Systemic Herbicide Research Articles

Peculiarities of the phytosanitary state of pome fruits in industrial horticulture

Data were obtained on the basis of the results of research carried out on the territory of the educational and experimental farm of the Timiryazev State Agrarian University, in Moscow during 2018-2019. As a result of the surveys, the most dangerous diseases and pests of pome crops on the territory of this farm were established. The most resistant apple and pear varieties to major diseases have been identified. Peculiarities of development of alternariosis on pear are described, the harmfulness of the disease on pear and apple seedlings is noted. A possible role in the transfer of alternariosis infection from garden-protective plantations and weed vegetation to fruit trees was noted. A possible role has been established in the transport of septoriosis, powdery dew infection from dicotyledonous weeds plants. The peculiarities of the spread of infection under the influence of wind direction are noted. The results and peculiarities of the application of various methods of scaring birds in the orchard are presented. As a result of route surveys the most harmful weed plants have been identified. The possibility of using herbicides of different mechanism of action in fruit gardens for weed control has been studied. High efficiency and relative safety of application of herbicides of contact action in nursery fields, operational orchards and for control of piglets on fruit trees are shown. Recommendations are given for the use of soil and systemic herbicides of soil in seedlings beds, the first and second fields of the nursery, as well as in the process of production of large-scale planting material and operational orchards of fruit crops. The safety of the herbicides in question is established when used in accordance with the recommended methods of use.

Effective Control against Broadleaf Weed Species Provided by Biodegradable PBAT/PLA Mulch Film Embedded with the Herbicide 2-Methyl-4-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid (MCPA).

Biodegradable mulches are considered a promising alternative to polyethylene-based, nonbiodegradable mulch for sustainable agriculture. In the present study, a bioactive 2-methyl-4- cholorophenoxyacetic acid/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (MCPA-PHBV) conjugate blended with biodegradable poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate/polylactide (PBAT/PLA) was developed and used as mulch under controlled condition greenhouse pot experiment with fava bean (Vicia faba) as the nontarget crop species. The objectives were to examine the effectiveness of sustained-release of MCPA herbicide from biodegradable mulch for broadleaf weed suppression and to assess any adverse effects of the herbicide on the nontarget species (fava bean). The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDS) suggests that a substantial quantity of the herbicide was released from the biodegradable mulch which effectively killed the broadleaf weed species even at 1% MCPA concentration. However, the higher concentrations of the herbicide adversely affected several physiological parameters of fava bean growth and development. Stomatal conductance decreased, while leaf temperature subsequently rose (at MCPA concentrations 5, 7.5, and 10%). The quantum yield of the Photosystem II (PSII) indicates that the photosynthetic efficiency was also restricted at concentrations 7.5% and 10%. Evidently, this slow-release herbicide system worked efficiently for broadleaf weed control but at higher concentrations, resulted in adverse physiological effects on the nontarget crop species. This study has demonstrated that biodegradable mulches containing MCPA herbicide are able to effectively inhibit the growth of broad leaf weed species and may be of potential importance in a wide variety of horticultural and agricultural applications.

Effects of occupational exposure to glyphosate in winegrowers

Glyphosate is a non-selective systemic herbicide used in agriculture. For almost half a century, the International Agency for Research on Cancer has run a Monographs program, the conclusion in March 2015 that glyphosate is “probably carcinogenic to humans” in addition to being genotoxic and carcinogenic in animals, while the regulatory European Food Safety Authority have asserted that glyphosate poses no public risk. The scientific debate is still lively. We collected detailed socio-demographic, occupational exposures and health surveillance information for 26 winegrowers as aim to investigate exposure to glyphosate and other pesticide. Exposure was assessed through biological monitoring (24-hour urine collection), immune function (IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-12, IL- 17, IL-33, IFN- γ), transcriptional and post transcriptional alterations (miRNA) and genotoxic effects (Comet assay). The exposure conditions in our winegrowers, as referred to the parameters so far analyzed, did not reveal a significant glyphosate absorption nor significant health concerns.

Using Fluridone Herbicide Systems for Weed Control in Texas Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.)

Studies were conducted during 2015 through 2018 in south-central, Coastal Bend, and Southern High Plains areas of Texas to evaluate fluridone herbicide systems for weed control and cotton response. Fluridone alone at 0.17 to 0.23 kg ai ha-1 followed by postemergence (POST) herbicides controlled Amaranthus Palmeri 82 to 100% season-long while Cucumis melo control ranged from 92 to 100%. Control of Urochloa Texana with fluridone alone ranged from 40 to 96% early-season while late-season control ranged from 37 to 96%. Fluridone plus fomesafen systems controlled A. Palmeri, C. Melo, and U. Texana at least 98% early season; however, late-season control of A. Palmeri was less than 70% while C. Melo control was 91% and U. Texana control was 80%. Adding a POST application of glyphosate to fluridone plus fomesafen improved control to at least 98% for all three weed species. Fluridone plus fluometuron combinations provided similar control to fluridone plus fomesafen. Adding glyphosate (POST) improved A. Palmeri control to at least 82% season-long. Cotton yields reflect the level of weed control with significantly better yields from fluridone systems compared with the weedy check. However, in the one year when the untreated was maintained weed-free, no differences in cotton yield were noted between the weed-free and any herbicide treatment.

Plant-parasitic nematode assemblages associated with glyphosate tolerant and conventional soybean cultivars in South Africa

Information about the non-target effects of glyphosate, a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide on soil-borne nematodes is scarce and not well documented for South African agricultural fields. In the present study, the abundance and identity of plant-parasitic nematodes in roots and rhizosphere soil of commercial glyphosate- tolerant (genetically modified; GM) and conventional (non-glyphosate-tolerant) soybean cultivars from cultivated fields were obtained for two consecutive growing seasons. Grass and soil from adjacent natural vegetation were sampled, representing the reference system. Thirty plant-parasitic nematode species, belonging to 13 genera were identified in the roots and rhizosphere soil of soybean cultivars and natural vegetation. In rhizosphere soil, Meloidogyne (for glyphosate-tolerant and conventional soybean), followed by Helicotylenchus (for glyphosate-tolerant soybean) and Scutellonema (for conventional soybean), were the predominant genera. Seven species, namely Pratylenchus flakkensis, Pratylenchus scribneri, Pratylenchus vulnus, Rotylenchus brevicaudatus, Telotylenchus avaricus, Tylenchorhynchus brevicaudatus and Quinisulcius capitatus are first reports for soybean in South Africa. Although it was not possible to define the impact of each ecosystem on the plant-parasitic nematode assemblages, this study suggested that glyphosate had no deleterious effects on plant-parasitic nematodes.

Efficacy of Control of Glyphosate-Tolerant Species of the Rubiaceae Family Through Double-Knockdown Applications

ABSTRACT: Spermacoce latifolia, S. verticillata, and Richardia brasiliensis (family Rubiaceae, tribe Spermacoceae) are glyphosate-tolerant weeds in the soybean producing areas of Brazil. The weed shifts to glyphosate-tolerant weeds across soybean-producing areas has shown the need for adoption of practices that conserve the efficacy of glyphosate. This study evaluated the effect of single- and double-knockdown herbicide applications on the control of S. latifolia, S. verticillata, and R. brasiliensis prior to soybean sowing. Trials were designed as a randomized block and treatments were arranged as a factorial. Factor A was three systemic herbicide treatments 10 days before sowing (DBS), while Factor B was three contact herbicide treatments applied 0 DBS (“sow and apply”). The single- and double-knockdown applications were followed by post-emergence applications of glyphosate or 2,4-D + glyphosate when the crop reached three leaves. The efficacy of control of each weed species was visually evaluated 14 days after sowing (DAS), as well as 0 and 28 days after post-emergence application (DAA). The double-knockdown applications generally provided higher levels of control for the target weeds of the Rubiaceae family than the single-knockdown applications. Glyphosate + 2,4-D, glyphosate + 2,4-D + diclosulam or glyphosate + [halauxifen-methyl + diclosulam] followed by glufosinate or paraquat achieved at least 90% of control of S. latifolia and R. brasiliensis, but did not control S. verticillata (<80%). Glufosinate at 457 g a.i. ha-1 was equivalent to paraquat at 400 g a.i. ha-1 as a contact herbicide in the double-knockdown applications, especially on the first assessment dates.

Haematology, Oxidative Stress and Micronuclei Frequency of Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Glyphosate based Herbicide Glycot® GBHG

Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide used extensively in weed control in Nigeria. The present study was designed to evaluate the toxicity effects of glyphosate-Glycot® on post juveniles (50±1.96g; 22±1.2cm n=300) of Clarias gariepinus exposed to triplicate acute doses: 31, 33, 35, 37 and 39 mg glycot L-1 of clean water and to 8 day sub-acute doses: 3.39, 6, 78 and 16.95mgL-1 of the same, corresponding to 1 /10 LC50=3.39 mgl-1 , 1 /5 LC50=6.78 mgL-1 , ½ LC50=16.95 mgL-1 ’ A set of fish were also maintained simultaneously in water as the control (0.0 mg glycot /L of clean water), during the exposure periods. The 96 hours LC50 of the herbicide to the fish was determined at 33.39 mgL-1 which corresponds to 96h safety dose of 1 /100 LC50 = 0.35 mg/L. Blood samples were taken at intervals of day 1, 4 and 8 for assessment of micronucleus frequency, hematology and antioxidant enzymes. The hematological parameters were significantly reduced in the treated values of PCV and ranged from 20.00±0.19 – 23.33±0.55 %) below the value of 28.33±0.61% recorded in the control. Similarly, the red blood cells RBC, and haemoglobin HB recorded inhibited ranges of 8.58±0.21 - 9.10±0.03 x 106 mm3 below their elevated respective controls of 10.06±0.03 x 106 mm3 and 8.73±0.05 g/dL. However, the white blood cells WBC and platelets PL recorded elevated ranges of 12934.00±544.68 - 13700.00±485.72 x 103 mm3 and 15933.33±322.79 above their respective control values of 9466.66 0.09±96.86 x 103 mm3 and 15633.33±181.89. Catalase CAT was significantly (p<0.05) inhibited in treatments compared to control, and it ranged from the highest value of 0.74 umol mm-1 mg protein-1 in control to the lowest value of 0.21 umol mm-1 mg protein-1 in exposed group to 16.95 mg/L on day 4 but returned to control value on day 8 in all the treatments. Superoxide dismutase SOD was significantly (p<0.05) inhibited among exposed fish compared to control on days 1-4. A range of 11.60 U mg protein -1 in control on day 1 to lowest value of 6.50 U mg protein -1 returned to control value on day 8. Similarly, GPX was significantly inhibited to a lowest value of 4.25 in fish exposed to 3.39 mg/L compared to the highest value of 9.36 in control fish on day 4 but returned to control value with a high value of 9.25 umol-1 min protein-1 . Similarly, Lipid peroxidation LPO ranged from the highest value of 6.8±0.00058 mMole/TBARS/ mg protein in 16.95mg/L to a lowest value of 6.41 mMole/TBARS/ mg protein in control on day 4, returned to the control value on day 8. The mean values of micronuclei frequency in the treatments were significantly (p<0.05) elevated above the control value of 8.50±0.93 to the highest value of 406.66±15.03. This finding indicated that GBHG impaired haematology, antioxidative stress enzymes and cytogenic potential of C. gariepinus and could serve as an early warning signs toward the avoidance of its ecotoxicological hazards in aquatic ecosystems in Nigeria

Glyphosate in livestock: feed residues and animal health1.

Glyphosate is a nonselective systemic herbicide used in agriculture since 1974. It inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase, an enzyme in the shikimate pathway present in cells of plants and some microorganisms but not human or other animal cells. Glyphosate-tolerant crops have been commercialized for more than 20 yr using a transgene from a resistant bacterial EPSP synthase that renders the crops insensitive to glyphosate. Much of the forage or grain from these crops are consumed by farm animals. Glyphosate protects crop yields, lowers the cost of feed production, and reduces CO2 emissions attributable to agriculture by reducing tillage and fuel usage. Despite these benefits and even though global regulatory agencies continue to reaffirm its safety, the public hears conflicting information about glyphosate's safety. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency determines for every agricultural chemical a maximum daily allowable human exposure (called the reference dose, RfD). The RfD is based on amounts that are 1/100th (for sensitive populations) to 1/1,000th (for children) the no observed adverse effects level (NOAEL) identified through a comprehensive battery of animal toxicology studies. Recent surveys for residues have indicated that amounts of glyphosate in food/feed are at or below established tolerances and actual intakes for humans or livestock are much lower than these conservative exposure limits. While the EPSP synthase of some bacteria is sensitive to glyphosate, in vivo or in vitro dynamic culture systems with mixed bacteria and media that resembles rumen digesta have not demonstrated an impact on microbial function from adding glyphosate. Moreover, one chemical characteristic of glyphosate cited as a reason for concern is that it is a tridentate chelating ligand for divalent and trivalent metals; however, other more potent chelators are ubiquitous in livestock diets, such as certain amino acids. Regulatory testing identifies potential hazards, but risks of these hazards need to be evaluated in the context of realistic exposures and conditions. Conclusions about safety should be based on empirical results within the limitations of model systems or experimental design. This review summarizes how pesticide residues, particularly glyphosate, in food and feed are quantified, and how their safety is determined by regulatory agencies to establish safe use levels.

Systemic Herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Is Another Hormetin: What Does It Mean for Agriculture and the Environment?

Systemic Herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Is Another Hormetin: What Does It Mean for Agriculture and the Environment?

Dessecação pré-colheita em sorgo granífero: qualidade fisiológica das sementes e efeito sobre a rebrota

The use of pre-harvest desiccants in sorghum can make this step in the field more agile and efficient. However, herbicide application on the crop poses risks to seed germination and vigor. In this context, the desiccant effect on harvest anticipation, the physiological quality of the seeds and the control of regrowth in grain sorghum were studied. The experiment was conducted in a factorial scheme (2 x 4) +1, with two herbicides glyphosate (Roundup original) and paraquat (Gramoxone 200) with two doses (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 L ha-1 of the commercial product) plus the control control (without application) in the randomized block design. The harvests were: anticipation of the harvest, first germination count, germination, water content and electrical conductivity of the seeds and control of plant regrowth. Paraquat allows an anticipation of the harvest in up to 14 days and when it is used in the doses of 2.0 L ha-1 not harmful to the germination of the seeds and, therefore, a contact herbicide, it is not necessary to make a control on a regrowth of sorghum plants. Glyphosate, because it is a systemic herbicide, exerts efficient control of sorghum regrowth and allows harvesting in up to 12 days.

Determination of Eight Sulfonylurea Herbicide Residues by LC/MS/MS Using a Sample Separation Technique with Ethyl Acetate.

Background: Sulfonylureas are an important group of systemic herbicides mainly used for the control of weeds in cereals and other crops in early growth stages of their cultivations. Sulfonylureas are characterized by their broad spectrum weed control and their good crop selectivity. Objective: In the present study, the determination of eight sulfonylureas has been tested in wheat flour by applying the SweEt multiresidue method modified for dry products. Method: The method involves sample preparation with extraction with ethyl acetate (EEA) and determination of the analytes with LC/MS/MS-electrospray ionization. Its performance was compared with the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method. Both methods were validated in three fortification levels according to European Union requirements. Results: The proposed method gave acceptable results as far as validation criteria are concerned, while QuEChERS did not result in successful recoveries in the lowest validation level, which is equal to the respective maximum residue limits (MRLs). Conclusions: The obtained results showed that the tested method showed good separation, sensitivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy for quantitative and qualitative analysis of sulfonylurea herbicides in cereals at low levels, as required by legislation. The analytical techniques were successfully applied to different samples of cereals, and no residues were determined above the reporting limit, as established at the lowest concentration level of each analyte being validated with acceptable accuracy. Highlights: Low recoveries for QuEChERS in the concentrations equal to the MRL. Acceptable recoveries for the EEA method in all fortification levels. Correlation coefficients above 0.99. Positive findings only with EEA in real samples.

Relevance of adjuvants and additives of pesticide commercial formulation on the removal performance of glyphosate by electrochemically driven processes

Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide widely used in crops. Contamination of groundwater and superficial water sources by glyphosate may suppose an environmental risk due to its chronic toxicity. In this frame, development of water treatment technologies to remove glyphosate is of high relevance. The objective of this work was to evaluate capabilities of electrochemical oxidation (ECO) as emergent environmental friendly technology. The effect of variation of current density (j), pH and initial concentration of supporting electrolyte was studied when employing DSA® expanded anodes of Ti/Ru0.36Ti0.64O2. Special attention was given to the influence of pH due to the characteristic speciation of glyphosate that may influence ECO performance. Almost complete mineralization (>90%) of pure glyphosate was attained after 3 h of ECO treatment with 0.15 M NaCl at 40 mA cm−2 and pH 3.0. Meanwhile, solely 60% of mineralization was achieved under identical conditions when treating commercial glyphosate pesticide products. Degradation by-products and yielded ionic species were identified by chromatography and chromatography mass spectrometry. A reaction sequence for glyphosate ECO mineralization was proposed.

Acute toxicity and behavioural responses in Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus) exposed to herbicide pretilachlor

Pretilachlor is a systemic herbicide belonging to chloroacetamide group which is being used in rice fields for the control of annual weeds. The acute toxicity bioassay of pretilachlor was carried out by probit analysis method and the safe level was estimated by multiplying the 96 h LC50 with different application factors. The 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC50 values were obtained as 11.12, 9.55, 8.57, 7.11 and 5.84 mg L–1 respectively while the safe values found ranges 0.05 to 0.58 mg L–1. Buccal movements as well as the number of burst swimming movements in fishes exposed to pretilachlor were found to be increased significantly in response to all concentrations of the herbicides tested. Number of feeding attempts reduced significantly while irregular responses in fishes were observed regarding their attempt to form group after exposure to herbicide. As a whole, exposure of fishes to pretilachlor showed significant effects on all studied behaviours. So it can be concluded that the herbicide pretilachlor is toxic to fishes and its excess use should be avoided.

Cationic and anionic clay nanoformulations of imazamox for minimizing environmental risk

A synthesized anionic clay (layered double hydroxide or LDH) and a commercial cationic organoclay (Cloisite 10A, Clo10A) were assayed as host nanocarriers for imazamox (Imz) herbicide. Imz-LDH complexes were obtained by direct synthesis (DS) and regeneration (RE), whereas Imz-Clo10A complexes were prepared by ground mixing (GM) and through methanol addition (weak [WC] and strong [SC] complexes). Characterization of the complexes showed that Imz was partially hosted in the interlayer structure of the resulting nanoherbicides, as anion or as neutral molecule, with some of the herbicide at the external surfaces, depending on the carrier and preparation. The nanoherbicides showed a total water release from 73 (Imz-LDH DS) to 98% (Imz-Clo10A GM) with an immediate release from 67 (Imz-LDH DS) to 93% (Imz-Clo10A GM), while technical Imz released instantaneously >98%. The herbicide maximum concentration in the leachates from Imz-treated soil columns decreased between 20 and 35% for nanoherbicides with respect to the technical Imz, and between 10 and 30% with respect to a commercial Imz formulation. Total herbicide soil leaching losses were reduced from 95 or 98%, for technical and commercial Imz, to 77–67% for nanoherbicides. Bioassays showed similar efficacy for nanoherbicides and commercial product. The diverse Imz-clay complexes are revealed as smart delivery systems for this systemic herbicide by decreasing Imz water pollution risk while maintaining efficacy, with the advantages of their soil compatible matrix and the possibility to be located at action point in the subsoil.

Speed of Action of Trichlopic Herbicide with Mixture of Solar Oil and Water Mixture for Controlling Rubber Trees at Arboretum Samarinda Training Center for LHK

In the Samarinda BDLHK Arboretum there is an increasing number of competing rubber species that become competitors against collection plants. Triklopir herbicide is a systemic herbicide that is selective to control broadleaf herbs. The study was conducted on January 17, 2018 until February 21, 2018, while the location of the study was carried out at the Arboretum of the Samarinda LHK Training Center, using materials and equipment such as: Herbicides with trichloride butoxy active ethyl ester: 480 g / l (equivalent to trichloprate: 345 g / l), diesel fuel, water, brushes, buckets, machetes and masks. The trees targeted for poisoning are types of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). The results showed that the mixture of trichlopir herbicide and diesel fuel fuel reacted faster and statistical tests using randomized block design obtained significant differences in the effect of treatment. For a short time and costs a little more expensive is recommended with a mixture of trichlopric herbicides and diesel fuel, whereas if without a fast and inexpensive time target in terms of cost, the recommended mixture is trichlopric herbicide and water.

Yield, germination and herbicide residue in seeds of preharvest desiccated wheat

Abstract: The goals of this study were to evaluate herbicide application rates at different timings for preharvest desiccation of wheat (Trial 1), as well as to evaluate the effect of the timing of herbicide desiccation at preharvest and harvest timing (Trial 2) on yield, germination, and herbicide residue in wheat seed. In Trial 1, treatments consisted of two application rates of glufosinate, glyphosate, paraquat, or paraquat+diuron and a control without application; application time periods were in the milk grain to early dough stage, soft dough to hard dough stage, and hard dough stage. In Trial 2, treatments consisted of different application time periods (milk grain to early dough stage, and soft dough to hard dough stage), different herbicides (glufosinate, 2,4-D+glyphosate, and untreated control), and different harvest times (5, 10 and 15 days after herbicide application). One thousand seeds weight, yield, first and final germination count, and herbicide residue on seeds were evaluated. Preharvest desiccation with paraquat, glufosinate, and 2,4-D+glyphosate at the milk grain to early dough stage reduces wheat yield. Regardless of the herbicide and application rate, application in the milk grain to early dough stage and soft dough to hard dough stage provides greater germination of wheat seeds, except at the lower dose of paraquat. Systemic herbicides accumulate more in wheat seeds.

Endogenous tassel-specific small RNAs-mediated RNA interference enables a novel glyphosate-inducible male sterility system for commercial production of hybrid seed in Zea mays L.

Hybrid crops produce higher yields than their inbred parents due to heterosis. For high purity of hybrid seeds, it is critical to eliminate self-pollination. Manual or mechanical removal of male parts (such as detasseling in maize) is labor-intensive, fuel and time-consuming, and can cause physical damage to female plants, resulting in significant seed yield reductions. Many male-sterility systems either require a maintainer for male-sterile line propagation or are often affected by environmental factors. Roundup® Hybridization System (RHS) utilizes glyphosate to induce male sterility, which effectively eliminates the need for maintainer lines and removal of male parts for commercial hybrid seed production. The first-generation RHS (RHS1) is based on low expression of a glyphosate-insensitive 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (CP4 EPSPS) in pollen. This report presents the second-generation RHS (RHS2) technology built on RNA interference (RNAi) combined with CP4 EPSPS. It utilizes maize endogenous male tissue-specific small interfering RNAs (mts-siRNAs) to trigger cleavage of the CP4 EPSPS mRNA specifically in tassels, resulting in glyphosate-sensitive male cells due to lack of the CP4 EPSPS protein. Male sterility is then induced by glyphosate application at the stages critical for pollen development, and the male-sterile plants are used as the female parent to produce hybrid seed. The endogenous mts-siRNAs are conserved across maize germplasms, and the inducible male sterility was replicated in representative germplasms through introgression of a CP4 EPSPS transgene containing the mts-siRNA target sequence. This technology combines the relative simplicity and convenience of a systemic herbicide spray methodology with targeted protein expression to create an inducible male sterility system for industrial production of row crop hybrid seeds in an environmentally-independent manner.

Pesticides impact on Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus biofilm formation

ABSTRACTThe effect of various pesticides on the biofilm formation by the phytopathogenic bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus (Cms), the potato ring rot causative agent, was explored for the first time. Systemic herbicides: 2,4-D, diuron, glyphosate, clopyralid, fluorodifen, as well as the commercial preparations “Lazurite,” “Ridomil Gold,” and the mitochondria inhibiting pesticides analog, sodium monoiodoacetate, were studied. These pesticides' effect on the Cms biofilm formation was shown to be distinct and dependent on the agent under question. Cms biofilm formation was reduced when exposed to sodium monoiodoacetate, as well as “Lazurite” preparation, that could be due to the bactericidal effect of these agents. 2,4-D and “Ridomil Gold” preparation stimulated the biofilm formation. Systemic herbicides diuron, glyphosate, clopyralid, fluorodifen did not exert appreciable influence on the process of bacterial biofilm formation.

Clostridium Bacteria and Autism Spectrum Conditions: A Systematic Review and Hypothetical Contribution of Environmental Glyphosate Levels.

Nowadays, there seems to be a consensus about the multifactorial nature of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The literature provides hypotheses dealing with numerous environmental factors and genes accounting for the apparently higher prevalence of this condition. Researchers have shown evidence regarding the impact of gut bacteria on neurological outcomes, altering behavior and potentially affecting the onset and/or severity of psychiatric disorders. Pesticides and agrotoxics are also included among this long list of ASD-related environmental stressors. Of note, ingestion of glyphosate (GLY), a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide, can reduce beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract microbiota without exerting any effects on the Clostridium population, which is highly resistant to this herbicide. In the present study, (i) we performed a systematic review to evaluate the relationship between Clostridium bacteria and the probability of developing and/or aggravating autism among children. For that purpose, electronic searches were performed on Medline/PubMed and Scielo databases for identification of relevant studies published in English up to December 2017. Two independent researches selected the studies and analyzed the data. The results of the present systematic review demonstrate an interrelation between Clostridium bacteria colonization of the intestinal tract and autism. Finally, (ii) we also hypothesize about how environmental GLY levels may deleteriously influence the gut–brain axis by boosting the growth of Clostridium bacteria in autistic toddlers.

Weed Control and Peanut Tolerance Using Pyroxasulfone in Oklahoma

To determine the spectrum of weed control and peanut tolerance with pyroxasulfone in Oklahoma. Study Design: Randomized complete block design with four replications. Place and Duration of Study: Oklahoma State University Caddo Research Station near Ft. Cobb (35.091o N, 98.275o W) in southwestern Oklahoma during the 2013-2014 growing seasons. Methodology: Herbicides were applied with a CO2 compressed air backpack sprayer using Teejet 110015XR nozzles that delivered 93 L ha-1 at 180kPa. Weed control and peanut injury were visually estimated on a scale of 0 indicating no control or plant death to 100 indicating complete control or plant death, relative to the untreated control. Peanut yields were obtained by digging each plot separately, air-drying in the field for 4 to 7 d, and harvesting peanut pods from each plot with a combine. Visual estimates of weed control and peanut yield were subjected to analysis of variance to test effects of postemergence (POST) herbicide and application timing and means were compared with Fisher’s Protected LSD test (0.05). Results: In 2013, only treatments that controlled Urochloa texana > 85% were those that included pendimethalin plus pyroxasulfone applied preemergence (PRE) and imazapic applied late postemergence (LPOST). Ipomoea hederacea control using either pendimethalin applied preplant incorporated (PPI) or flumioxazin applied PRE and imazethapyr applied POST was > 75%. In 2014, herbicide systems that included imazapic applied POST controlled I. hederacea at least 98% while no other herbicide systems provided better than 78% control. Peanut stunting (4 to 13%) was observed in 2013 with all PPI and PRE treatments. In 2013 and 2014, pyroxasulfone plus pendimethalin systems applied PRE followed by imazapic applied LPOST produced the greatest peanut stunting. Conclusion: These results indicate that pyroxasulfone is an effective herbicide for weed control in Oklahoma peanut production. Although no peanut yield reductions were observed, the early season stunting in isolated instances should be noted.