Systems In High-rise Buildings Research Articles

Effects of pipeline geometry, sample volume, and flow rate on pb monitoring outcomes in copper pipe drinking water supply systems

Pb in drinking water is one of the main sources of Pb in human bodies. Besides excess lead incidents caused by lead service lines, Pb contamination in non-lead pipe systems (e.g. copper and PVC) is also on the rise. Brass fixtures and lead-solder connections are the primary sources of lead in non-lead systems, which cause intermittent peaks of Pb at the consumer tap. The concentrations of lead in tap water depend on pipeline geometry, sampling methods, and the characteristic of the pipe flow. Using a 3-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model, this study analyzes the Pb concentration variations at taps of copper water supply systems. The turbulent diffusion and shear flow dispersion are fully simulated in the model to provide the most accurate prediction. Water parcels containing lead (clouds) are formed adjacent to lead sources during stagnation and are then dispersed with the flow of water through the pipe when the tap is opened. The geometry of the pipeline has a significant impact on the monitored Pb levels. The complex flow condition in elbow areas leads to a more intense mixing of lead ions. Therefore, the Pb levels at consumer taps in complex plumbing systems in high-rise buildings are higher than in straight pipelines. When the sampling flow rate is large, the peak height of Pb is slightly higher due to higher turbulent intensity. Pb concentrations in sequential samples are predicted with sample volumes of 50, 250, 500, and 1000 mL. Lead levels may be diluted significantly when samples are taken in large volumes (e.g. 500 mL or 1 L), resulting in an underestimation of Pb levels at taps. A sample volume of 250–500 mL is recommended in sequential sampling programs on non-lead service lines in order to identify Pb sources.

ENERGY DISSIPATION AND DUCTILITY OF STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALL WITH PERFORATION

Steel plate shear wall (SPSW) is known as an effective structural system in high rise building that provides lateral resistance against wind or earthquake. SPSW sometimes, needs to be perforated to provide access for human which may reduce the capability of SPSW in resisting the lateral load. This study investigated the effect of size and location of perforation to the lateral resistance of SPSW. This study was done numerically by varying the sizes and locations of perforation in the SPSW, while monitoring the horizontal displacement of the top side of SPSW. The first set of models had perforation of 1.2 m wide and 2 m high being placed at different location in the SPSW models, while the second set of models had varying sizes of perforation at the centre of the SPSWs. Both sets of the SPSWs were 4 m high with two different widths, which were 4 m and 6 m. Cyclic loadings were applied laterally for each SPSW model as according to ATC24 and the displacements at the top side of the SPSW model was obtained from the analysis. Hysteretic curves of all models were plotted to obtain the energy dissipation, lateral load capacity and ductility. It is found that perforation that is located nearest to the edge of the SPSW lowers the energy dissipation, ductility and lateral load capacity the most. Larger size of perforation of the SPSW caused larger reduction of the energy dissipation, ductility and lateral load capacity, while wider SPSW have larger values of energy dissipation, ductility and lateral load capacity.

Failure Mode and Optimization for MSCSS with LRBs Based on IDA Method

The mega-sub controlled structure system with laminate rubber bearings is an emerging seismic control system for high-rise buildings. The system is high-order statically indeterminate with numerous failure modes. To study the failure modes of the structural system and further improve its seismic performance, the dynamic equations and the finite element model of the system were established. Ten different ground motions were selected from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center ground motion database for the incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). Based on the results of the IDA, the weakest failure mode of the system was identified, and its failure path was found. Two schemes were proposed to optimize the weakest failure mode of the system, and the optimization results were compared. The results show that although the IDA curves from different ground motion inputs are diverse, the plastic hinges are all formed on the sub-structures. Failures of the system are caused by either the excessive floor drift or the excessive shear deformation of rubber bearings. By adjusting the locations and parameters of dampers and rubber bearings, the seismic performance of the system can be improved.

All-Round Control of High-Rise Buildings by Construction Organization Design Based on Distributed Control System

The construction of high-rise buildings usually involves many problems. With the increasing population and demand for tall buildings, researchers have also proposed different design approaches for various aspects of tall buildings. The design of traditional construction organization is difficult to cover all systems of high-rise buildings comprehensively and efficiently. Among the high-rise buildings involved, the first important is safety, followed by energy conservation. The high floor and complex structure of high-rise buildings bring hidden dangers to safety, and the large volume brings a burden to energy conservation. In this paper, in order to solve the problems that the system is difficult to fully cover in high-rise buildings and the design of consumables and energy materials, the method of distributed system is adopted. The main aspects of high-rise buildings are studied in an all-round way, and a distributed system model is first constructed in this paper. Then, the lighting, air conditioning, and fire protection systems of high-rise buildings are correspondingly formed under this system. Through the simulation experiment of the B4 building in the business district, it is concluded that the average luminous flux of lighting under the distributed system of this paper is 11385 lm, saving more than 60% of energy. The error of the air-conditioning system is less than 0.2°C, and the energy consumption is saved by 10%. The fire detection window length of the fire protection system exceeds 0.15, which can detect the fire sensitively. In addition, the evacuation pressure of personnel is reduced by more than 20% in emergency situations. The results show that the system establishment of high-rise buildings under the distributed method in this paper can effectively improve the efficiency, save energy consumption, and reduce the pressure of resource utilization. The design of this paper unifies the overall and local control objectives, which can fully meet the needs of comfort and convenience.

Techno economic viability of hydroelectric energy storage systems for high-rise buildings

Intermittent sustainable energy generation in the electrical grid from sources such as solar, hydro, and wind has increased significantly in recent years which for stability purposes has required the concurrent implementation of a wide array of large-scale energy storage solutions like chemical battery and pumped hydro plants. The current study assesses the potential techno-economic viability of two alternative hydroelectric energy storage systems - a building-based pumped hydro system, and a building-based gravity module system. The levelized electricity cost and variable storage cost are used as performance metrics in the study. A numerical model of the proposed systems is developed in Matlab® and analyzed over a number of scenarios in which system capacity and building height are varied. Further comparisons are made with the two following conventional rapidly deployable grid-scale energy generation and/or storage technologies - natural gas peaker plants, and lithium-ion battery plants. This research is unique as no such comparative study has been conducted to date. Results show that the building-based gravity module system is more financially viable and has a greater energy storage capacity than the building-based pumped hydro system in all scenarios considered. The building-based gravity module system can provide energy storage capacities as high as 1358 kWh in buildings that are 300 m tall. Moreover, this system has a lower levelized electricity cost than equivalent lithium-ion battery systems (≤$1.02/kWh) in all buildings that are taller than 156 m. The current study demonstrates that the levelized electricity cost is better suited than the variable storage cost as a metric for gauging the economic viability of grid energy storage systems since system lifetime costs and the time value of money are considered.

Performance-Based Seismic Design of Corrugated Steel Plate Shear Walls

Corrugated steel plate shear walls (CoSPSWs) consist of corrugated steel wall plates and a steel boundary frame, which could be adopted as seismic-resistant systems for high-rise buildings. In this study, a performance-based seismic design (PBSD) method was proposed for CoSPSWs, in which an ideal yield mechanism and target drifts were selected as performance objectives to evaluate and control the inelastic behavior of the system. Two 10-story CoSPSW structures were then designed with the PBSD method and the traditional method respectively, and static pushover analyses as well as nonlinear dynamic time-history analyses were conducted on both structures. It turned out that the CoSPSW structure designed with the PBSD method presented the ideal yield mechanism, all inter-story drifts were well below the target drift of 2.5%, and the drifts distributed more smoothly under rare earthquakes. Structural and nonstructural fragility curves of both CoSPSW structures were obtained through probabilistic seismic demand analysis using Incremental Dynamic Analyses. The results showed that for the structural repair states of RS1 to RS5, the 25th percentile PGA values of the fragility curves of the CoSPSW structure designed with the PBSD method were 220%, 98%, 84%, 51 % and 13% higher than the CoSPSW structure designed with the traditional method, respectively. For the nonstructural damage states of Slight to Complete, the 25th percentile PGA values of the fragility curves of the CoSPSW structure designed with the PBSD method were 145%, 98%, 36%, and 7% higher than the CoSPSW structure designed with the traditional method, respectively. Therefore, CoSPSW structure designed with the PBSD method had lower seismic vulnerability as well as probability of nonstructural damage.

A Study of Fire Drone Extinguishing System in High-Rise Buildings

Firefighting in high-rise buildings remains a difficult problem in the world because fire extinguishing equipment and tactics have many deficiencies in dealing with such building fires, especially for buildings higher than 50 m. In the present study, the LY100 fire extinguishing system is taken as an example to introduce the application of the fire drone in the fire control of high-rise buildings. The LY100 fire extinguishing system mainly contains the twin-rotor drone, high-pressure liquid fire extinguishing equipment, pressure fire extinguishing equipment, associated vehicle and extinguishing agent. The LY100 system can be deployed quickly and operated flexibly. Based on such advantages, the indoor fire, exterior thermal insulation layer fire and top platform fire of high-rise building can be extinguished in a timely manner with the LY100 system. In addition, four kinds of firefighting tactics are described in this paper, including one drone operation, double drone cooperative operation, three or more drone cooperative operations, and cooperating with the lifting fire truck. Finally, the experiments are presented to verify the spraying distance of the fire drone system.

Dynamic Performance Analysis by Laboratory Tests of a Sustainable Prefabricated Composite Structural Wall System

In recent decades, steel frames infilled with precast load-bearing walls have been successfully employed as lateral load-resisting structural systems in high-rise buildings. This is due to their structural efficiency as outer and major inner facades and to the higher construction speed of the building. This paper presents a detailed experimental investigation of a sustainable, prefabricated, composite structural wall system, using a representative test model named the Precast Concrete Steel Panel-Infilled Steel Frame (PCSP-ISF) in full-scale dimensions and subjected to in-plane cyclic loading. A series of experiments was conducted on critical structural specimens, including three-point bending, concentric axial compression, and diagonal compression, together with additional cycling loading tests on steel connection joint specimens, with the aim of validating the reliability and the structural response of the connections. The resulting test data and the observed failure mechanisms are discussed carefully to optimise the sustainable structural performance of the system. A theoretical approach for the evaluation of the shear capacity of the total frame system is also discussed to expand the experimental results for several numerical and experimental research cases. The failure mechanism of this module was formed by a combination of developed plastic hinges on the steel joints and diagonal cracks on the concrete panel. The obtained hysteretic behavior of the system at a parameter with major impact is mainly analysed and discussed. The outcomes indicate a satisfactory and sustainable seismic performance of the PCSP-ISF model, indicating that it can be a very promising lateral load-resisting system for earthquake-prone regions.

Seismic Analysis of High-Rise Building Having Lateral Load Resisting Elements with and Without Base Isolation

Abstract: In present work linear dynamic analysis of high-rise building is done and of base isolation is analyzed with lateral force resisting elements like shear wall and bracing, effect of all these structural components is calculated and analyzed on structure having 30,35 &40 Stories. Structure is Located in Earthquake Zone IV. Analysis is done with the help of ETABS 19 software. In base isolation we bifurcate the structure from foundation so the structure remains unharmed from shocks and motion at the time of seismic action. Base isolation is awidely used lateral load resisting system provided to strengthen such buildings but literature survey of Base isolation reveals that Lear Rubber Base isolation is proved tobe determinantal. With the increase in urbanisation use of multi stories building is now in trending because of its high utility in commercial as well as residential. In northern part of India, maximum places are susceptible to earthquake so the basics requirement is to build the safe structure so that no damage to the life takes places. One among various methods of earthquake resistant design is Base Isolation. Various studies were carried out to check the behaviour of different parameters like time period, drift, storey displacement and overturning moment etc. with various types of base isolation. Use of LRB isolation system for high rise buildings was suggested. In thepresent study lead rubber bearing is used for base isolation with structure having shear wall and bracings. G+30, G+35 and G+40 storey structure are analysed. Static, linear dynamic (response spectrum) is performed to study the behaviour of building with lead rubber base isolation system. ETABSv2019 is used to perform the analysis and design. Comparison of fixed base building with LRB is shown and suitability concern is provided. It was observed from the study that Lead Rubber base isolation is more effective for earthquake prone zones.

Seismic Performance Control of Tall Buildings Using a Novel Self-Centering Shear Wall System

The reinforced concrete (RC) shear wall system is widely used as a lateral force resisting system in high-rise buildings. Nevertheless, the shear wall components of the system are vulnerable to destructive earthquakes, and the damage of shear wall components is a major hindrance for the seismic resilience of high-rise buildings. Therefore, a novel self-centering repairable (SCR) shear wall system is introduced in this study. Compared with the conventional RC shear wall system, the proposed SCR shear wall system exhibits good self-centering capability, and the energy dissipation element can be replaced easily after an earthquake. First, the configuration of the SCR shear wall is presented. Next, the design criteria used to achieve good self-centering and energy dissipation are discussed, and the finite element model used to simulate the SCR shear wall is presented. Finally, case studies are performed, and the numerical results indicate that the proposed SCR shear wall system exhibits better self-centering performance than the RC shear wall benchmark model. The outcomes of this study are expected to provide a useful reference for future experimental studies and practical applications of the presented SCR shear wall systems.

Analysis of solar chimney ventilation systems in high-rise residential buildings using parallel flow networks

Solar chimneys are passive ventilation systems that leverage solar energy to supplement or replace mechanical ventilation. Here we present a novel flow network analysis method for solar chimneys in high-rise buildings and use this method to develop insights into the design of these systems in high-rise multi-unit residential buildings (MURBs). The proposed method differs from others as it relies on a flow network that is less computationally intensive than computational fluid dynamics methods, but it can consider more complex system layouts than existing flow network methods, allowing for characterization of these systems in high-rise buildings. The method was validated by comparing results to other studies in the literature, showing that it can match the flow rates reported for single-floor systems within a 5% error, and qualitatively match the trends from studies of multi-floor systems. We use a case study to demonstrate how the model can be used to analyze the performance of a solar chimney in a high-rise MURB. The results indicate that the air flow rate to each floor induced by the solar chimney is proportional to collector width and solar flux, and inversely proportional to the inlet temperature and the number of floors. The method detailed in this study can be used by practitioners and researchers to develop simulation programs, and the case study results can be used to improve solar chimney design in high-rise MURBs.

Multi-hop ESP-Mesh Network and MQTT Protocol for Smart Light Systems in High-Rise Buildings

When a high-rise building's lights are not required because they are frequently left on, electrical energy is wasted as a result of this. The smart light is one of the effective ways to energy saving in a building. This study aims to create a smart light system using the ESP-Mesh network and the MQTT protocol to control the turn on/off of all lights in all rooms of a high-rise building. The ESP-Mesh network is a mesh of ESP8266 devices that are designed for multi-hop transmission. The MQTT is one of the widely used IoT protocols that allows a smartphone to control the lights in every room in a mesh topology via the internet remotely. The performance evaluation shows that a multi-hop ESP-Mesh is better than that a Single-hop ESP8266 in signal strength. The signal strength of the ESP8266 single-hop is bad. Meanwhile, the signal strength of the multi-hop ESP-Mesh is good in all rooms. Furthermore, The functional tests of the multi-hop ESP-Mesh show that although there are various broken paths caused by several disconnected nodes, all lights can be turned on or off suitably through the command from the smartphone switch. Turning off the not-required lights by smart light systems can help save energy.

Applicability of Damped Outrigger Systems Using Timoshenko Beam Theory

Recently, applying damped outriggers in high-rise buildings to reduce vibration due to earthquake and wind has attracted a lot of attention. By placing energy dissipated devices vertically between the end of outriggers and perimeter columns, the damped outrigger systems emphasize the supplementary damping rather than stiffness. This paper investigates the applicability of viscously damped outrigger systems using Timoshenko beam theory. First, the building is modeled as a cantilevered Timoshenko beam, and the damped outriggers are simplified as equivalent complex rotational spring. With the assembly of dynamic stiffness of the damped outrigger system, the Wittrick–Williams algorithm and Newtonian iteration are then combined to calculate the dynamic characteristic of the system. The proposed approach has been verified by finite element method through a case study. The shear deformation and rotatory inertia of the core, later blended as slenderness ratio of the height-radius following Timoshenko beam theory, stiffness ratios of core-column and core-outrigger, and the number of damped outriggers are subsequently evaluated associated with supplementary damping as applicability analysis. This study shows the following: (1) adding damping amplifies twice to triple as the slenderness ratio increases from 5 to 25 for the first mode; (2) configurating more damped outriggers could provide stable damping contribution across modes with diminishing benefit; (3) Timoshenko beam analysis is better suited while Euler–Bernoulli beam analysis is an acceptable approximation only when the slenderness ratio of one-damped outrigger system is bigger than 25 and the first mode is predominant; and finally (4) the stiffness ratios of core-column, core-outrigger and stiffness of dampers have substantial influence on structural damping, particularly within the range smaller than 1, 10 and 4, respectively, but the presence of properly designed negative stiffness of dampers could bring substantial improvement. This study could serve as guidelines to apply damped outrigger systems in high-rise buildings.

Retracted] Control System of Fire Rescue Robot for High‐Rise Building Design

In recent years, with the steady and rapid growth of the national economy, various industries have developed rapidly and the resulting fire accidents have also been on the rise. This study mainly discusses the control system of a fire rescue robot for a high‐rise building design. Robot fire detection method involves obtaining the video image of the fire detection area through a high‐definition camera, performing image preprocessing on the current frame image of the video in the robot operating system to obtain the image; and performing the flame area segmentation based on the Ohta color space and the Otsu threshold segmentation algorithm on the image, to obtain the segmented image; through the interframe difference method, the preprocessed image of the previous frame is subtracted from the current frame image and the moving area of the image is segmented to obtain the segmented image; the obtained segmented image is combined with the segmented image in the robot operating system and images are intersected to obtain a segmented image with the characteristics of flame motion; based on other characteristics of the flame, flame recognition is performed on the area in the segmented image. Fires in high‐rise buildings are increasing gradually, which seriously endangers the safety of human life and property. The firefighting robot and its control system play an important role in the fire protection of high‐rise buildings. The purpose of this study is to analyze the disaster relief effect of a firefighting robot and control system in high‐rise buildings. In this study, we use MATLAB software to model and simulate the rescue situation of a firefighting robot in high‐rise buildings. The fuzzy control system established in the fuzzy logic toolbox of MATLAB can easily replace human field work and can change the control rules and membership function in the FIS editor. The results show that the rise time and adjustment time of the system are basically the same under the condition of variable load stiffness. The maximum overshoot is 0.59%, and the steady‐state error is 0.19%. The maximum overshoot is 1.0148%, and the stability error is 0.46%. It is concluded that the expert PID algorithm is efficient and practical. It can be concluded that the robot position control system adopts PID control algorithm, and the attitude control system adopts expert PID control algorithm. This research provides some value for the development and design of firefighting robots in high‐rise buildings in the future and also brings important significance.

Topology Optimization of Tabs System in High-Rise Building

Topology Optimization of Tabs System in High-Rise Building

High-rise structural stalling and drift effect owe to lateral loading

The challenge is to search out the economic structure system of high-rise buildings within the Indian scenario. This document covers numerous steel systems: moment-stabilizing frame system, composite frame system, luggage rack system with stabilizing belt, structural wall frame system, and frame tube system. Once coming up with multi-storey buildings, truss systems, cluster piping systems for high-rise buildings, lateral hundreds (wind or unstable loads) are principally chargeable for demolition, determining structural systems for high-rise buildings. To form the drift as slight as possible, the beams and columns should be more stiffed. In an exceedingly building with a bit of floor range, the lateral load seldom affects the rise within the building and, therefore, increases size. The part structure considers the aspect load and the doable arranging of the structure. In alternative side load resistance systems beneath study, the force frame’s side displacement is the highest. The lateral displacement of the double frame is the smallest, and the lateral displacement of the slippery wall system is slightly beyond that of the double system.

Non-Linear Response of Cable-Mass-Spring System in High-Rise Buildings under Stochastic Seismic Excitation.

In high-rise buildings earthquake ground motions induce bending deformation of the host structure. Large dynamic displacements at the top of the building can be observed which in turn lead to the excitation of the cables/ropes within lift installations. In this paper, the stochastic dynamics of a cable with a spring-damper and a mass system deployed in a tall cantilever structure under earthquake excitation is considered. The non-linear system is developed to describe lateral displacements of a vertical cable with a concentrated mass attached at its lower end. The system is moving slowly in the vertical direction. The horizontal displacements of the main mass are constrained by a spring-viscous damping element. The earthquake ground motions are modelled as a filtered Gaussian white noise stochastic process. The equivalent linearization technique is then used to replace the original non-linear system with a linear one with the coefficients determined by utilising the minimization of the mean-square error between both systems. Mean values, variances and covariances of particular random state variables have been obtained by using the numerical calculation. The received results were compared with the deterministic response of the system to the harmonic process and were verified against results obtained by Monte Carlo simulation.

Safety Design in Electrical Design of High-rise Building in Low Voltage Distribution System

With the continuous improvement of intelligent and automatic level of electrical system in high-rise buildings, the structure of electrical equipment in high-rise buildings is becoming more and more complex, and the total load is also increasing. Higher requirements are put forward for the safety design of its power distribution system. The safety design of low-voltage power distribution system is more and more important for the reliability and safety of the electrical system in high-rise buildings. Based on this, this paper first introduces the high-rise building power transformation and distribution system, including the reliability analysis of high-rise building power distribution system, power supply solutions, etc. Secondly, it analyses the design of low-voltage distribution system in the electrical design of high-rise buildings, and finally studies the safety optimization of low-voltage distribution system in the electrical design of high-rise buildings.

Research on Computer Assisted Intelligent Emission System of High-rise Building Based on BIM Technology and Wireless Automatic Monitoring

In response to the needs of low-carbon design and carbon emission measurement of public buildings, we use advanced information tools, building information model BIM technology to solve these problems, and from the perspective of strategic development, we will establish a set of home improvement design systems based on BIM technology for unification Three-dimensional home improvement design. The system includes analysis of thermal performance of high-rise building decoration and building light environment, and proposes optimization countermeasures for low-carbon design.

Research on Intelligent Fire Risk Perception System of High-rise Building Based on Big Data of Internet of Things

Due to the characteristics of high-rise buildings, such as dense personnel, complex structure and many combustibles, fire safety problems are more prominent. Aiming at the fire problem of high-rise buildings, based on the Internet of Things and big data technology, the intelligent fire risk perception system of high-rise buildings is studied. Through the functional modules of fire water monitoring system, intelligent electricity monitoring system and fire automatic alarm system, the hydraulic and water level of fire water, the current and voltage values of key nodes such as distribution cabinets, and the on-duty personnel in fire control room are mastered in real time, so as to grasp the specific location of fire in time and accurately, so as to realize the intelligent control of fire safety of high-rise buildings.