Industrialised Building System Research Articles

Seismic behavior of plate‐reinforced composite coupling beams with steel bar truss deck

SummaryTo better meet the evolving requirements of industrialized building system, this paper introduces a novel approach by proposing the utilization of a plate‐reinforced composite (PRC) coupling beam, which incorporates a steel bar truss deck as a substitute for the conventional reinforced concrete (RC) slab. In order to study the effect of different types of RC slabs on the performance of PRC coupling beams, the low‐cyclic reversed loading test was carried out on three PRC coupling beams. The differences of failure modes, load bearing capacity, stiffness degradation, and energy dissipation capacity of each coupling beam are analyzed. The finite element software ABAQUS is used to analyze the stress distribution in the concrete, steel plate, and reinforcement skeleton of the novel coupling beam. The results show that the incorporation of a steel bar truss deck in PRC coupling beams with a small span‐to‐depth ratio can effectively enhance their shear bearing capacity and energy dissipation capacity. The inclusion of a slab significantly enhances the load‐bearing capacity of the coupling beam, while the utilization of a steel bar truss deck in PRC coupling beams greatly improves their overall bearing capacity. The PRC coupling beams featuring a steel bar truss deck exhibit superior load capacity compared to those with conventional RC slabs. The cumulative energy dissipation at the damage point in PRC beams with a steel bar truss deck is 1.39 times greater than that of the coupling beam without slabs and 1.18 times higher than that of the coupling beam with traditional RC slabs.

Stakeholders' Perception on the Current Practices of Industrial Building System (IBS) Construction Technology

The Industrialised Building System (IBS) has been adopted in the Malaysian construction sector to replace the conventional building approach. Despite the government's attempts to encourage IBS adoption, the use of IBS in Malaysian building projects remains low. This study aims to gather stakeholders' views on drivers, barriers, and strategies to improve IBS implementation in Malaysia. About 52 questionnaires were received from IBS stakeholders in Johor such as consulting firms, contractors and IBS manufacturers. Average Index Analysis was used to analyse the questionnaire data on the main factors: current drivers, factors when considering IBS construction, current barriers and strategies to increase IBS construction. From the questionnaire survey, among the main drivers of IBS construction in Malaysia are technology advancement, reduce completion time and improve quality and productivity. Stakeholders also perceived that supervision on continuous and regular improvements and IBS implementation needs planning for productive process among the main factors when considering IBS construction. Meanwhile, the main barriers for IBS construction perceived are high initial cost investment in projects related to IBS construction, lack of skilled workers and unable to adapt instant changes to design modification in IBS construction. Several main strategies were noted to enhance the IBS implementation such as improving the balance between supply and market demand, innovation in creating eco-friendly sustainable construction and factory production optimization for IBS items. The outcomes of the study could assist relevant parties to understand the current drivers and barriers of IBS construction, and further help them to enhance the IBS implementation in Malaysia.

Hybrid System Methods in Industrialised Building Systems (IBS): A Structural Compatibility Study

Hybrid System in Industrialised Building System (IBS) is combining IBS components with conventional method. Delay has become a familiar issue in construction field. The issues pertaining structure stability when using this combination method leads to delay while installing these two different method components. The combination also could cause a defect jointing. In Industrialised Building System (IBS), even though it is one of the technology methods that can save times, cost, and reduce labour in construction, but there still have constraints such as design issues, lack of experienced worker, and internal and external issues that can affect cost problems. In this study, the suitability structure based on combination method is investigated to discover the affected factors of suitability structure by using Hybrid System which is the aim of this study. The data analysis from quantitative survey shows that the top three affecting the building structure are: 1) weather effects with highest mean of 6.25 followed by 2) delay of jointing process at 6.03 and 3) defects from monolithic jointing at 5.93. Therefore, the amount of average data obtained shows that the most affected structure is the Hybrid System.

Digitalization in malaysian construction industry: Awareness, challenges and opportunities

The construction industry is going forward by adopting digitization, but players are still battling to grasp and execute it properly. That is why, this study aims to evaluate the awareness, challenges and opportunities of digitalization in the Malaysian construction industry and provides a framework for better digital implementation. In this perspective, a questionnaire-based study was conducted, and the responses were collected from field experts who have implemented a digital system in their construction projects. The outcome shows that the Malaysian construction industry is aware of digitalization and rated the Industrialized Building System (IBS) as the most important technology. In Project Delivery, “Standardized Organization” was the utmost factor for digitalization in construction. The top Challenge in Digital Implementation is “Organizational costs are among the high initial costs of implementing technologies, standards, and specifications”. The top Opportunity in Digital Transformation is “Procedures better planned and monitored”. Based on the top factors, the framework was constructed which will help the practitioners to understand and implement digitalization in a much better way. Thus, this study is significant in addressing the issues related to implementing digitalization in the Malaysian construction industry and providing a perspective to catalyse the development.

Structural Performance Evaluation of Cross Dapped Connection for Vertical Wall to Wall Connection of Precast Wall Panel

In the context of Industrialised Building Systems (IBS), precast concrete buildings are composed of multiple structural members that are interconnected through different techniques. The adoption of precast concrete wall panels has gained significant traction in contemporary construction methodologies. Nevertheless, the utilization of dapped connections specifically designed for non-load bearing applications in precast walls incorporating recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) remains largely unexplored and limited in practice. This research proposes a new wall-to-wall connection for precast wall panels to enhance the constructability of IBS for non-load bearing walls. The novel Cross Dapped (CD) design enables horizontal panel installation in confined areas with existing structural frames, while ensuring the connection’s strength as a non-load bearing wall to prevent failure. Uniformly distributed loads are applied until sample failure, recording compressive load patterns, deflection, stress-strain patterns, and crack patterns on the wall surface. The CD connection demonstrates applicability for precast wall-towall connections, improving IBS constructability with its innovative design and locking system. Overall, this research explores and proposes an efficient and structurally sound wall-to-wall connection design for precast wall panels of non-load bearing system, facilitating the adoption of IBS methods, and improving the overall quality and constructability of building systems.

A case study of industrial heritage buildings at the Rjukan and Notodden site in Norway

The UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) site of Rjukan and Notodden in Norway consists of unique industrial heritage values because of its architecture and engineering from the first decades of the twentieth century. During this period, construction technology experienced speedy developments in Norway, and many different building systems influenced the construction industry. Today, the preserved site with 24 selected industrial buildings offers great insight into the diversity of industrial heritage but bears also substantial conservation challenges. This presents a unique research opportunity, and this case study, which is part of a larger research project, aims to establish an overview of industrial building systems and architecture. The study revealed that industrial and high-rise structures have many commonalities despite very different architectural expressions and functions. Progression from craft-driven to prefabricated mass construction was not an isolated incident but a result of global industrialisation. This affected construction technology and influenced the evolution of both building typologies. Studying and analysing how case buildings resist loads and how that relates to system development helps understand the industrial heritage of this site. Through findings, this research intends to support heritage conservation schemes where practising architects, engineers and contractors can apply them for forthcoming project work.

Challenges in the Implementation of Industrialised Building System (IBS) in Klang Valley

Industrialised building system (IBS) in Malaysia has been expanding extensively where the proportion of IBS implementation in government projects was 84% in 2021, compared to 60% in private projects. It was reported that many top developers are currently successfully adopting IBS in their projects with good outcomes. The advantage of IBS implementation in construction projects is mainly the shorter time for project completion which potentially increase efficiency in housing provision. This paper focuses on developers’ perception on the challenges in IBS implementation in the aspect of management. The objectives of this research are to identify the problems perceived by developers in Klang Valley when implementing IBS projects and to give general recommendations to overcome these problems. Quantitative approach was used and structured questionnaires were distributed to 50 developers in Klang Valley. The research indicated that the most prominent problems agreed by developers is in the category of supervision of site workers and also the aspect of logistic that is site monitoring The least problem perceived are in the design and IBS negative image category. Findings from this research is anticipated to give developers some insights on the implementation of IBS towards a more successful IBS project implementation.

A Review of Current Issues in Industrialised Building System (IBS) for Construction Projects

In Malaysia, the concept of prefabrication is known as Industrialised Building System (IBS). In terms of cost, time, productivity, and quality, IBS is certainly beneficial based on previous local and international research. As part of Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB), CIDB's Construction 4.0 Strategic Plan 2020-2025, the Malaysian construction industry is being urged to employ innovative construction techniques. These initiatives illustrate the Malaysian government's commitment to addressing the IBS agenda. Even though numerous things have been done to enhance the IBS adoption in Malaysia, various issues have arisen to bring about delays, disputes, miscommunications, and payment issues affecting the IBS players. Thus, the primary purpose of this research is to identify current issues and assist policymakers and IBS players in mitigating those issues. The literature review was the first phase of the research, with the secondary data derived from relevant books, journals, articles, theses, dissertations, conference proceedings and reports. The second phase involved the collection of primary data, wherein the information was collected through a preliminary study. The research findings showed that IBS construction still faces challenges and issues when adopted by the industry, where four (4) out of five (5) interviewees stated that the primary integration issues are teamworkor collaboration and procurement. This paper aims to present a literature review and preliminary survey findings related to establishing pertinent integration issues and challenges.

Lateral Displacement Behavior of IBS Precast Concrete Elements Reinforced with Dual System

Throughout history, the construction industry has been a significant contributor to construction waste, presenting an ongoing challenge in efficiently managing this waste to mitigate environmental pollution. The Industrialized Building System (IBS) stands out as a construction approach that utilizes prefabricated components made from various waste materials, implemented with machinery and formwork, leading to minimal waste production. The potential failure of IBS blockwork columns under lateral loads is a significant concern, and the deformation of these columns is crucial in assessing overall structural performance against lateral forces. This study focuses on examining the deformation and flexibility of components in IBS blockwork columns when subjected to lateral loads. Using Finite Element Modeling (FEM), a 1:5 scale prototype model of the dual-reinforced system IBS Block Work Column is analyzed. The IBS Block Work Column, comprising four prefabricated components assembled in the form of a crucifix plan to enhance lateral stability, is subjected to FEM analysis and experimental investigations. The study aims to explore the impact of four different shapes of reinforcement on deformation resistance. The findings suggest that employing a dual-reinforced system in the IBS Block Work Column enhances its resistance to lateral loads compared to a column with conventional reinforcement. Moreover, the assembled IBS Block Work Column exhibits greater stiffness than a single prefabricated component when subjected to lateral loads. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-020 Full Text: PDF

Exploring Barrier’s to the implementation of Industrialized Building System (IBS) in residential buildings in Pakistan

A different approach to project construction that is being used by industrialized nations is the adoption of the industrial building system. An industrialized building system is one in which every building component, including slabs, walls, beams and columns, is mass produced in a factory or factory located on the construction site under tight quality control regulations. This study focuses on identifying obstacles to IBS adoption in Pakistani residential buildings. In this research, a questionnaires survey is conducted . The study's conclusions discussed the advantages and difficulties of Pakistan's top-ranked IBS implementation. Furthermore, the report offers recommendations for introducing IBS in Pakistan

Identification and analysis of hoisting safety risk factors for IBS construction based on the AcciMap and cases study

Hoisting is an essential aspect of Industrial Building System (IBS) construction. Although research on hoisting safety in China has made strides to focus on “worker,” “data,” “task,” “site,” and “accident,” there still needs to be more approaches based on multi-dimensional social system thinking. Therefore, the paper aims to fill this gap. We investigated 105 hoisting accidents in China and found that hoisting accidents occurred most frequently in China's southeast coastal region; truck-mounted cranes and tower cranes were the most common types of machinery involved in accidents; hoisting load off, capsizing of crane machinery, and workers falling from height are the three most common accident types; the average impact of a single hoisting accident is approximately RMB 2.43 million direct economic loss, 1.543 deaths and 0.829 injured. This study used three algorithms (Rindge regression, Lasson regression, and partial least squares regression) to explore the impact of deaths and injuries on direct economic losses. By combining Rasmussen's risk framework with the characteristics of hoisting construction, six risk domains and thirty-six safety risk factors were identified. Finally, we used AcciMap technology to construct a qualitative IBS hoisting management model, which exhaustively presents the systematic levels and propagation paths of the influencing factors by the PDCA method. The research helps academics explore strategies to improve the safety of hoisting construction in IBS. Moreover, the study outcomes can inform the policy-making process towards promoting healthy and sustainable construction development.

Structural Performance Evaluation of Horizontally Light Reinforced Dapped for Vertical Wall-To-Wall Connection of Precast Wall Panel

Precast concrete buildings in Industrialised Building Systems (IBS) are constructed of multiple pieces of structural members joined together using a variety of methods. The use of precast concrete wall panels has become increasingly popular in modern construction practices. One critical aspect of precast concrete wall panels is their connection to the adjacent walls. Various of wall-to-wall connections have been used in the IBS based construction. However, for non-load bearing application, the use of dapped connections for precast wall made with recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is still limited and unexplored. This study aims to evaluate the structural performance of horizontally light reinforced dapped (HLRD) connections for precast wall panels made with RCA. The investigation includes experimental testing that includes three pair of specimens subjected to uniformly distributed monotonic loading to evaluate their strength capacity, strain, and deflection behaviour as well as the resulting crack propagation throughout the test. The connection displays brittle behaviour by developing a few line cracks and having a significant deflection before failure. The findings of this study will contribute to a better understanding of the behavior of HLRD connections and provide preliminary guidance for their design in precast concrete wall panels.

Identification and Evaluation of the Key Decision Support Factors for Selecting Off-site Construction in Canada: A Building Information Modeling (BIM)-enabled Approach

The construction industry lags behind other sectors in terms of productivity performance, with many megaprojects experiencing cost overruns. While there are various reasons for this, the most significant one is the lack of efficiency. Adopting the off-site construction (OSC) methodology can improve productivity by enhancing project efficiency mainly in terms of time, cost and quality. Although OSC, off-site manufacturing (OSM), Industrialized Building System (IBS), prefabrication, modular, or other similar terms are not novel concepts, it is essential to shift any aspect of construction project activity from traditional onsite methods to a controlled, factory-based and manufacturing concept of production. Industrialization and digital fabrication have gained significant prominence in recent years, as they are perceived as a viable solution to the issues faced by the construction sector. As OSC is gradually gaining interest in building projects, it is crucial to identify and validate the key decision support factors (KDSFs) for selecting an appropriate OSC method from the early design stage. The purpose of this study is to identify, verify, and evaluate the KDSF for selecting OSC in Canada. This study utilized a mixed-methods design, comprising a systematic literature review (SLR) and pilot expert reviews through semi-structured interviews and surveys, to accomplish the research objectives and ensure the validity and reliability of the findings. Twelve interviews were conducted to validate and analyze the KDSFs, which were then prioritized using the mean score (MS) analysis and weighting function. Based on the research methodology, 32 KDSFs were validated and grouped into 7 'dimensions'. Further analysis concluded that the most important 'dimension' in selecting OSC for a building project in Canada is project time which consists of the design period, production time, mobilization and transfer time, as well as the assembly, and construction periods.

Major blocking factors affecting the application of industrialized building system

Major blocking factors affecting the application of industrialized building system

An empirical investigation of automation technology as material waste mitigation measure at Johor construction sites

Automation technology in the construction industry is the use of advanced tools, devices, and processes that reduce manual labor and enhance efficiency in various construction activities. Automation technology can minimize waste, optimize resource utilization, and reduce the environmental impact of construction processes. This study aims to examine the relationship between automation technology adoptions (ATAs) utilizing reduce, reuse, and recycle (3R), building information modeling (BIM), industrialized building systems (IBSs), green building index (GBI), and Internet of Things (IoT) practices toward construction site performance (CSP) to measure their influences on material waste mitigation measures at Johor construction sites. To achieve these goals, five hypotheses were developed to explore the association between ATA and CSP. Data were gathered utilizing an online survey. The participants were contractors and expert practitioners in the Johor construction industry, including architects, project managers, and academicians/researchers. A total of 257 valid responses were used to investigate the assumptions. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) procedure was used. The findings revealed that ATA utilizing 3R, BIM, IBS, GBI, and IoT as material mitigation measures positively enhances CSP.

On the load‐carrying behaviour of CSTC slim‐floor beams

AbstractComposite steel truss and concrete (CSTC) beams are steel‐concrete composite structures mostly used as slim‐floor systems in industrial buildings. The proposed paper focuses on the load‐bearing behaviour of the so called NPS beam system as a specific type of CSTC beam. This system is made of a sinusoidal smooth steel truss welded to a steel plate, and embedded in cast‐in‐situ concrete. Unlike standard composite beams, NPS beams do not have dedicated shear connectors for transferring the longitudinal shear force from the steel part to the concrete. The shear connection between steel and concrete is enabled by the sinusoidal bar as an integrated part of the steel profile. The load‐slip behaviour of the shear connections in NPS beams was recently investigated through push‐out tests and appropriate design rules were proposed to predict their resistance. However, the longitudinal shear connection behaviour within the overall beam system is still not fully understood and requires further investigations. Furthermore, the ductility of composite slim floor systems depends strongly on their geometrical and mechanical properties. Strain‐limited analyses provide more reliable design predictions, but typically still simplify the shear connection behaviour strongly. It is therefore reasonable to conduct full‐scale experimental tests to investigate the structural behaviour at a cross‐sectional and a global level. The presented work addresses those issues through preliminary strain‐limited analyses and the description of an advanced measurement concept using fibre optical sensors for full‐scale beam tests.

Validation of the Guidelines for Sustainable Construction of Industrialized Building System (IBS)

Validation of the Guidelines for Sustainable Construction of Industrialized Building System (IBS)

Semi-Structured Interview of Industry 4.0 for SMEs in the Malaysian Construction Industry

Industry 4.0 (IR 4.0) is becoming a trend in various sectors despite being originated from the manufacturing industry. This concept has even grasped the attention of the construction sector due to its various benefits such as increased in product quality, productivity, and cost savings. In order to adopt this concept for the construction industry, focuses should be placed upon the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) since they play a major part in influencing the economy. This paper aims to examine the challenges, enablers of IR 4.0, investigate the readiness and identify the ways to improve the implementation of IR 4.0 for the SMEs in the Malaysian construction industry. This study employed a semi-structured interview amongst twenty (20) industrial construction players around the Klang Valley. The collected data was then analysed and the results showed that they agreed that the main challenges in adopting IR 4.0 concept for the construction SMEs were lack of financial resources, ineffective process change strategy and low experiences in utilizing skilled applications and technologies. The interviewees believed that the important enablers for IR 4.0 in the construction industry were Building Information Modelling (BIM), cloud technology, and Industrialised Building System (IBS). BIM is also becoming a growing trend in the construction industry. The interviewees mentioned that the current readiness of the IR 4.0 concept for the construction SMEs is still below par yet there is still potential to be improved especially in terms of the organisations management, awareness, and implementation level. Government and its agencies need to play the biggest roles as the driving force in ensuring advanced technologies are successfully implemented in the construction industry. The results from this research will be used to produce a robust framework to hasten the adoption of IR 4.0 for the construction industry SMEs.

A comparative study on the environmental impact of cast in situ concrete and industrialized building systems: a life cycle assessment approach

A comparative study on the environmental impact of cast in situ concrete and industrialized building systems: a life cycle assessment approach

Affordable housing using industrialized construction: a market-based standardization of housing units in India

ABSTRACT Achieving affordable and mass-housing using industrialized construction needs robust space standardization of housing units. However, such standardization may fall short of market acceptance and result in a bad investment. Therefore, linking the market trend in developing space standardization is crucial, yet much less reported in the literature. This paper aims to develop market-oriented space standards for the mid-income group in India. The main purpose of developing affordable space standards is to create a set of modular design prototypes that can be translated into mass construction through a component-based open and Industrialized Building System (IBS). The paper uses a market study to assess the market trends of existing housing space standards in the National Capital Region around Delhi. Following the literature review, the paper sequentially presents the context, analysis, results, recommendations, and discussions. Dimensions for activity spaces of the housing module with attachment options are proposed in the range of 43.7 sq.m to 95.04 sq. m, including five unit prototypes. The industry will benefit from the developed design standards to manufacture large-scale housing. This paper provides a framework for developing similar space standards for other income groups in different contexts.