Direct Control System Research Articles

Straightforward predictive direct power control for grid-connected ANPC inverter with flying capacitor voltage self-balancing

Improving control quality in inverter systems has attracted considerable attention, particularly in multilevel inverters for high-power applications. This study suggests a straightforward predictive direct power control system for a five-level Active Neutral Point Clamped inverter connected to the grid. The proposed method offers the benefit of reducing the heavy computational load by implementing a two-stage optimization process for the objective function. In contrast to the conventional finite control set model predictive control which involves comprehensive searches for all possible switching configurations within the iterative optimization process, the suggested approach focuses only on potential voltage vectors based on the desired inverter voltage’s location at the initial stage. Second, the self-balancing flying capacitor voltages are guaranteed by employing the duplicative switching states. Another advantage of the presented algorithm is an obviation of numerous selecting weighting factors. The effectiveness of the advanced strategy is confirmed through extensive comparative simulation and hardware-in-the-loop studies conducted in both conditions during stable states and transitions. Contrasted to the previous technique, this innovative method demonstrates an improvement in the grid’s power ripple and total harmonic distortion of the current by 14.66% and 19.58%. Furthermore, the computational time required for this method is significantly reduced by 64.58%, and 61.36% correlate to the traditional and other approaches, respectively. These results may facilitate the implementation of an effective control approach for multilevel inverters, employing a cost-effective control platform by a limited sampling interval.

An Enhancement of Grid Integration in Renewable Energy Systems Using Multi- Objective Multi-Verse Optimization

Going by the recent trends, the application of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) has grown significantly across the world. Still, the integration of grid with photovoltaic (PV), wind and battery, remains a critical challenge as it results into power quality issues. To address the increasing need for electricity caused by industrialization and growing population, hybrid PV, wind, and battery combinations are used in this study. To accomplish an optimal energy management, this research proposes the multi- objective multi-verse optimization (MOMVO) approach, along with the modified perturb and observe (MP&O) technique. The proposed MOMVO-MP&O controller operates between the wind turbine and the battery storage system, for providing optimal power distribution and stability. The suggested model is evaluated alongside three other popular controller combinations that are, multi-verse optimization-perturb and observe (MVO-P&O), MVO-MP&O, and MOMVO-P&O. A comparative analysis is conducted, with existing methods namely, Modified-Fuzzy Direct Power Control (MF-DPC) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) also. From the analyzed results of this comparison, the proposed MOMVO-MP&O achieves lesser Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of 1.86%, which demonstrates its efficiency in addressing power quality issues using hybrid RES systems.

Point of Common Connection Voltage Modulated Direct Power Control with Disturbance Observer to Increase in Renewable Energy Acceptance in Power System

In this paper, we present a disturbance observer-based point of common connection voltage-modulated direct power control (PCCVM-DPC) system, which increases the robustness of the PCCVM-DPC system. First, the mathematical analysis of the disturbances for the step-up transformer’s nonlinearity, the grid voltage harmonics, and the parameter uncertainties is presented. By analyzing the disturbance terms of the PCCVM-DPC system, we present the disturbance observer (DOB) for the PCCVM-DPC system. To assess the efficacy of our approach, we perform comparative studies of the PCCVM-DPC without DOB and PCCVM-DPC with DOB by constructing the simulation environment based on the commercial step-up transformer and ESS inverter datasheet. We have validated that the active and reactive power control performance of the PCCVM-DPC with DOB outperforms the PCCVM-DPC without DOB from the observation that the current total harmonic distortion reduced by more than 40% compared to the PCCVM-DPC without the DOB.

Vehicle Stability Control Based on Vehicle Motion State and Tire Force Estimation

The direct yaw moment control system is able to greatly enhance the vehicle stability when driving on challenging road surfaces. This paper introduces a direct control approach for managing the vehicle yaw moment, utilizing terminal sliding mode control and a Square Root Cubature Kalman Filter (SRCKF). Initially, the longitudinal and lateral forces acting on the vehicle's tires are estimated through a sliding mode observer. Subsequently, the SRCKF algorithm and the four-wheel tire force are employed to accurately estimate the yaw rate and sideslip angle. Based on these estimations, additional yaw moments are determined using the terminal sliding mode control algorithm, and a combined control of yaw rate and sideslip angle is achieved through a threshold method. A rule-based braking force distribution strategy is then implemented to ensure vehicle stability control. Simulation results demonstrate that the tire force estimations from the sliding mode observer and the vehicle yaw rate and sideslip angle estimations from the SRCKF algorithm closely align with the output results from Carsim, with an error margin of less than 15%. The braking force distribution strategy, based on the direct yaw moment control using the terminal sliding mode algorithm, effectively tracks the desired yaw rate and sideslip angle.

Perancangan Sistem Pengendalian Risiko Menggunakan Simplified Bowtie Analysis pada Fasilitas FSO Federal II di PT XYZ

The oil and gas industry in Indonesia, including PT XYZ which manages domestic oil and gas, faces high complexity and risk. PT XYZ's operations are supported by several offshore platforms and facilities which have various potential risks. Process safety is a top priority to prevent major incidents or major accidents. PT XYZ uses Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) which needs to be revalidated every five years to ensure procedures comply with current conditions. This research focuses on the FSO Federal II facility owned by PT XYZ, a 200 thousand barrel capacity crude oil storage vessel with a high potential risk of major incidents. PT XYZ uses the HAZOP and HAZID methods in PHA to identify risks. However, PT XYZ does not yet have a direct control system for workers. This research aims to create a risk control system that can be used by Federal II FSO workers as a work guide. This work guide will help in handling undesirable events that have the potential to cause major incidents. Proposed improvements include creating a work guidance document based on risk identification using Bowtie Analysis, which produces a mapping diagram of causes, peak events, hazards and consequences. The bowtie diagram will be simplified to make things easier for workers, considering the large number of processes in FSO Federal II. This guideline will help workers prevent major incidents from occurring.

Design and simulation of AGV control system based on V-REP

Abstract In this paper, the design and simulation method of the AGV control system is studied, a variable gain PID control method for the AGV-oriented speed control system is designed, a three-dimensional AGV model in the V-REP simulation platform is established for the directional control system, and a control strategy is designed. Finally, the AGV control system is simulated based on the V-REP simulation platform. The simulation results show that the control system in V-REP has a good control effect on AGV.

RANCANG BANGUN MODUL TRAINER KIT SISTEM KENDALI BERBASIS DIGITAL

A control system is defined as a combination of several components that aim to produce a system response in accordance with the desired process variables. Therefore, control systems are now widely used in various fields such as industry, automotive, public facilities, and household appliances. Especially in the industrial field, control systems play a role in improving production quality and reducing production costs. To create qualified human resources who have a good understanding in this field, universities have an important role in realizing this. One of them is Udayana University through the Electrical Engineering Study Program in the Independent Learning Curriculum in the Control System + Lab Course. This study aims to design a Digital-Based Control System + Lab Trainer Kit Module using Arduio Uno to support the process of implementing practicum in the laboratory. In the trainer kit module, there will be three systems designed, which are DC motor direction and speed control system using L298N motor driver, water heater control system using DS18B20 temperature sensor, and also water level control system using HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor.

An NMPC-Based Integrated Longitudinal and Lateral Vehicle Stability Control Based on the Double-Layer Torque Distribution.

With the ongoing promotion and adoption of electric vehicles, intelligent and connected technologies have been continuously advancing. Electrical control systems implemented in electric vehicles have emerged as a critical research direction. Various drive-by-wire chassis systems, including drive-by-wire driving and braking systems and steer-by-wire systems, are extensively employed in vehicles. Concurrently, unavoidable issues such as conflicting control system objectives and execution system interference emerge, positioning integrated chassis control as an effective solution to these challenges. This paper proposes a model predictive control-based longitudinal dynamics integrated chassis control system for pure electric commercial vehicles equipped with electro-mechanical brake (EMB) systems, centralized drive, and distributed braking. This system integrates acceleration slip regulation (ASR), a braking force distribution system, an anti-lock braking system (ABS), and a direct yaw moment control system (DYC). This paper first analyzes and models the key components of the vehicle. Then, based on model predictive control (MPC), it develops a controller model for integrated stability with double-layer torque distribution. The required driving and braking torque for each wheel are calculated according to the actual and desired motion states of the vehicle and applied to the corresponding actuators. Finally, the effectiveness of this strategy is verified through simulation results from Matlab/Simulink. The simulation shows that the braking deceleration of the braking condition is increased by 32% on average, and the braking distance is reduced by 15%. The driving condition can enter the smooth driving faster, and the time is reduced by 1.5 s~5 s. The lateral stability parameters are also very much improved compared with the uncontrolled vehicles.

ВПЛИВ ДИСКРЕТНОГО ХАРАКТЕРУ СИГНАЛУ ШВИДКОСТІ НА ПРОЦЕСИ КЕРУВАННЯ МОМЕНТОМ ВЕКТОРНО-КЕРОВАНОГО АСИНХРОННОГО ДВИГУНА

The paper presents the investigation of the impact of the discrete character of the measured by incremental encoder speed signal on the induction motor torque vector control in traction electrical drive. The study is based on mathemati-cal simulations for a direct vector flux-torque control system which provides direct asymptotic field-orientation, asymp-totic flux-torque trajectory tracking, and asymptotic decoupling of the torque and flux subsystems. The parameters of the induction motor and encoder used in the study correlate with used in the real traction electromechanical systems of trolleybuses. It is shown that introduction of first order filter in the speed measurement channel reduces the induction motor’s current and torque spikes, but leads to an error in torque control and degradation of the rotor flux field-orientation conditions. Combined utilization of filtered and unfiltered speed signal is proposed in order to avoid this disadvantage. Ref. 7, fig. 6.

Comparison of incremental encoder digital signal processing techniques for theinduction motor flux-torque vector control systems

The articlepresents the results of a study on the effectiveness of varioustechniques forsynchronous reference frame angular position numerical calculation in flux-torque vector control system of induction motor.Investigation was caried out taking into account the discrete nature of the angular speedsignal obtained using an incremental encoder. In this workfor investigation by simulation useda direct torque vector control system, which, in the presence of an ideal rotor angular speedsignal, ensures direct asymptotic field orientation, asymptotic tracking of torque-flux referencetrajectories, as well as asymptotic decouplingtorque and flux subsystems. The parameters of the inductionmotor and encoder used in the study correspond to those existing in traction electromechanical systems of city trolleybuses. It is shown that the discrete nature of the angular speedsignal, which usedin synchronous reference frameposition equation of flux-torque vector control systems, introduces field orientation errors and leads to current and torque ripples, which in a real system increase acoustic noise and can cause mechanical vibrations and resonance phenomena. An analysis of possible ways to reduce the influence of the speed signal discreteness on flux-torque control is performed, and a method for practical implementation of the synchronous reference frame angular position numerical calculationis proposed. This method allows ensuring conditions for more precisefield orientation and, by using an additional filter for the angular speedsignal, reducing the level of current and torque ripplesto negligibly small values without affecting the field orientation processes. The proposed solution can be used in the development of high dynamicflux-torque vector control systems for inductionmotors using incremental encoders, including for electric vehicles.

A Direct Yaw Moment Control Framework Through Robust T-S Fuzzy Approach Considering Vehicle Stability Margin

The direct yaw moment control system of distributed drive electric vehicles provides a flexible control scheme to enhance the vehicle stability through four independently driven in-wheel motors. However, the vehicle nonlinearities may lead to the invalidation of control. To this end, a Takagi–Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy-based robust <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">H∞</i> control method is proposed to ensure the vehicle performance while addressing the nonlinear challenge. First, thanks to the T-S fuzzy modeling technology, the tire nonlinear characteristics are described by fuzzy rules, based on which the vehicle lateral dynamics model is established. Next, the safety region represented by the tire slip angles phase plane is presented to evaluate the vehicle stability performance. Considering the control priority of vehicle handling performance and stability control with different stability margins, a multiobjective optimization function is transformed into a standard robust performance optimization problem with dynamic weight coefficients. A T-S fuzzy-based robust <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">H∞</i> state feedback controller is then designed to ensure the system stability and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">H∞</i> performance. Finally, the hardware-in-the-loop tests are conducted to validate the proposed controller. Comparative results show the effectiveness to improve the vehicle handling performance while ensuring the stability.

Design of lateral dynamic control objectives for multi-wheeled distributed drive electric vehicles

The lateral dynamic control system for electric vehicles aims to improve vehicle performance, making it critical to propose reasonable lateral dynamic control objectives. Therefore, in this study, a novel lateral dynamic control objectives is proposed for multi-wheeled distributed drive electric vehicles. Initially, utilizing the classical two-degrees-of-freedom (2DOF) vehicle model, two initial yaw rate references were established for handling characteristics of manoeuvrability and stability, respectively. The yaw rate references consider the vehicle velocity, steering wheel angle and road friction coefficient limitations. Considering the vital role of the sideslip angle in ensuring vehicle stability, a sophisticated weighting factor was developed based on a detailed analysis of the vehicle dynamics within the sideslip angle-sideslip angle rate phase plane. The weighting factor was determined based on the position of the vehicle state in the phase plane. This factor was adeptly applied to harmonise our dual control objectives, culminating in an integrated control aim that encapsulates the individual benefits of each. Finally, the lateral dynamic control objective was realised using a direct yaw moment control (DYC) system. The effectiveness of the proposed control objective was validated through hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulations.

Direct yaw moment control of eight-wheeled distributed drive electric vehicles based on super-twisting sliding mode control

This paper proposed a novel direct yaw moment control (DYC) system to enhance vehicle stability and handling performance in various driving conditions and overcome the chattering problem of traditional sliding mode control. Accordingly, a DYC strategy is developed for eight-wheeled DDEVs by utilizing a super-twisting sliding mode (STSM) algorithm. Initially, a three-degrees-of-freedom model, nonlinear tire model, and motor model are established for vehicles. Subsequently, the reference yaw rate is obtained based on the reference model of the vehicle to serve as a control target. The DYC strategy is then established using the error between the actual yaw rate and the reference yaw rate as the input. Moreover, a traditional sliding mode (SM) controller is developed to enhance vehicle stability. A second-order SM controller is designed by incorporating a STSM control algorithm to address the chattering problem associated with traditional SM controllers. The algorithm adaptively adjusts the sliding surface and controls the gains based on the dynamic state of the vehicle. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is validated via hardware-in-the-loop simulations.

Recent advances in control strategies and algorithms for pilot-operated electro-hydraulic proportional directional valves

Pilot-operated electro-hydraulic proportional directional valve is a key hydraulic component to control the motion of large power equipment such as construction machinery and agricultural equipment. The control accuracy and response speed of the valve control element are very important to the performance of the hydraulic system. In this paper, control strategies for dead-zone control and valve control systems are reviewed. In order to eliminate the dead-zone of pilot-operated proportional valve control, the current control schemes for dead-zone detection and dead-zone compensation are summarized, and the control schemes are evaluated. The proportional–integral–derivative-related control, nonlinear control, and robust control of the pilot-operated electro-hydraulic proportional directional valve control system are reviewed, the relationship between the control strategies is analyzed, and the different control algorithms are evaluated. The shortcomings of the research program are analyzed, and the corresponding solutions are proposed. Based on the current research, future research progresses for eliminating the control dead-zone and optimizing control strategies are presented.

Coordination of Active Front Steering and Direct Yaw Control Systems Using MIMO Sliding Mode Control

Coordination of Active Front Steering and Direct Yaw Control Systems Using MIMO Sliding Mode Control

Absolute stability of time-delayed Lurie direct control systems with unbounded coefficients

Absolute stability of time-delayed Lurie direct control systems with unbounded coefficients

Predictive direct control strategy of unified power quality conditioner based on power angle control

The unified power quality conditioner (UPQC), based on power angle control (PAC), addresses the power distribution issue and enhances equipment utilization between two active power filters (APF) of UPQC by employing conventional linear control algorithms that have complex control structures and exhibit challenges in adjusting controller parameters and control delays. This study proposes a UPQC predictive direct control strategy based on power angle control (PDCS-PAC). We combine the direct control strategy with the finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) to establish the UPQC finite set model predictive direct control system model in the dq coordinate system. This approach simplifies the controller structure and alleviates the control algorithm’s complexity. Based on a detailed analysis of the PAC mechanism, an instantaneous power angle determination method is proposed based on the reactive power equalization technique, and a predictive direct control strategy given the current generation mechanism is constructed for the series and shunt sides of the UPQC, considering the active power balance of the UPQC system and the principle of constant load fundamental voltage amplitude. Finally, we construct a simulation platform and a laboratory prototype to validate the feasibility and efficacy of the proposed control strategy.

A directional spatial active noise control system with a sound field separation algorithm

Spatial active noise control (ANC) systems aim to control noise fields within the entire region of interest. However, current spatial ANC systems commonly lack the spatial selectivity to target a specific noise field from the whole noise fields, which cannot satisfy user requirements in some cases. This paper designs a directional spatial ANC system to control noise fields selectively based on the direction of arrival (DOA). The key idea is to introduce a DOA-informed sound field separation (SFS) algorithm to design the directional spatial ANC system. In detail, the directional spatial ANC system is designed to control noise fields selectively, with the ability to select the target sound field introduced by the SFS algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that the designed directional spatial ANC system can control noise fields selectively within the region of interest in a noisy environment.

433Mhz based Robot using PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) for Precise Facing Direction

This research endeavor aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the robot's direction control system by employing PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) output and utilizing wireless communication LoRa E32 433MHz. The experimental robot used in this study was a tank model robot equipped with 4 channels of control. LoRa was implemented in the robot control system, in conjunction with an Android control application, through serial data communication. The LoRa E32 module system was selected based on its established reliability in long-range communication applications. However, encountered challenges included the sluggishness of data transmission when using LoRa for transferring control data and the decreased performance of the robot under Non-Line of Sight conditions. To overcome these challenges, the PID method was employed to generate control data for the robot, thereby minimizing the error associated with controlling its movements. The PID system utilized feedback from a compass sensor (HMC5883L) to evaluate the setpoint data transmitted by the user, employing Kp, Ki, and Kd in calculations to enable smooth movements toward the setpoint. The findings of this study regarding the direct control of the robot using wireless LoRa E32 communication demonstrated an error range of 0.6% to 13.34%. A trial-and-error approach for control variables determined the optimal values for Kp, Ki, and Kd as 10, 0.1, and 1.5, respectively. Future investigations can integrate additional methodologies to precisely and accurately determine the PID constants (Kp, Ki, and Kd) mathematically.

A road adhesion coefficient-tire cornering stiffness normalization method combining a fractional-order multi-variable gray model with a LSTM network and vehicle direct yaw-moment robust control.

A normalization method of road adhesion coefficient and tire cornering stiffness is proposed to provide the significant information for vehicle direct yaw-moment control (DYC) system design. This method is carried out based on a fractional-order multi-variable gray model (FOMVGM) and a long short-term memory (LSTM) network. A FOMVGM is used to generate training data and testing data for LSTM network, and LSTM network is employed to predict tire cornering stiffness with road adhesion coefficient. In addition to that, tire cornering stiffness represented by road adhesion coefficient can be used to built vehicle lateral dynamic model and participate in DYC robust controller design. Simulations under different driving cycles are carried out to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed normalization method of road adhesion coefficient and tire cornering stiffness and vehicle DYC robust control system, respectively.