Flaws In System Research Articles

A Crisis in the Health System and Quality of Healthcare in Economically Developed Countries.

A health crisis caused by a pandemic tested the effectiveness of national healthcare systems by testing both financing and organizational and technical performance of patient care. At that time, the structural flaws in healthcare systems and inequalities in the level of healthcare in its different dimensions and countries due to resource constraints were highlighted. Therefore, the paper concentrates on investigating how the crisis in the health system affects the quality of healthcare services as a result of changes in the availability of financial, material, and human resources belonging to this system. The quantitative data, in terms of healthcare characterizing the OECD countries and selected non-member economies, treated as an example of economically developed regions, were chosen for the analysis. The study included five areas of resources, i.e., demographic, financial, human, technical, and the delivery of basic services in healthcare. T-test method for dependent samples, supplemented with Hedge's g statistics, was applied to test the differences between the mean values of individual indicators. The results indicate the occurrence of changes in some areas of the healthcare system due to a crisis. Identifying areas that are particularly vulnerable to sudden changes in the healthcare system helps to understand which resource areas need to be strategically managed first, as shifts in levels respond to deteriorating healthcare quality outcomes.

STUDIES AND RESEARCH REGARDING VULNERABILITIES OF MARINE AUTONOMOUS SURFACE SYSTEMS (MASS) AND REMOTELY OPERATED VESSELS (ROVS) FROM POINT OF VIEW OF CYBERSECURITY

In a 2020 survey of marine professionals, 77% of respondents view cyber-attacks as a high or medium risk to their organizations, yet only 64% said their organization has a business continuity plan in place to follow in the event of a cyber-incident. The study of equipment that manages autonomous ships and in general all equipment that is remotely controlled from the point of view of cyber security, is a necessity nowadays. The autonomous systems represented by remotely operated vessels (ROVs), marine autonomous surface systems (MASS) etc, have as first requirement the safety to be satisfied in their operation. These autonomous systems are composed of connected OT and IT networks, and their endowment with sensors and various cyber physical devices allow real-time data processing to consistently respond to real-world threats. In order to secure the cyber security of autonomous systems, we must consider all the elements that are vulnerable to cyber-attacks, such as the part of the hardware and the operating system used, the configuration of the OT interconnection network, the firmware protection used, all these elements considered across their entire lifecycle. Security in MASS, or USVs and ROVs is nothing new but the consequences of insecurity are critical. Flaws (including security ones) in such systems lead to safety hazards, and can kill. The present article introduces the main vulnerabilities of such remotely operated system and we try to find solution for navigate the ins and outs of cyber security on board remote operated ships, address cybersecurity challenges and compliance considerations, and get you geared up to establish your cyber security action plan. This aspect is important to consider from the design stage when referring to the maritime transport systems that host MASS, USVs and ROVs and its remote control center, e.g., the shore control center.

A Proficient ZESO-DRKFC Model for Smart Grid SCADA Security

Smart grids are complex cyber-physical systems that incorporate smart devices’ communication capabilities into the grid to enable remote management and the control of power systems. However, this integration reveals numerous SCADA system flaws, which could compromise security goals and pose severe cyber threats to the smart grid. In conventional works, various attack detection methodologies are developed to strengthen the security of smart grid SCADA systems. However, they have several issues with complexity, slow training speed, time consumption, and inaccurate prediction outcomes. The purpose of this work is to develop a novel security framework for protecting smart grid SCADA systems against harmful network vulnerabilities or intrusions. Therefore, the proposed work is motivated to develop an intelligent meta-heuristic-based Artificial Intelligence (AI) mechanism for securing IoT-SCADA systems. The proposed framework includes the stages of dataset normalization, Zaire Ebola Search Optimization (ZESO), and Deep Random Kernel Forest Classification (DRKFC). First, the original benchmarking datasets are normalized based on content characterization and category transformation during preprocessing. After that, the ZESO algorithm is deployed to select the most relevant features for increasing the training speed and accuracy of attack detection. Moreover, the DRKFC technique accurately categorizes the normal and attacking data flows based on the optimized feature set. During the evaluation, the performance of the proposed ZESO-DRKFC method is validated and compared in terms of accuracy, detection rate, f1-score, and false acceptance rate. According to the results, it is observed that the ZESO-DRKFC mechanism outperforms other techniques with high accuracy (99%) by precisely spotting intrusions in the smart grid systems.

The task ahead for Labour if it came to power

The task ahead for Labour if it came to power

Reflections on the criminalisation of sex between men in England and Wales

Reflections on the criminalisation of sex between men in England and Wales

The Significant Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Hospitalization and Death of Patients With COVID-19: Psycho-Neuroendocrine-Immune Aspect of Stress

The primary immune responses to CoV-19 are inter-individual variability against this virus. Studies on the neuro-immune system demonstrate that interactions in these communication pathways can be a reason for several psychiatric disorders and immune-mediated diseases. Stress-related behaviors are significant in the psycho-immune interactions, and even stress-related factors such as socioeconomic status can also play a vital role in these interactions. A literature review on the topic was carried out, and 150 articles were included. Catecholamine and glucocorticoids are stress neurohormones. Noradrenaline as signaling molecules, through macrophages, can be an essential stimulus for cytokine secretion. Glucocorticoids, by both pro-and anti-inflammatory roles in specific conditions, can inhibit the elevation of the inflammatory response by inhibiting the pro-inflammatory macrophage activation and also enhance the anti-inflammatory activity in monocyte/macrophage populations the further eliminate. Stress with this flawed amplification feedback system can disrupt immune homeostasis (cytokine storm) in the patient with COVID-19. This investigation showed that there is a strong link between psycho-neuroendocrine-immune axis organizations against respiratory viral infections during the COVID-19 epidemic. The stress cascade must be responsible for meeting the body's hemostatic challenges in the necessary physiological and metabolic interactions. The motivation of the stress system leads to behavioral/physical variations that are strangely consistent in their qualitative presentation. These variations must be generally adaptive and increase the chances of the individual's survival. In coronavirus respiratory disease, identifying people with acute/chronic psychosocial stress is of particular importance for providing prompt care as soon as possible, as scheduling intervention appears to be an essential factor in reducing stress and hospitalization rate in the intensive care unit (ICU).

Teaching Legal Reasoning to Law Students in Pakistan: Need for Reforms in LLB Curriculum

Abstract Legal education is the method for preserving the rule of law, which is the fundamental premise upon which contemporary nations political and legal underpinnings are built. Legal thinking skills are one of the primary characteristics required of legal practitioners. It is also emphasized in legal education as a primary goal. In Pakistani law schools, the notion of legal reasoning is frequently addressed but rarely articulated. However, in Pakistani law schools, the actual teaching of a skills method approach to legal reasoning as a process and a concept has rarely been properly described. Legal reasoning is not included in the LLB curriculum, which is a fundamental flaw in the legal education system. Legal reasoning will provide law students with a skill that will help them to secure their careers and may be used in a variety of disciplines. This paper will argue that the existing LLB curriculum in Pakistan needs to be reformed and legal reasoning should be included as a subject.

Coupling Coordination Research on Disaster-Adapted Resilience of Modern Infrastructure System in the Middle and Lower Section of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Rapid incremental urbanization in China has resulted in an incomplete modern infrastructure system and multiple point-like flaws. This is due to a lack of funding and poor scientific construction concepts and procedures. This also contributes to the infrastructure system’s low disaster-adapted resilience and insufficient coupling coordination of production-oriented and service-oriented infrastructure subsystems. Based on the “Robustness-Rapidity-Redundancy-Resourcefulness-Durability” (4R-D) frameworks, this study screens 53 indicators across three tiers of “production-oriented, service-oriented, intelligent” infrastructure subsystems to establish a modern infrastructure resilience evaluation system. We examined the overall infrastructure resilience and coupling coordination development among subsystems in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) from 2009 to 2020 using a coupling coordination degree model (CCDM). Grey relational analysis (GRA) was used to analyze the significant control aspects of infrastructure resilience and coupling coordination degree based on grey system theory. The findings show the following: (1) at the macro level the overall resilience, resilience of each subsystem, and coupling coordination among subsystems in the research region show an upward trend from 2009 to 2020, with the rise from 2018 to 2020 being the most significant; (2) at the micro level, from 2010 to 2013, there was no obvious spatial divergence and from 2014 to 2020, driven by the radiation of the two major urban agglomerations, the resilience and coupling coordination of Yiling and Wanzhou both show a trend of more substantial increase, while the rest of the counties have a small increase; and (3) at the meso level, seven factors have a more significant impact on the coupled and coordinated development of urban infrastructure than other indicators, including urbanization rate, average annual rainfall, the number of health technicians per 10,000 people, and the percentage of GDP in the tertiary industrial sector.

Fighting for Farmers

Fighting for Farmers

Government R&D subsidies and the manipulative innovation strategy of Chinese renewable energy firms

Renewable energy technology innovation is the key to alleviating environmental issues. The Chinese government promotes corporate innovation in the renewable energy industry by providing R&D subsidies. This paper investigates the impact of R&D subsidies on innovation strategies in Chinese renewable energy listed firms from 2008 to 2017. The results show that R&D subsidies induce firms to adopt a manipulative innovation strategy that increases innovation quantity but reduces innovation quality, especially in regions with low marketization or unfair competition. We further find that the choice of manipulative innovation strategy is caused by the flawed subsidy distribution system and examination procedures of subsidy use. This paper deepens the understanding of the relationship between government subsidies and corporate innovation strategy and provides new enlightenments for emerging economies to enhance the effectiveness of subsidy policies.

Revolutionary Democracy: A Terminus or Way Station for Ethiopia?

This special issue of JDS provides several critical perspectives on the federal Constitution, the state, and contemporary politics of Ethiopia. All the contributors agree that Ethiopia’s federal system promotes ethnic conflict rather than fostering an Ethiopian identity and national unity. The federal Constitution establishes a legal foundation for secession and in effect the possible disintegration of the federal state and the country’s multi-ethnic political system. The current political actors, their ideology, and the prevailing political conditions in the country are leading the country down the path to a failed state. A fundamental issue in Ethiopian politics today is the prevailing ideology of revolutionary democracy, which has led its political actors to pursue policies and practices that aggravate the country’s ethnic conflicts, weaken its national unity, and accentuate the contradictions in its flawed federal system of government.

Direct democracy in the constitution: good or bad for democracy?

ABSTRACT Concerns about democratic decline and deficit have recently led to repeated calls for institutional changes that could enhance civil participation and direct voter participation in public decision-making (forms of direct democracy). An evergreen among the instruments proposed is the referendum, and in particular the constitutionally embedded referendum. This would grant a constitutional right to trigger a referendum and is something that is currently under consideration in the Netherlands. It is often assumed that constitutionally embedded referendums can correct systemic flaws in a representative democratic system, thus enhancing the overall democratic score of a country. This contribution considers these premises. By means of an empirical study, it examines whether the democracy index score of a country is related to constitutionally ratified rights to direct legislative influence of citizens, such as referendums and legislative initiatives by citizens. The initial results indicate that codifying referendum procedures as a constitutional right does indeed positively relate to the democratic scores of countries worldwide. This effect, however, does not hold true for the sample of EU countries studied.

DEFICIENT BY DESIGN? THE TRANSNATIONAL ENFORCEMENT OF THE GDPR

AbstractFour years following the entry into force of the EU data protection framework (the GDPR) serious questions remain regarding its enforcement, particularly in transnational contexts. While this transnational under-enforcement is often attributed to the role of key national authorities in the GDPR's procedures, this article identifies more systemic flaws. It examines whether the GDPR procedures are deficient-by-design and, if not, how these flaws might be addressed. The conclusions reached inform our understanding of how to secure effective protection of the EU Charter right to data protection. They are also of significance to EU law enforcement more generally given the increasing prevalence of composite decision-making as the mechanism of choice to administer EU law.

Those We Love to Hate: An Anthropological Analysis of "Succesion" as a Critique of Late-Stage Capitalism

The paper tackles interpretations of late-stage capitalism and characters as incomplete antiheroes in the Succession tv-series (HBO 2018-). The characters in Succesion are the members of the wealthy American Roy family, in possesion of their own, family-run media conglomerate-empire, named Waystar RoyCo. Family businesses figure as symbols and pillars of success and are thought to preserve "good family values" in the official everyday and western political discourse. But Succession breaks down this myth and glorification of family-run businesses and treats it as a model of corrupted relationships that mirror themselves onto the smaller scales – specially onto family structure as a basic societal denominator. Following this premise is the second compontent – emotional reactions generated through morally ambiguous actions undertaken by every single character in the series. The lack of protagonist in the series and the portrayal of every character as an incomplete antihero leads us to the second important premise of the paper: the tropologization of characters, where every character embodies certain broader system flaw(s). Portrayed in this manner, characters are bearers of identity traits of late-stage capitalism hegemony. By exploiting their flaws, internal conflicts and morally ambiguous acts, the flaws of the system itself are revealed to the viewers. The dynamics of corrupted and broken relationships within the Roy family lead to perceiving it as an anti-family, which mirrors the insanity and downfall of the same system. The sardonic humor and brutalistic portrayal of the lack of ethics and morals generate strong emotional reactions among audiences that result in "liking the unlikeable". This controversial "loving to hate" is rooted in the cognitive and moral distance that builds up during the course of the series, which enables the viewers to take the standpoint of moral superiority.

Yazılım Güvenlik Açıklarının Evrişimsel Sinir Ağları (CNN) ile Sınıflandırılması

Kötü niyetli saldırılara karşı yazılım sisteminin doğru şekilde çalışmaya devam etmesini sağlayacak teknik uygulamalar yazılım güvenliği kapsamındadır. Yazılımda bulunan ve saldırıya uğrama riskine sebep olacak zayıflıklar ve kusurlar yazılım güvenlik açığı olarak tanımlanır. Yazılım güvenlik açıkları, bir yazılımın gizliliğini, bütünlüğünü, kullanılabilirliğini, erişilebilirliğini tehlikeye atarak ciddi zararlara sebep olabilir. Yazılım güvenlik açıkları erken aşamada tespit edilip, etkin şekilde yönetilirse sistemin saldırıya uğrama ve hasar görme riski azaltılabilir. Yazılım güvenlik açıklarını otomatik yönetmek için son yıllarda yapay zekâ tabanlı yöntemler kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, güvenlik açıklarının kategorilerinin belirlenerek yönetilmesine fayda sağlamak için derin öğrenmeye dayalı otomatik sınıflandırma yöntemi önerilmiştir. Geliştirilen yöntem, derin sinir ağ modellerinden biri olan evrişimli sinir ağı (ESA) modeli üzerine inşa edilmiştir. Önerilen yöntemin başarımını test etmek için ABD Ulusal Güvenlik Açığı Veri tabanı (NVD) kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan ESA modelinin yazılım güvenlik açıklarının otomatik sınıflandırılmasında etkili olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.

Improving quality of early care and education to support children's mental health

The United States is currently experiencing a youth mental health crisis. An already vulnerable, and from some perspectives, fundamentally flawed mental healthcare system has shown to be severely inadequate in supporting the increasing mental health needs of children and teens throughout the COVID‐19 pandemic. Indeed, a 2021 advisory report released by the Office of the Surgeon General named the youth mental health crisis as an “urgent public health issue” and called for a coordinated response by the country's child‐serving institutions.

Improving Urban Air Quality Monitoring in Delhi, India: Reflections on Low-Cost Air Quality Sensors (LCAQS) and Participatory Engagement

In Delhi, the capital city of India, air pollution has been a perpetual menace to urban sustainability and public health. The present study uses a mixed-method approach to enumerate to the urban authorities: (a) the state of air pollution in the city; (b) systemic flaws in the current monitoring network; (c) potential means to bolster it; and (d) need of a participatory framework for monitoring. Information about Air Quality Index (AQI), obtained from 36 monitoring stations across Delhi is compared between 2021 (20 April–25 May; 2nd year/phase of SARS-CoV-2 lockdown), and the corresponding time periods in 2020 (1st year/phase of lockdown), and 2019 (business-as-usual) using the Mann–Whitney U Test. AQI during the 2021 lockdown (a) appeared statistically more similar ( p < .01) to that of 2019 and (b) exceeded the environmental health safety benchmark for 85% days during the study period (20 April–25 May). However, this only presented a partial glimpse into the air pollution status. It owes to numerous ‘holes’ in the AQI data record (no data and/or insufficient data). Moreover, certain areas in Delhi yet have no monitoring station, or only too few, to yield a ‘representative’ estimate (inadequate spatial coverage). Such shortcomings in the existing monitoring network may deter future research and targeted/informed decision-making for pollution control. To that end, the present research offers a summary view of Low-Cost Air Quality Sensors (LCAQS), to offer the urban sustainability authorities, ‘complementary’ technique to bolster and diversify the existing network. The main advantages and disadvantages of various LCAQS sensor technologies are highlighted while emphasizing on the challenges around various calibration techniques (linear and non-linear). The final section reflects on the integration of science and technology with social dimensions of air quality monitoring and highlights key requirements for (a) community mobilization and (b) stakeholder engagement to forge a participatory systems’ design for LCAQS deployment.

Becoming Entitled: Relief, Unemployment, and Reform during the Great Depression

Becoming Entitled: Relief, Unemployment, and Reform during the Great Depression

A Perfect Storm Averted: Flawed Systems, a Dropped Ball, and Cognitive Biases Delay a Critical Diagnosis.

This is the first case of Cancer Morbidity, Mortality, and Improvement Rounds, a series of articles intended to explore the unique safety risks experienced by oncology patients through the lens of quality improvement, systems and human factors engineering, and cognitive psychology. This case highlights how multiple overlapping factors contributed to a delay in diagnosing disseminated tuberculosis in a patient with lung cancer. The discussion focuses on the ways that cognitive biases contributed to the delayed diagnosis in a patient who, with the benefit of hindsight, exhibited several signs and symptoms suggesting tuberculosis.Cancer Morbidity, Mortality, and Improvement Rounds is a series of articles intended to explore the unique safety risks experienced by oncology patients through the lens of quality improvement, systems and human factors engineering, and cognitive psychology. For purposes of clarity, each case focuses on a single theme, although, as is true for all medical incidents, there are almost always multiple, overlapping, contributing factors. The quality improvement paradigm used here, which focuses on root cause analyses and opportunities to improve care delivery systems, was previously outlined in this journal.1.

Justice and Inclusive Governance in Nigeria: Rethinking the Niger Delta Problem

The Niger Delta issue besides attracting impressive attention continues to linger due to failure to find plausible explanation for issues of the region. The discourse woven around this issue leaves two clear lines of argument. One sees the region responsible for her development woes, the other hold the alleged flawed Nigerian federal system, responsible for the challenges of the region. This paper relied on triangulation of data to argue that the issue of the Niger Delta lingers because of injustice in the Nigerian governance. The paper concludes that inclusive governance capable of giving the troubled oil-bearing region needed sense of belonging, would be able to bring peace to the region. The paper found inverted justice system in resource politics in Nigeria responsible for the continued agitation of the Niger Delta region. It concludes that true federalism be adopted in Nigeria to birth healthy competition for development. Keywords: Nigeria, Niger Delta, Oil Politics, Inclusion, Justice, Development. DOI: 10.7176/DCS/12-7-03 Publication date: September 30 th 2022