Stratified Systematic Random Sampling Research Articles

Public Perception of Money Politics Acceptance (Case Study in Bandung Regency and West Bandung Regency)

If money politics tends to be seen as a threat to electoral democracy, what is the public's actual perception of money politics? This research uses quantitative methods, especially descriptive statistics to explain perceptions of the acceptability of money politics in elections. The case study for this research is the Bandung Regency and West Bandung Regency (KBB) areas. This locus shows the existence of spatial influences that explain geopolitical differences in the Greater Bandung area, especially in the district area. The researchers used Stratified-Systematic Random Sampling with 800 samples in Bandung Regency and West Bandung Regency. The margin of error in this study is ± 4% with a confidence level of 95%. It was found that people tend to consider the money politics that occur in elections as normal. However, some variations are variations that reflect differences in views. Apart from that, respondents who will accept money politics tend to choose according to their own conscience. However, the value of giving money or goods can also influence a person's political choice tendencies.

IJCM_92A: Pregnancy outcomes associated with antenatal care service utilization & barriers and enablers affecting the utilization of antenatal care services in South-East Delhi: A community-based cross-sectional study

Background: Antenatal care provides preventive health care, through which women can learn from skilled health personnel. Women who don’t consume Iron Folic Acid Supplements as prescribed would experience iron and folic acid (IFA) deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency has negative effects on mothers and newborns while folic acid deficiency in pregnancy causes pre-eclampsia, preterm delivery, neural tube defects, fetal malformation, type 2 diabetes, and obesity in the newborn. Comprehensive antenatal care is early registration of pregnancy (within 12 weeks), at least four ANC visits at a health facility, two doses of tetanus toxoid, and at least 100 days of IFAS consumption. Objectives: 1-To assess pregnancy outcomes associated with antenatal care service utilization in participants aged 18-49 years residing in the field practice areas of a Medical College in South-East Delhi. 2-To determine the barriers and enablers affecting the utilization of antenatal care services in the given population. Methodology: It is a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in South-East Delhi. The sample size was calculated as 300 considering a 5% absolute error for a 95% confidence interval and 10% non-response rate. Out of 300, the current data of 200 participants will be depicted here. Stratified systematic random sampling with the Probability Proportional to Size technique was applied to the population registered at RHTC & UHTC. Households were selected by systematic random sampling. Pregnant women aged between 18-49 years were selected from the household. A self-designed, pre-tested, validated structured questionnaire was used. Results: Out of the total number of participants, 66.0% had knowledge regarding early registration of pregnancy. 80.0 % had permission to attend a health facility, 70.5 % had an accompanying person, 62.5 % of participants had been residing more than 6 km away from the health facility. 58.0 % of participants could meet the expenses of health care services. Out of all newborns, 90.0 % had normal birth weights, 10% had low birth weights, 81.0% participants had NVDs, and 19% were caesarean sections. Conclusion: Enablers are knowledge regarding early registration, presence of accompanying person. Permission for health visits, expenses for health care services & distance to health facility were barriers.

Efficacy of 400 mg albendazole against soil-transmitted helminthes among Salgy Primary School Children, Dembia district, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020. "Uncontrolled experimental study".

Soil-transmitted helminths are one of the most prevalent causes of both intellectual and physical disability in the world. Albendazole (ALB) is a drug recommended for mass treatment of the high burden of soil-transmitted helminths in schoolchildren, particularly in developing countries. However, some researchers have reported that the efficacy of albedazole against soil-transmitted helminths is inconsistent. Monitoring the programs is crucial to evaluating the effectiveness of 400 mg of ALB against soil-transmitted helminths, as well as any changes in its therapeutic efficacy. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate ALB effectiveness in treating soil-transmitted helminthes in Salgy Primary School Children. An uncontrolled experimental study was conducted at Salgy Primary School Children, Northwest Ethiopia, from March to May 2020. A total of 439 schoolchildren were enrolled and screened for soil-transmitted helminths by stratified proportionate systematic random sampling to get 228 positive schoolchildren. Students in grades one through eight were grouped based on their educational attainment. Using the Kato-Katz thick smear technique, the selected stool sample collected from school children was examined using the Kato-Katz thick smear technique to determine the cure and egg reduction rates. The statistical package for social science software, version 20, was used to analyze the data. To determine the relationship between CR (cure rate) and ERR (egg reduction rate) by age, a chi-square test (X 2) was employed and significance was considered at A 95% confidence interval and p Value (p < 0.05). A 400 mg single dosage of ALB showed a 99.35% CR and a 97.30% egg reduction rate against Ascaris lumibricoides. Additionally, a 400 mg dose of ALB showed a 95.75% CR and an 82.07% egg reduction rate, suggesting questionable effectiveness against hookworm infections. Trichuris trichiura showed a decreased efficacy, with a 43.53% CR and a 23.12% egg reduction rate. A single dose of 400 mg ALB is effective (satisfactory), doubtful, and unsatisfactory against Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, and T. trichiura infections, respectively. Further studies using different brands, doses, and routes will be needed to treat hookworm and T. trichiura infections successfully by using a larger sample size.

A Novel Mixed Sampling Design Under the Existence of A Linear Trend

In almost every field of social sciences, data is obtained from a small part drawn from a large population. Two common procedures to draw a sample from a population of interest are stratified random sampling and systematic random sampling. Each sampling procedure has been designed to be used in particular sample surveys. In real-world surveys, researchers may face a situation in which the simultaneous use of two or more sampling designs may be feasible to precisely estimate the population parameter rather than simply relying on a single sampling design. We propose a novel mixed-mode sampling scheme for real-world sample surveys in which the population units exhibit some sort of linear trend. Our proposed mixed sampling design combines the diagonal and linear systematic sampling with stratified random sampling. In real-world circumstances in which some sort of linear trend exists in the population units, we prove that our proposed mixed sampling design performs more efficiently than the available sampling designs. Additionally, unlike the systematic sampling design, the suggested sampling scheme can be applied practically for any sample and population size.

Use of ICT and the Application of E-Governance Strategies in Service Delivery by Local Councils in Cameroon: The Case of Local Councils in the Bamenda Municipality

The increasing use of information and communication technology (ICT) by Cameroonians has brought changes in citizen's needs and demands and has raised expectations on how services should be provided. Citizens need to carry out transactions (transactional services) conveniently and obtain accessible, reliable, and sustainable information (information services) from their local government. Unfortunately, this is still far from the reality in some selected local councils in Cameroon, given that they use ICT mainly for administrative and not service delivery purposes. Therefore, this paper's main objective is to establish a link between ICT usage and the empowerment of local councils in the application of e-governance strategies for information and transaction services delivery. The theoretical framework used in the paper included Technology Acceptance, Wider Dissemination, and e-governance Models. The stratified purposive and systematic random sampling techniques were employed to obtain needed data from the Bamenda I, II, and III municipalities in the North West Region. The findings of this paper revealed that a significant number of local councils are already using their ICTs to provide information services. However, none of them so far are using ICT for transactional service delivery purposes. Also, we observed a gap between citizen expectations and local council provision of information and transactional services. This paper found that the use of ICT to apply e-governance strategies would improve local council service delivery in terms of accessibility to information by citizens and sustainability of council information services, also promote transparency in transactions between the council and the citizens, and ease transactions between citizens and local councils in terms of time and cost. Thus, this paper recommends that local councils digitalize manual service delivery processes through their operational IT units. Also, for the Cameroon government to achieve the goals stated in the NDS30 Plan for a Digital Cameroon, it must consider effectively involving local councils in the national digitalization initiatives. This can be done by encouraging them to adapt their information and transactional service delivery procedures to more ICT-based strategies despite the challenges involved.

Geographic pattern of the prevalence of intimate partner violence against women in Zanjan (Iran).

Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a serious public health issue and refers to physically, sexually and psychologically harmful behaviors as well as emotionally controlling behaviors and financial abuse that occur in the form of marriage or cohabitation. Knowing the current situation of the IPV prevalence against women and high-risk areas in the Zanjan city, Iran, can help policymakers to establish better health programs for risk reduction. This population-based cross-sectional study consisted of married women aged 18-55 years living in Zanjan city in 2021. 760 married women covered by 19 urban comprehensive health service centers (UCHSCs) were selected by the stratified systematic random sampling method. The prevalence of IPV against women was measured in four types: psychological, physical, sexual, and economic. Mean (SD) age of the women was 35.49 (8.76) years. 606 women (79.7%) experienced one type of IPV. The highest and lowest IPV prevalence against women were psychological (76.6%) and economic (12%), respectively. The highest and lowest prevalence of psychological violence were observed in CUHSCs 2 and 17, physical violence in CUHSCs 1 and 14, sexual violence in CUHSCs 2 and 17, and economic violence in CUHSCs 2 and 8, respectively. The severity of violence was higher among self-employment or workers husbands, with low monthly household income, and among younger women. The IPV rate in the target population is high, and the highest rate is related to psychological violence. These results highlight the need to intervention in the society and high-risk women for policymakers of the health system.

PREVALENCE ET FACTEURS ASSOCIES AUX MUTILATIONS GENITALES FEMININES CHEZ LES ADOLESCENTES DE 10 à 19 ANS DANS LES COMMUNES DE GUEDIAWAYE, KOLDA ET KAOLACK (SENEGAL) EN 2021

introduction: Female genital mutilation is the partial or complete removal of a woman’s external genitalia without therapeutic indication. Nearly two million girls and women underwent female genital mutilation in Senegal in 2019. We thought it appropriate to study the factors associated with female genital mutilation among teenage girls.methodology :This research used a mixed method with a quantitative and a qualitative component. The quantitative component targeted adolescent girls aged 10 to 19 in the communes of Guédiawaye in the west of the country, Kaolack in the centre and Kolda in the south. It was a cross-sectional survey based on a stratified systematic random sample. Descriptive, bivariate with an alpha risk of 5% and multivariate analyses were performed. The qualitative component was based on a case study with a reasoned choice of targets of adolescent girls and their parents in application of the principle of diversification. results :The study included 940 teenage girls with an average age of 67 months. The majority lived in rural areas (70.2%) and belonged to the Al Poular ethnic group (38.7%). The proportion of participants who had been circumcised was 29.7%. The risk of circumcision was higher in male-headed households (ORa=1.61 [1.04- 2.50]), in rural areas (ORa=15.2 [8.69- 28.0]) of Al Poular origin (ORa=12.5 [8.33- 20.0]) and in households of wealth according to welfare quintile (ORa=8.41 [4.51-15.69]).Conclusion :The prevalence of female genital mutilation among adolescent girls in Senegal has been constant for over twenty years. Awareness-raising strategies targeting wealthy households in rural areas, headed by men and of Al Poular origin, will be necessary if social norms in favour of abandonment are to progress.

Assessment of the risk of developing type 2 diabetes using the Indian diabetes risk score in an urban community in Chandigarh, India: A cross-sectional study.

The urban poor is a group that is known to be vulnerable to the adoption of a more urbanized lifestyle that places them at a higher risk for diabetes. Identification of at-risk individuals using simple screening tools like the Indian diabetes risk score developed by Madras Diabetes Research Foundation (MDRF-IDRS) and appropriate lifestyle interventions could greatly help in preventing or postponing the onset of diabetes and thus reducing the burden of the disease on the community and the nation as a whole. A cross-sectional study was conducted on individuals ≥30 years (n = 1533) of both genders in an urban colony of Chandigarh during a period of 1 year. A stratified two-stage systematic random sampling was adopted. The risk of developing Type 2 diabetes mellitus was assessed using IDRS. The total risk score of each participant was analyzed and compared. Biochemical investigations, including blood glucose and lipid profiles for detecting diabetes, were conducted. Data were presented in percentages and proportions. The statistical analysis of the data was performed by using the Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of diabetes was 3.1% in the present study. Overall, the mean IDRS was found to be 52.14 ± 16.01. Elderly persons aged 60 years and above had higher IDRS. IDRS showed significant variability with age (P < 0.001). Females had significantly higher IDRS as compared to males (P = 0.002). The association between socioeconomic class and risk status was highly significant statistically (P < 0.001). IDRS among individuals with diabetes was found to be significantly higher (64.29 ± 13.92) as compared to non-diabetics. Among all, 749 (48.7%) had high IDRS, whereas 54 (3.5%) had low IDRS. There were 734 (47.8%) with moderate IDRS. IDRS was found to be highly sensitive for detecting the risk of diabetes, suggesting its potential use as a screening tool in community setup for the purpose of detecting diabetes.

A Study to Assess the Prevalence and Factors Affecting Menopausal Symptoms among Middle-Aged Females in the Garhwal Region of Uttarakhand.

Middle age is a link between adulthood and old age, which requires special attention. During middle age among females, changes like menopause occur, which is responsible for causing various physical, vasomotor, psychological, and social changes, which may affect overall well-being and positive mental health status. Hence, the present study has been planned to assess the prevalence of menopausal symptoms among middle-aged females. The present study was a cross-sectional study carried out in rural and urban areas of district Dehradun among 400 females. A stratified systematic random sampling technique method was used. All the females fulfilling the inclusion criteria and aged 40-60 years were included in the study. The Menopause-Specific Quality of Life (MENQOL) questionnaire was used to assess the prevalence of menopausal symptoms. A total of 400 women were recruited in the study, 200 from rural and urban areas each. The mean age of the total study participants was 50.00 ± 0.32 years. Among 400 middle-aged women, 189 were premenopausal and 211 were postmenopausal. The frequencies of occurrence of menopausal symptoms were explored in 189 premenopausal and 211 postmenopausal women. The mean age of premenopausal women was 44.21 ± 2.35 and postmenopausal was 54.39 ± 4.21. Females experienced varying grades of MENQOL symptoms. It was found that majority of the females' quality of life were found to be affected with different grades of menopausal symptoms. With increasing age, symptoms also increase and are significantly high among postmenopausal women.

Navigating Post-Covid-19 Learning: Assessing Curriculum, Facilities, and Human Resource Developments and Challenges

This study aims to analyze learning development and the obstacles experienced by the Nahdlatul Ulama Islamic boarding school in Bekasi Regency after the COVID-19 pandemic, from curriculum, facilities, and human resources. This study uses a quantitative approach. The research subjects were students and caregivers from three NU Islamic boarding schools in the Bekasi district: Yapink, Nurul Huda Islamic Boarding School, and Indonesian Motivational Islamic Boarding School. The sampling method used in this research is Stratified Random Sampling and Systematic Random Sampling with proportional composition. The sample size was 320 students with sampling error = 0.05, proportion = 0.5, and the standard value of normal distribution at 5% level, z = 1.96. The test results concluded that the quality of student learning in the new average period was generally still relatively low. Educational barriers are a factor that makes the quality of student learning feel less than optimal. This is due to the impact of Covid-19 with the enactment of distance learning, the family economy is affected, and the increase in the price of health facilities, but from an institutional resilience and vulnerability standpoint, it is quite good.

Period poverty and mental health in a representative sample of young women in Barcelona, Spain

BackgroundThe intersection between poverty and mental health is clear. Period poverty, understood as the lack of access to menstrual products, has been gaining attention especially among low and middle-income countries as an overlooked aspect of gendered poverty. Less is known about the incidence of period poverty in high-income countries and its association with mental health. The purpose of this study is to examine this association in a representative sample of young women living in an urban setting in southern Europe.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study. Data were obtained from a representative survey of individuals aged 15 to 34 in the city of Barcelona (Spain), with a sample group of 647 young women. Subjects were selected through a systematic stratified random sampling method. A proportional quota sampling was used. The information was registered using CAPI data collection method. Period poverty was measured by a combination of three questions about the lack of access or misuse of menstrual products for economic reasons. The GHQ-12 was used to measure the risk of poor mental health. The analysis was carried out using multivariable logistic regression.ResultsFrom our sample, 15.3% of young women reported having experienced period poverty. Higher odds of poor mental health were estimated for women facing period poverty (AOR = 1.85 p < 0.05). This effect is statistically significant after controlling by their income status and level of deprivation. Young women living in poorer households have a higher probability of poor mental health than those living in high-income households (AOR = 0.47 p < 0.05). Finally, material deprivation was associated to an increased risk of poor mental health among young women reporting period poverty (AOR = 2.59 p < 0.01).ConclusionWe found that a considerable number of young women living in an urban setting in a high-income country cannot afford menstrual products, and this may have an impact on their mental wellbeing. The relationship between period poverty and respondents’ mental health is significant when controlling for factors known to confer an increased risk of poor mental health. If confirmed by further research, the public health burden of poor mental health in young women could be reduced by policy-level interventions to improve access to menstrual products.

Socio-Economic Wellbeing through Microcredit: An Impact Analysis of Selected Beneficiaries from National Rural Support Programme

The main cause of Poverty, deprivation, and low standard of living in developing world are lack of capital and resources. Microcredit has been viewed as a powerful tool to combat poverty and help the destitute to reduce vulnerabilities, improve livelihood and nurture social and economic wellbeing. The existing study focused on the impact of national rural support programme on the socio-economic wellbeing of people in district Sargodha. The questionnaire was used to collect data form the microcredit beneficiaries. The sample size of 252 borrowers were selected through stratified random sampling and systematic random sampling technique. Descriptive analysis as well as parametric techniques were employed. It is found that national rural support program has significantly improved the indicators of economic wellbeing i.e., income, consumption, accumulation of assets and saving and statistically significant improvement in the value of social wellbeing i.e., improvement in children education, access to better health facilities, and improvement in the household general facilities. Keywords: Microcredit, economic &amp; social wellbeing index

Breastfeeding counseling changes breastfeeding behavior of babies in coastal communities in the area of Mangara Bombang community health centers, Takalar regency.

Breastfeeding is the first step to forming children who are not only healthier but smarter, with a better emotional quotient (EQ) and spiritual quotient (SQ). Babies need physical closeness and warmth from their mother as much as optimal nourishment. Poor knowledge and attitudes towards exclusive breastfeeding can result from information that is not intensive and maximal, due to limited breastfeeding counseling staff. Other reasons include cultural factors, especially in coastal areas, such as the belief in prelacteal feeding before the first breastfeeding; the baby has then automatically not exclusively breastfed. This study used an intervention with a one-group pretest-posttest design. It aimed to analyze the role of breastfeeding counseling in increasing mothers' knowledge and attitudes regarding exclusive breastfeeding. The participants were pregnant women from the end of the second trimester to the third trimester, selected using stratified systematic random sampling. Counseling had a significant effect on mothers' knowledge (p =0.004) and attitude (p =0.000) in changing the behavior of coastal communities towards giving exclusive breastfeeding (p =0.03). Intensified counseling is recommended for pregnant women in the third trimester to realize exclusive breastfeeding. A positive and significant effect of breastfeeding counseling was found on the level of knowledge, attitudes, and changes in the behavior of coastal communities in exclusive breastfeeding.

Knowledge and Preventive Measures of COVID-19 Among Prison and Detention Center Staffs in Bench-Sheko Zone, Southwest Ethiopia.

The coronavirus has developed into a global public emergency. Different preventive measures like handwashing stations, isolation chambers, and personal protective equipment are frequently insufficient in prisons and detention facilities. Furthermore, there were significant dangers of infection from close contact with incarcerated people and prison and detention center staff. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the awareness of COVID-19 prevention strategies among correctional facility staff in the Bench-Sheko Zone, southwest Ethiopia. Between May and June 2020, an institutional-based cross-sectional study was carried out among selected individuals who were correctional facility staff located in the Bench-Sheko zone at the time the data were collected. The study participants were chosen using a stratified systematic random sampling technique. Epi-data 3.1 was used to enter the data, and SPSS version 22 was used to analyze it. To find a candidate and an independent factor, respectively, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were utilized. The levels of knowledge and practice toward COVID-19 were 41.5% and 39.5% respectively. Working in detention [AOR: 4.7, 95% CI: 2.1-10.5)] was also a risk factor for poor knowledge, and among the population working in detention, rural residence [AOR: 5.6, 95% CI: 2.2-14.3)], and lower educational level [AOR: 9.4, 95% CI: 3.3-26.9)] were additional risk factors for poor knowledge. Furthermore, for people working in detention, lower education levels [AOR: 4.3, 95% CI: 1.3-14)], poor knowledge [AOR: 3.3, 95% CI: 1.6-6.8)], and poor attitude [AOR: 9.1, 95% CI: 1.9-43.7)], were associated with poor preventive practice. Prison and detention center staff had poor knowledge and preventive measures toward COVID-19. An upcoming educational intervention is recommended to raise awareness of the diseases. Moreover, the decarcerating strategy also needs to be considered to mitigate COVID.

The Role of Stakeholder Engagement in Strategic Plan Implementation on Internal Efficiency of Public Secondary Schools in Mombasa County, Kenya

Strategic plan implementation is paramount in ensuring that internal efficiency is achieved in the education sector worldwide through engagement of key stakeholders. The study was addressed by the objectives; to determine the level of stakeholder engagement and to assess the role of meaningful stakeholder engagement in strategic plan implementation on internal efficiency of public secondary schools in Mombasa County. The Resource-Based theory guided the study. The study adopted a Convergent Parallel Mixed Methods design where data was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Stratified systematic random sampling techniques were used in the study. Principals, teachers and BOM chairpersons formed the population with 134 respondents forming the sample. The instruments were validated through expert reviews as Factor analyses, tests and pilots were conducted. Three schools were stratified into category with 12 respondents participating in the pilot study. Reliability in this research was determined through tests such as t-tests, correlation, ANOVA, and regression analyses. Descriptive statistics in the form of mean, variability such as standard deviation and variance were applied. The data was then presented in tables, graphs, pie charts and percentages. The study findings indicated that meaningful engagement of stakeholders formed an integral part in ensuring strategic plan implementation and the realization of internal efficiency. The results obtained through correlation and regression show that stakeholder engagement significantly affect the internal efficiency. Stakeholder engagement in strategic plan implementation contributed the most to achieving internal efficiency. Therefore, when other factors are held constant, for every unit change in the independent variables, the internal efficiency increases. This indicated that a strong relationship established. The study provides a useful information that may make it easy for education stakeholders to address challenges of strategic plan implementation through meaningful engagement of key stakeholders for the realization of internal efficiency. Therefore, as a recommendation, the study provides a base for policymakers to inform and formulate policies on applying strategic planning in improving the internal efficiencies of public secondary schools in Kenya. Keywords : Academic performance, Completion rate, Monitoring and Evaluation, Meaningful Stakeholder Engagement DOI: 10.7176/JEP/14-2-01 Publication date: January 31 st 2023

Factors Affecting the Development of Recreational Facilities in Awka South Urban Areas of Anambra State, Nigeria

This research project was aimed at studying “ factors affecting the development of recreational facilities in Awka South Urban Areas of Anambra State, Nigeria. In order to achieve this, the objectives of the study include, to assess the present state of recreational facilities in Awka-south urban area, to identify the factors affecting the development of recreational centers and facilities in Awka-south urban area, to determine the economic prospects of recreational facilities in Awka-south urban area, and to determine the Importance of recreation the host and tourists in Awka south Urban Areas. The sampling technique used was stratified systematic random sampling technique. This sample is preferred because it is simple, easy to use and allows a chance for every member of the sample frame to be selected. The instrument for this research work was closed-ended questionnaire. The research need was obtained from primary and secondary sources. Using Taro Yamanie formula, a sample size of 100 respondents was used to obtained data, out of which 82 were retrieved which was used to analyzed data. The researcher also identified shortage of funds, inadequate equipment, open space, insecurity and inadequate recreation facilities and infrastrucrures as the factors affecting the development of recreational centers in Awka South. Revenue generation, employment and GDP were the economic prospects of recreation centers in Awka South. Operational and In good state, operational and in bad state, closed and in good state and closed and in bad state were also identified as the state of recreational facilities assessment in Awka Sout, physical health, mental and improves quality life are the importance of recreation in Awka south Urban Areas The searcher recommended that the government should set up a tourism policy for a sustainable recreational centers and improve in fundings, recreation facilities and infrastructures in Awka South Urban Areas.

Nurses' knowledge and related factors towards professional ethics: A cross-sectional study

This study aimed to evaluate the nurses' knowledge and related factors towards professional ethics. This cross-sectional study was carried out among nurses from Guilan University of Medical Sciences in Rasht, Iran. The research employed a systematic stratified random sampling method to select its samples. Data collection was conducted using a three-part instrument, consisting of questionnaires addressing demographic information. Moreover, the tool gauged participants' knowledge of professional ethics and their adherence to these principles. A total of 354 nurses participated in the present study. The nurses had an average age of 34.7 (SD=8.1) years. The average score of knowledge of professional ethics in nurses was 89.14 (SD=15.3) and the average score of compliance with ethical aspects was 105.20 (SD=56.16). Also, 92.4% of the research samples had good ethical knowledge. In terms of the status of compliance with aspects of professional ethics, 83.9% of the research samples had favorable compliance status. Also, the average score of knowledge of professional ethics and compliance with ethical aspects in nurses had a positive and significant correlation with each other (r=0.424, P=0.001). Therefore, while underscoring the significance of educational interventions aimed at enhancing the knowledge base of practicing nurses, there is potential to strategize actions aimed at advancing both the knowledge level and ethical compliance within the nursing realm. These efforts can play a pivotal role in averting moral dilemmas and conflicts experienced by nurses.

The Role of Strategic Plan Implementation on Internal Efficiency of Public Secondary Schools in Mombasa County, Kenya

Strategic plan implementation is a concept that has been embraced across sectors of the global world due to its effect on internal efficiency. Therefore, the study sought to determine the role of strategic plan implementation on the internal efficiency of public secondary schools in Mombasa County. It was addressed by the following objectives: to analyze the role of education mission and vision on strategic plan implementation and strategic resource mobilization on the internal efficiency of public secondary schools in Mombasa County. The Resource-Based theory guided the study. The study adopted a Convergent Parallel Mixed Methods design where data was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Stratified systematic random sampling techniques were used in the study. Principals, teachers and BOM chairpersons formed the population with 134 respondents forming the sample. The instruments were validated as reliability was determined. Tests such as t-tests, correlation, ANOVA and regression analyses. Descriptive statistics in the form of mean, variability such as standard deviation and variance were applied. The data was then presented in tables, graphs, pie charts and percentages. The study findings indicated that although most of schools had developed strategic plans, some were partially implemented as others not implemented at all. The results obtained through correlation and regression show that mission and vision and also strategic resource mobilization had a significant correlation with internal efficiency. Therefore, when other factors are held constant, for every unit change in the independent variables, the internal efficiency increases. This indicated that there are strong relationships established. As a recommendation, the study provides a base for policymakers to inform and formulate policies on applying strategic planning in improving the internal efficiencies of public secondary schools in Kenya. Keywords : Academic performance, Completion rate, Government Policy, Educational mission and vision, Strategic resource mobilization DOI: 10.7176/JEP/13-36-01 Publication date: December 31 st 2022

Comparing the Epidemiology and Health Burden of Lyme Disease and Babesiosis Hospitalizations in the United States.

Lyme disease (LD) and babesiosis are increasing in the United States. We sought to characterize and compare their epidemiology and health burden using a nationally representative sample of hospitalizations. Data were extracted from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) pertaining to LD and babesiosis for 2018 and 2019. The NIS is a comprehensive database of all-payer inpatient hospitalizations, representing a stratified systematic random sample of discharges from US hospitals. Patient demographics, clinical outcomes, and admission costs were evaluated, in addition to hospital-level variables (eg, location/teaching status and census division). Annual incidence of hospitalizations was calculated using US Census Bureau data. The annual incidence of hospitalizations of LD-related and babesiosis-related hospitalizations were 6.98 and 2.03 per 1 000 000 persons/year. Of the 4585 LD hospitalizations in 2018-2019, 60.9% were among male patients, 85.3% were White, and 39.0% were ≥60 years. Of the 1330 babesiosis hospitalizations in 2018-2019, 72.2% were among male patients, 78.9% were White, and 74.1% were ≥60 years; 70.0% of LD and 91.7% of babesiosis hospitalizations occurred in Middle Atlantic or New England. Lower disease severity was noted in 81.8% of LD hospitalizations compared with 49.3% of babesiosis hospitalizations, whereas those suffering from high severity were 2.3% and 6.0%, respectively. The mean hospital charges for LD and babesiosis hospitalizations were $33 440.8 and $40 689.8, respectively. Despite overlap between the 2 diseases, LD has a broader geographic range and a greater number of hospital admissions, whereas babesiosis is more severe, incurring longer hospital stays, higher inpatient costs, and deaths.

Simulation-based education model for under-resourced nursing education institutions in Lesotho.

The changing landscape of nursing education to competency-based education has strengthened the importance of simulation learning in the process of developing the required graduate competencies. This study aimed to develop a model that guides the implementation of simulation-based education (SBE) in under-resourced nursing education institutions in Lesotho. Four Nursing Education Institutions in Lesotho. An explanatory sequential mixed methods design was adopted. Sampling methods included stratified systematic random, purposive and systematic sampling. The total sample was 390 comprising students, nurse educators and principals. Data were collected through questionnaires, focus group discussions and in-depth unstructured individual interviews. Statistical analysis was employed for quantitative data while a grounded theory approach guided the qualitative data analysis and model development. Implementation of simulation emerged as a multilevel, multi-actor and multistage process of adopting, introducing and implementing SBE. This education takes place in a simulated environment that serves as a connecting bridge between the learning of theory in the classroom and clinical learning in real-life settings. The model generated from this study has simulation implementation as the main concept that is supported by four major concepts: (1) simulation initiation at the strategic level, (2) simulation implementation at the tactical level, (3) simulation implementation at the operational level and (4) simulation outcomes. Successful implementation of simulation requires buy-in from key stakeholders. Simulation-based education policy, competent facilitators and a well-resourced clinical skills laboratory may facilitate the development of the required competencies. The study provides guidance on how SBE can be implemented in resource-limited settings.