformation of economic institutions in the command-administrative economy was carried out. The author reveals the content and mechanisms of the nationalization of the economy, the degeneration of formal institutions of corporatism and their use to restrict economic freedom and suppress civil society, which contradicts the very idea of corporatism as a union of equals. The importance of excluding national interests from economic consciousness and practice is emphasized, as evidenced in particular by the inefficiency of the allocation and use of Ukraine's productive resources. The article established the consequences of the deinstitutionalization of corporatism in the Soviet period for the economy of modern Ukraine, namely: high concentration of property, monopolism, the inability of large industry to self-sustainable development, the lack of concentration of capital in high-tech industries, and the lack of social partnership. The conclusion is made about the replacement of corporatism by bureaucratic corporatism in the Soviet period of Ukrainian history and its further transformation into oligarchic corporatism in the 90s of the 20th century.

Формування моделі міжнародних економічних відносин у контексті попередньої траєкторії розвитку національного господарства України

In the conditions of war and post-war reconstruction, Ukraine’s further integration into the world economy and trade-economic cooperation with the EU, the USA, and other developed countries is a priority task. However, the Soviet economic heritage in the form of the extensive elements and forms of economic management continues to create obstacles to building a competitive model of foreign trade cooperation. And overcoming these obstacles is impossible without rethinking and evaluating the historical experience. The research’s aim is to summarize the determinants and structural-institutional characteristics of the model of Ukrainian international economic relations shaped within the Soviet economic system. The theoretical basis of the research includes the concepts of dependent development and the «track effect», which allow assessing the influence of the Soviet legacy on the modern economic processes. The research methodology is based on the systemic approach, and problem-logical, comparative, institutional, and statistical analysis. The author defines the institutional and structural characteristics of the Ukrainian model of international economic relations shaped within the Soviet economic space and outside it. These include the republic's lack of autonomy regarding foreign trade and its subordination to the state system of centralized export-import planning; absence of closed production and technological cycles within one republic and deepening of all-Union trade and economic integration; production specialization of regions according to the central interests; the dominance of trade with other socialist countries and the so-called countries of non-capitalist orientation; a high share of barter operations and compensatory cooperation aimed at strengthening the so-called socialist integration; and an active application of the policy of customs and trade protectionism in relation to countries with a market economy. It is confirmed that the place of Ukraine's economy in the Soviet Union’s division of labor and the system of foreign economic relations was determined by the republic’s political and economic dependence on the center and its subordination to the Soviet concept of building an all-Union economic space. This largely limited Ukraine's opportunities in the formation and implementation of its own strategies of foreign economic interaction and led to an inertial pursuit in the fairway of the post-Union political entities and economic agreements after the collapse of the Soviet Union in the first decades of Ukraine's state independence.

The reconstruction and new role of the defense industry in Central Europe - experiences from the war in Ukraine

This paper presents two major issues. Firstly, the impact of Russian aggression on how security is perceived in Central Europe, and secondly, the importance of changing security policies, with a special focus on the defense industry. Our findings in these areas will permit us to answer the main question of the research - on the reconstruction and new role of the defense industry in Central Europe since Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022. The arms industry was one of the pillars of the Cold War economic and political system, and was a crucial asset in the blocks’ rivalry. The collapse of the Soviet Union marked the beginning of a structural transformation in Central Europe. Released from the Soviet grip, countries in the region turned to Western institutions and became an important part of them. The year 1989 seemed to close a period of tough historical experience, and the 30 years that followed were a time of peace and growing prosperity. Yet a resurgence of Russian imperialism brought old anxieties back to the surface and ultimately caused Europe’s architecture of security to falter. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022 released the demons of the past, and has seriously reoriented politics - not only in Central and Eastern Europe.

Knowledge management as a strategic resource for organizational development

Relevance. Transformation processes in the modern economic environment are characterized as highly dynamic with accelerating rates at both the micro and macro levels of economic systems. The speed of transformations is constantly growing, making competition increasingly tough and forcing business entities to adapt to new business conditions. In these conditions, the formation of a knowledge management system as continuous management of an organization can become a useful tool and a key to acquiring competitive advantages for an organization.The purpose of the work is to determine the role of knowledge management as an important resource and a key factor in the economic success of an organization, allowing it to adapt to new business conditions.Objectives: to reveal the essence of knowledge management in organizations; to highlight the main problems associated with the need to identify and manage the organization's knowledge.Methodology. The following methods were used to solve the research objectives: process-functional, methods of analysis and synthesis, the concept of management effectiveness - to improve the methodological approach to assessing knowledge management in an organization, identifying areas for increasing the effectiveness of using knowledge in business processes; theoretical generalization - to identify the types of enterprise knowledge.Results. Knowledge management in an organization is a way to make a profit and ensure competitiveness in the long term. The introduction of the knowledge management concept into the enterprise management process has a multifaceted applied significance, which lays the objective prerequisites for acquiring sustainable competitive advantages in market conditions. management.Conclusions. The role of knowledge management is substantiated based on the thesis "knowledge is the main resource of economic development in modern conditions", which made it possible to establish the need for the formation and effective implementation of intellectual capital (education, science, professional training, development of creativity, innovation). It is proven that the results of using the organization's knowledge are innovative products and technologies, strategic competence and competitive advantages in the market, new organizational models of cooperation, accumulation and transfer of experience.

Parameters of the efficiency of modernization of the economy of a macroregion from the perspective of a system of sustainable development

The relevance of the study lies in determining the parameters of the implemented economic transformations on the territory of the federal district as a single set of resource and production potentials, the relationship of which is ensured through public-state regulation based on modern information and digital technologies.The purpose of the study is to establish the parameters of the effectiveness of the implemented modernization of macro-regional systems in accordance with the conditions of balanced development with the help of modern electronic-digital technologies for regulating information flows.The objectives: to identify various options for scientific and theoretical interpretation of conceptual ideas for the content and implementation of economic modernization of various economic systems; to identify the relationships between territorial-resource and production factors with ensuring the optimal nature of production and technological processes at the macro-region level; to establish special functions of regional public administration bodies capable of ensuring balanced socio-economic regulation in the territory of the macro-region; to highlight the key characteristics of the implemented modernization of the economic system of the Southern macro-region in accordance with the specifics of sustainable development.Methodology. In the process of the research, systemic and structural-functional approaches, methods of analysis, generalization, comparison of initial research materials, as well as classification of the results of already implemented research studies of the most important aspects of the modernization of macro-regional socio-economic structures were used..Results. The processes of modernization of the macroregional economic system from the standpoint of the sustainable development system consist in public-management support for the efficient production of various economic goods, conditioned by the optimal-saving use of elements of natural systems within the framework of the implementation of innovative entrepreneurial initiatives while ensuring the optimal standard of living of the population.Conclusions. The parameters of the efficiency of modernization of the economy of the macroregion from the standpoint of sustainable development characterize the formation of available innovative fixed assets and the release of high-quality products with the optimal use of available resource potential. This is ensured through the creation of a single information and communication field of public-private partnership and the coordinated activities of stateadministrative structures of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation within the framework of a single electronic-digital space of the macroregion.

Management of the economic security of the municipality in the system of strategic development of the region

Relevance. Municipalities are the basic link of the economic system of the state, since labor, production, and natural resources are concentrated at the municipal level. The security and sustainability of the municipality determine the economic security of the region. In modern conditions of pressure from external and internal threats to economic security, municipalities are the most vulnerable. This circumstance necessitates the development and implementation of a set of measures aimed at minimizing the negative impact.The purpose of the study is to assess threats to the economic security of the city of Zheleznogorsk on the basis of an indicative approach, to develop specific proposals aimed at neutralizing these threats.Objectives: assessment of indicators of the economic security of the city of Zheleznogorsk; based on the assessment carried out, identify dangerous and safe zones for the considered indicators; determine directions for strengthening the economic security of the city of Zheleznogorsk.Methodology. In the course of the research, methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization and logic, theoretical, statistical methods and methods of graphical representation of the results were used.Results. The article systematizes indicators of economic security and evaluates them. The weaknesses of the economic security of the municipal urban formation have been identified. Based on the conducted research, the author suggests ways to strengthen the economic security of the city of Zheleznogorsk.Conclusions. The key areas of strengthening the economic security of the city of Zheleznogorsk are: maintaining a favorable investment climate; improving the demographic situation; improving employment policy. Municipalities are a vulnerable link in the economic security system due to insufficient budgetary independence and independence, which makes it difficult to implement measures aimed at improving the security of socio-economic development. Therefore, the successful implementation of the identified areas of strengthening economic security Zheleznogorsk is possible with the implementation of state and regional support.