Egyptian System Research Articles

Mental health outcomes and help-seeking behaviours among Egyptian medical students: A cross-sectional study.

Approximately half of the population in Egypt is under the age of 25. Globally, mental illness represents the highest burden of disease in this age group. Yet in Egypt, there is still no youth-specific mental health system in place and the vast majority of young people do not have access to any professional mental health support. The objective of this study was to describe the mental health needs of Egyptian youth and the resources they use when seeking help. An online cross-sectional survey was distributed among medical students at Tanta University in Egypt. Of the 707 individuals who completed the survey (90.9% response rate), 60.5% were female, 62.0% lived in urban and suburban areas, and the mean age of the sample was 20.5 (±1.8) years old. More than half (54%) of the students reported that they had been affected by mental health problems at some point in their lives. Anxiety and depression were the most common problems. Regarding help-seeking behaviours, participants mainly searched the web or spoke to peers and relatives; few reported approaching medical professionals. The majority of participants (59.7%) reported being disappointed with the current mental health care system in Egypt. There is a high prevalence of mental challenges among Egyptian youth and the health care system is not adequately prepared to respond to their needs. E-Mental Health and online interventions seem to be a promising solution that could increase access to mental health services for Egyptian youth.

متطلبات مواجهة تداعیات جائحة کورونا المستجد (Covid-19) على النظام التعلیمی بمصر فی ضوء مبادرات بعض الدول

هدف هذا البحث إلى تحديد انعکاس جائحة کورونا ( کوفيد – 19 ) على النظام التعليمى بمصر وبعض دول العالم ، والتعرف على أهم الفرص التى أتاحتها الجائحة والتى يمکن الاستفادة منها فى مرحلة ما بعد الجائحة وتحديد أهم المتطلبات التربوية التى فرضتها الجائحة على الأنظمة التعليمية للتعامل مع مستجدات وتداعيات أزمة انتشار هذا الفيروس ، وتوصل البحث إلى تأثير جائحة کورونا ( کوفيد – 19) طال جميع النظم التعليمية فى مختلف دول العالم مما أدى إلى إغلاق المدارس والجامعات على نطاق واسع ، وأوصى البحث بأهمية وضرورة الاستعانة بمصادر التعليم والتعلم عن بعد واعتماد الرقمنة فى تقديم الخدمات التعليمية للطلاب للتخفيف من حدة فقدان التعلم ولضمان استمرار العملية التعليمية .The aim of this research is to determine the impact of the Corona pandemic (Covid-19) on the educational system in Egypt and some countries of the world, And to identify the most important opportunities provided by the pandemic that can be used in the post-pandemic stage, and to identify the most important educational requirements imposed by the pandemic on educational systems to deal with the developments and repercussions of the crisis of the spread of this virus, The research found the impact of the Corona pandemic (Covid-19) on all educational systems in various countries of the world, which led to the closure of schools and universities on a large scale, The research recommended the importance and necessity of using

The 2018 Egyptian Elections and Lessons for the Arab World

The recent Presidential elections in Egypt presented a missed opportunity of change from politics as usual. Since the Free Officers’ coup of 1952 that overthrew the monarchy, the political system in Egypt became synonymous of authoritarian

Incidence and Risk Factors for Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) in Biggest Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Itay Elbaroud City, Behera Province, Egypt.

Aim of the WorkTo evaluate the incidence and risk factors for development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in the biggest neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Itay Elbaroud City, Behera province, Egypt.MethodsWe studied data of 240 newly born infants with gestational age (GA) ≤34 weeks or birth weight (BW) ≤2000 g or infants with unstable course who were admitted to the biggest NICU in Itay Elbaroud City, Behera province, Egypt, between October 1, 2018 and October 31, 2020. There is no standard screening system in Egypt. Furthermore, we had screened babies more than 1500 g, more than 32 weeks and found signs of ROP, so we decided to expand our inclusion criteria to include babies up to 2000 g of birth weight and up to 34 weeks gestational age in addition to older and heavier babies with unstable course in NICUs. Clinical information about perinatal neonates was collected by reviewing medical charts. The main outcomes are the incidence and severity of ROP. The relationship of clinical risk factors and the development of ROP were analyzed.ResultsThe overall incidence of ROP was 34.1%, and the overall incidence of type 1 ROP was 26.3% of infants. ROP was significantly associated with GA (odds ratio; OR: 6.8; (3.7–12.3), BW (OR: 4.1; 2.3–7.3), apnea, supplementary oxygen administration, and thrombocytopenia.ConclusionThe incidence of ROP is high in Itay Elbaroud city, Behera Province, Egypt. Immaturity, low birth weight, low gestational age, oxygen administration, apnea, thrombocytopenia, and jaundice are important risk factors for development of ROP.

Overeducation in Egypt and its Impact on Labour Market and Unemployment, Higher Education (Case Study)

Abstract The current research aims at answering a major question: What is the reality of overeducation at the higher education level in Egypt & What's its impact on the labour market ? through presentation of the conceptual framework that deals with the concept of overeducation, indicators and explanatory theories, the shape of the education system in Egypt, the graduate site and the impact of overeducation on the labour market.It also aims at identifying the requirements of balancing the outcomes of higher education (postgraduate studies) with the needs of the Egyptian labour market. The researchers used the descriptive method to present the literature review on research and identify the theories of overeducation. At last, this research is limited to postgraduates studies (master's and doctorate). It also concluded with several recommendations, the most important of which: review the education policy applied by the ministry of higher education with a new view to reduce wastage because of overeducation among Egyptian university graduates.

THE IMPACT OF THE INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION NETWORK ON THE VALUES SYSTEM IN EGYPTIAN SOCIETY

For the fact of what the modern communities are witnessing of advancement in the use of electronic communication, a new generation has appeared that is no more dealing with traditional media as it deals with current electronic media. This generation is called the network or the internet generation. The social media networks such as Twitter and Facebook and search engine such as Google and Yahoo and others have been daily and frequently used to search for any information anywhere and anytime. Hence, the research problem and objective are crystallized in identifying the limits and nature of the impact of the internet on the value system in Egyptian society in attempt to evaluate this impact and define the future exposition of the new role of communication tools and search engines in the coming period. The researcher uses the descriptive method on a sample consists of (100) items, divided equally between residents of Shubra El-Khaima district as a slum community and Misr El-Gadida inhabitants (Heliopolis) as an urban community. A questionnaire form is used as research tool. the study comes to several results including that the social and cultural value system are affected positively by the internet as a means for occurring marriage in Egypt and Arabian communities. They are also affected negatively through the spread out of multiple wives phenomenon in addition to the internet crimes and failure of marriage through the network sites, and the increase of isolation for the elders. The study comes to several recommendations including the necessity to unify the civil society's efforts, the educational formal and informal institutions to meet risks targeting the value system in Egypt.

Production Efficiency Analysis of Integrated Aquaculture Systems in Egypt

Production Efficiency Analysis of Integrated Aquaculture Systems in Egypt

From flabby to fit: Restructuring the public broadcasting system in Egypt

The Egyptian public broadcaster, newly named the National Media Council (NMC), has been under pressure to undergo comprehensive restructuring. Many changes have taken place recently to enable this transformation. Through analysing financial reports, evaluating the new regulatory framework and conducting in-depth interviews, this study examines the likelihood of the NMC adapting to the recent changes and the extent to which the new regulatory framework promotes a public service system suggesting a model for implementation. Findings show that the NMC must respond to four main challenges: lack of strategic vision and identity, a centralized regime power structure, an acute financial deficit, and a weak digital presence. Interviewees evaluated the new regulatory framework as inexhaustive with an intention to maintain grip on power. Interviewees proposed an integrated decentralized model that combines the public service mission with private partnership.

Basic Variables of Design Education Approaches Comparison between the Design Education Systems in Egypt and in Germany

There are many aspects and different variables shaping and affecting on any approach of design education. These differences depending on many related crossed issues such as; the cultural atmosphere (historical background, language, religion …), economy (wealth, poverty…), the political situation (Power, stability, alliances) and mainly the understanding of the concept of design in itself which varies as well, according to the perspective of the users, designers, design researchers and design academics. According to the researcher’s experience which is more than fifteen years studying, teaching and practicing design in Egypt (Faculty of Applied Arts, Helwan University) and around six years as a PhD candidate in Germany (School of Art and Design, Kassel University Then Braunschweig University of Arts). There are huge differences between the opinions/visions of professors and design teachers in each country. These differences- and other things- lead to many major variables in framing and constructing the curriculums and design subjects which consider as a real challenge to think or to speak about one common language of design education. The idea of this paper based on a qualitative approach, which focuses on framework of the design education systems in Egypt and in Germany. The paper importance came through diagnosis the varied features and the different aspects of the problem, then discussing how to fill the gap between the variables and presenting a viable strategy to reduce these differences and thus tend towards a common design education discipline.

Compatibility of Water Resources System in Egypt to Future Climate Change Projections, Case Study Qena Governorate - Upper Egypt

In this paper, the water resources system in Qena governorate was proposed by studying the natural and hydrogeological conditions of the governorate, including its location, groundwater, climate and rain. Also Studying the Social and economic conditions of the study area including its population, crops, drinking water and etc. Through the water balance model and a Water Shortage Quality Index on 3 scenarios: the base case scenario in 2018, the realistic scenario in 2050 without any adaptation measures and the optimistic scenario in 2050, which considers adaptation measures of water shortage.

Determinants of SARS-CoV-2 Impacts on Small-Scale Commercial Broiler Production Systems in Egypt: Implications for Mitigation Strategies

Simple SummaryThe COVID-19 pandemic has exerted a substantial impact on small-scale broiler production systems in developing countries and put their supply chains at risk of disruption. Drawing on a survey of 205 small-scale commercial broiler farms (SCBFs) in Egypt, this study identifies the primary pathways through which the pandemic has affected these farms and investigates the determinants of their perception of COVID-19 effects. The empirical results revealed that the pandemic affected SCBFs heterogeneously based on their management and production systems and resource endowment. In particular, individually owned farms and those with membership of poultry producer organizations and larger total asset values perceived significantly fewer effects. In addition, SCBFs operating in both local and provincial markets were less likely to perceive negative effects from the pandemic. Despite that the adoption of strict containment measures was essential for protecting public health, our results indicate that policy responses to COVID-19 must consider the likely effects on small businesses such as SCBFs since disruptions to such socioeconomically important supply chains will intensify human suffering from the pandemic. These findings of our study provide important implications for enhancing the preparedness and resilience of small-scale broiler production systems in developing countries to future pandemics and natural hazards.As in many other countries, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, together with subsequent government containment measures, posed significant challenges to small-scale broiler production systems in Egypt. Based on a survey of 205 specialist small-scale commercial broiler farms (SCBFs) consisting of both farm-based and household-based production systems, this study identifies the primary pathways through which COVID-19 has affected SCBFs and investigates the determinants of farm perception of these effects. A polychoric principal component analysis sorted the effects of the pandemic on the SCBFs surveyed into five categories, namely, input availability, production and operational costs, labor and human resources, consumer demand and sales, and farm finances. Next, five ordered logit models were constructed to examine the determinants of the SCBFs’ perception of each category of these effects. Generally, the empirical results revealed that COVID-19 affected SCBFs heterogeneously based on their management and production systems and resource endowment. Female-led and household-based SCBFs perceived significantly greater COVID-19 effects. In contrast, individually owned farms and those with membership of poultry producer organizations and larger total asset values perceived fewer effects. In addition, SCBFs operating in both local and provincial markets were less likely to perceive negative effects from the pandemic on their broiler farming activities. Although the adoption of strict and immediate containment measures was essential for controlling the virus and protecting public health, our results indicate that policy responses to COVID-19 must consider the likely effects on small businesses such as SCBFs since disruptions to such socioeconomically important supply chains will intensify human suffering from the pandemic. Overall, our findings provide important implications for the formulation of effective strategies for mitigating the impact of COVID-19 on small-scale broiler production systems in Egypt and enhancing their preparedness and resilience to future pandemics, natural hazard risks, and market shocks.

A NEW APPROACH FOR WATER ALLOCATION SCHEDULING IN IRRIGATION OPEN CHANNELS CASE STUDY: ALMANNA MAIN CANAL, AND ITS BRANCHES

In Egypt, the Agriculture sector consumes about 85.90% of the total actual consumption of water. With population growth, expansion of economic and industrial activities and entry of Egypt into the stage of water poverty, rationalization of the consumption of irrigation water has become an urgent requirement and a key factor in achieving sustainable water development. Although crops may need different water quantities during their growth stages, irrigation canals are constantly supplied with almost the same monthly discharge during periods of peak or minimum requirements. The objective of this study is to activate a new approach for the reasonable management of the irrigation network for the study area. This approach allows the canals network to be supplied with monthly discharges consistent with the actual water consumption of the cultivated plant. Also, it helps in rationalizing consumption during the agricultural season. The new approach was applied to Almanna main canal and its branches which belong to the Assiut governorate in Egypt, as an example of the irrigation system in Egypt. Rotational distribution is practiced at the distributary canal level. The results indicated that applying the new approach on Almanna distributary canals can save a large amount of irrigation water that reaches about 19.375 Million cubic meters monthly, representing 48.68% of all irrigation water given to Almanna distributary canals. Also, the percentage value of the new discharges of Almanna distributary canals, which calculated according to the water needs of crops cultivated in the area, ranged between 32 and 67% of the designed discharges.

EVALUATION OF THE WATER QUALITY OF BAHR EL BAQAR DRAINAGE SYSTEM

As surface freshwater around the world and in Egypt is currently limited, finding alternative water resources is urgently needed. One of those alternatives is the reuse of drainage water which requires suitable water quality management. Bahr El Baqar drainage system is one of the most important drainage systems in Egypt. The aim of this study is to evaluate the water quality of Bahr El Baqar drainage system including Bahr El Baqar main drain and the secondary drains; Belbeis drain and Qalubeya drain. Samples were taken from the three drains in the year 2017 to evaluate water quality and suitability for irrigation. According to the Egyptian Code of Practice for the Reuse of treated Wastewater ECP (501/2005) water in the three drains is classified as over limit concerning Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and fecal coliform bacteria. According to FAO (1985) water in the three drains is considered to be moderately saline which requires a special management of salinity control to be suitable for irrigation, their water also exceeds the recommended maximum concentrations for Copper and Manganese which are harmful for crops. As for Dissolved Oxygen (DO) water in the three drains is found to be of low concentration.

The expected effects of the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the fish resources system in Egypt from the point of view of experts and specialists in the field of fish resources

This research aimed to identify the expected effects of the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the fish resources system in Egypt, Field data were collected in Aswan and Dakahlia governorates using a questionnaire through personal interview during the period from May to October 2020, for two groups of respondents, a simple random sample of specialists that amounted to 45 specialists from the total of 60 specialists are representing 75%, and a simple random sample of experts amounted to 30 experts from the total of 50 experts are representing 60 %, The frequencies, percentages, range, mean, standard deviation, relative weight, and Mann-Whitney test were used to analyze the data, the most important results obtained were the following: 1- The results showed, according to the opinions of the respondents, the existence of a high relative weight effect on capture fisheries and fish farms. 2- 80 % of the specialists indicated that the expected effects of building the Renaissance Dam on the fish system were great relative importance, while 56.7 % of the experts indicated that these effects were moderate relative importance.3- It became clear that there are no significant differences between the averages in the ranks of the opinions of specialists and experts regarding the expected effects of building the Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the fish resources system in Egypt.

COVID-19 on the Nile: Review on the Management and Outcomes of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Arab Republic of Egypt from February to August 2020.

As the world fights the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the World Health Organization (WHO) reports that over 17 million people globally were infected with SARS-CoV-2 as of 1 August 2020. Although infections are asymptomatic in 80% of cases, severe respiratory illness occurs in 20% of cases, requiring hospitalization and highly specialized intensive care. The WHO, under the International Health Regulations, declared this pandemic a public health emergency of international concern; it has affected nearly all health systems worldwide. The health system in Egypt, similar to many others, was severely challenged when confronted with the need for urgent and major expansion required to manage such a significant pandemic. This review uses publicly available data to provide an epidemiological summary of the COVID-19 pandemic behavior during the first wave of the outbreak in Egypt. The article covers mathematical modeling predictions, Egypt’s healthcare system, economic and social impacts of COVID-19, as well as national responses that were crucial to the initial containment of the pandemic. We observed how the government managed the outbreak by enhancing testing capacity, contact tracing, announcing public health and social measures (PHSMs), as well as allocating extra funds and human resources to contain SARS-COV-2. Prospectively, economic losses from major sources of revenues—tourism, travel, and trade—may be reflected in future timelines, as Egypt continues to control cases and loss of life from COVID-19. Overall, trends indicate that the spread of COVID-19 in Egypt was initially contained. Revalidation of prediction models and follow-up studies may reveal the aftermath of the pandemic and how well it was managed in Egypt.

Performance evaluation of on-grid PV systems in Egypt

ABSTRACT The Egyptian government has set renewable energy targets of 20% of the electricity mix by 2022 and 42% by 2035. The National Water Research Center (NWRC) (Qanatir, Egypt) set up a pilot rooftop 90 kW PV system supporting this approach. This paper analyzes the electrical output signals of 90 kW photovoltaics on-grid system mounted on the roof of the National Water Research Center (NWRC) (Qanatir, Egypt). A previous simulation model using Matlab program is modified to incorporate more accurate information on system configuration became available. Components of the model were modified: four inverters (20 kW rated power) and one (10 kW rated power) and the scenario of tying the system to the local low voltage grid is discarded. Recommendation from previous study was taken to tie system the national high voltage grid to multiply the savings; therefore, it is the only simulated scenario. The simulated output energy of the system, at different values of solar intensity, is compared with the recorded data. A deviation between the simulink model and recorded data is found, due to power failure, surface cleaning of PV panels and weather variations. The results showed that the maximum energy is generated during July (14.5 MWhr) whilst the minimum energy in December and January (5 MWhr).

Sustainable Development Importance in Higher Education for Occupational Health and Safety Using Egypt Vision 2030 under COVID-19 Pandemic

Insertion of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into higher education is an important concern. This article aims to address the influences of SDGs in higher and engineering educational system in Egypt. The present study focuses on SDGs 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, and 11. SDG 3 is related to occupational health and SDG 4 is related to higher education development. However, SDGs 6, 7, 9, and 11 are related to both mechanical and environmental engineering, and occupational safety. The study approach involves case risk analysis, investigations, and review for design concepts of occupational health and safety before and after the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). A number of cross-sectional studies that constitute 125 multidisciplinary research plans (MDRPs) are grouped to monitor and evaluate two main factors which are an influence of involving SDGs into engineering education and selected curriculum of occupational health and safety. Then the results of these research-based studies, which performed over four academic years started from 2017 up to date 2021, are depicted and discussed. These results reveal the importance of interlink between engineering education and the intended SDGs. The latest 25 MDRPs demonstrate that Egypt response to alleviate the COVID-19 is rapidly pronounced specially on SDGs 3 and 4 simultaneously. However, those MDRPs show that neither record impacts nor delays on SDGs 6, 7, 9 and 11. The conclusions prioritize both the advanced educational mechanisms and verify the engineering curriculums to raise awareness of SDGs among both staff members and students in Egyptian universities. Finally, future work is recommended at the end of this article to focus on each specific goal to gain deep insight to state of the art for each SDG around globe using education development.

Factors of formation and specific aspects of syncretic processes in Meroe religion

The author explores specific manifestations of the phenomenon of syncretism in theMeroereligion, as well as the factors, which did significantly contribute to it. She traces these factors on a wide time scale starting from the early archaeological cultures of theNileValleyto the Hellenistic time. The main subject of research is the cult of the gods, as well as the myths and rituals, which did accompany worship. The article deals with concepts of ‘unity and multitude’, which were instrumental for creation of local concepts of Egyptian deities. According to the author, this was the beginning of syncretism. Both the subsequent adaptation and acculturation can be seen in rethinking and creating images that retained many primordial Egyptian features. The Meroe ‘friend or foe’ concept could be traced on specific forms of adaptation of ‘enemy’ images to the Meroitic culture and the subsequent perception of them as “own” or “local”. One can identify this process as “inversion”, which run in two directions: the “alien”, i.e. Egyptian gods in fullness of time became “own” gods inMeroe, the gods ofKush, in their turn became part of the Egyptian pantheon. The results of the process, which culminated in creation of a syncretic culture can be seen in emergence of new hitherto unknown deities, which were distinguished by combination of various Greek, Egyptian and Meroitic features. The Hellenistic features ofMeroedeities came to this culture viaEgypt. The formation of the syncreticMeroereligion up to the beginning of the Christian era was marked by the mutual influence and coexistence of “borrowed” deities as well as those, which came into being in course of the process of “borrowing”. The phenomenon of syncretism was spread through many aspects of religious life covering not just individual images of deities or various ritual practices, but also the whole theological system ofEgypt. In the history of the world religions this was the first recorded spread of religious teaching beyond its historical borders and the subsequent adaptation to an “alien”, Sudanese culture.

The viability of battery storage for residential photovoltaic system in Egypt under different incentive policies

The viability of battery storage for residential <scp>photovoltaic</scp> system in Egypt under different incentive policies

THE ROLE OF SMART MATERIALS IN BUILDING A CONTEMPORARY LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

The educational systems in Egypt follow a trend to advance the educational process in all its axes, and the research discusses one of those axes, the most important of which is the educational environment, where the research problem lies in the lack of optimal utilization of modern technology for intelligent and interactive materials in building an attractive educational environment characterized by flexibility of its internal elements and in line with the physiological and psychological variables at that age. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the research deals with the different systems of smart materials and their types, the needs of the educational environment in the new system and how to employ smart materials to create a contemporary educational environment that suits the new curricula and systems, and the research extracts a set of results and recommendations that could enhance the educational environments by using interactive smart materials.