Systematic Observation Research Articles

NOVAS ABORDAGENS PARA MODELAGEM DE NEGÓCIOS

This article presents a study on contemporary disruptive business modeling. Therefore, we tried to target the phenomena of globalization as a continuous and uninterrupted process that moves the gears of the capitalist model in which economic, social and technological facts are engendered. Today's business organizations get rid of rigid models as were the guidelines contained in business plans so that they can obtain more speed in the Research and Development processes of products and services with high added value for markets and customers. Innovation with the ability to deliver value to customers is now the cornerstone of administrators and managers in managing high-performance teams for creating, prototyping and launching products and services that are considered disruptive. New proposals to support agile strategies are presented to streamline processes and are already being used. New business proposals added to new logistical movements linked to cutting-edge technology point to new scenarios in which new approaches, with new planning, organization and control, are fixed on the radar of contemporary administration. In the eagerness to answer questions about what happens in this scenario, bibliographic analysis methodology and systematic observation were used.

Mapping interaction quality for nursing and medical students in primary care placement in municipal emergency care units: a systematic observational study.

Primary care placement for nursing and medical students is vital for developing the competence to accommodate the increasing number of patients with multimorbid and complex conditions. Prior studies have suggested that interaction quality in primary care placement empowers learning. However, research mapping interaction quality in primary care placements in municipal emergency care units is lacking. This study aimed to systematically map interaction quality for nursing and medical students in primary care placement in two municipal emergency care units. This study adopted a systematic descriptive observational design. Systematic observations (n = 201 cycles) of eight nursing students (n = 103 cycles) and six medical students (n = 98 cycles) were used to map interaction quality across six learning situations between March and May 2019. Observations were coded using the Classroom Assessment Scoring System-Secondary (CLASS-S). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman correlations. Interaction quality is described in three domains: (I) emotional support, (II) framework for learning, and (III) instructional support, and the overall measure, student engagement. The results indicated middle-quality interactions in the emotional and instructional support domains and high quality in the framework for learning domain and student engagement. Correlations exhibited similar patterns and ranged from non-significant to strong correlations. The interaction qualities indicated a generally positive and supportive learning environment contributing to nursing and medical students' learning and active participation in work tasks related to their professional roles. Thus, this new form for primary care placement for nursing and medical students in the municipal emergency care units was found to be a positive learning arena. These results may enhance nursing and medical education programs in countries with similar health services and education. Health education, supervisors, peers, and others contributing to students' learning should recognize which interaction qualities may affect learning and how to improve quality, thus affecting supervisors' approach to training students. While the CLASS-S showed potential for mapping interaction qualities for nursing and medical students in primary care placement in municipal emergency care units, further studies are needed to validate the CLASS-S for use in clinical placement settings.

Adapting Schools to Climate Change with Green, Blue, and Grey Measures in Barcelona: Study Protocol of a Mixed-Method Evaluation

Under the framework of the Urban Innovative Actions program of the European Commission, in 2020, 11 primary schools in Barcelona were transformed into climate shelters by implementing green, blue, and grey measures. Schoolyards were also opened to the local community to be used during non-school periods. Here we present the study protocol of a mixed-method approach to evaluate the effectiveness of the interventions in terms of improving environmental quality and health for users. We evaluated school level through the following: (1) quantitative pre-post quasi-experimental study, and (2) qualitative evaluation. The quantitative study included measures of (a) environmental variables (collected via low-cost and non-low-cost sensors), (b) students’ health and well-being (collected via health questionnaires, attention levels test, and systematic observations), and (c) teachers’ health and well-being (collected via thermal comfort measurements and health questionnaires). The qualitative methods evaluated the perceptions about the effects of the interventions among students (using Photovoice) and teachers (through focus groups). The impact of the interventions was assessed at community level during summer non-school periods through a spontaneous ethnographic approach. Data collection started in August 2019 and ended in July 2022. The evaluation provides the opportunity to identify those solutions that worked and those that need to be improved for future experiences, as well as improve the evaluation methodology and replication for these kinds of interventions.

A natural experiment to assess recess frequency on children’s physical activity in Arizona (U.S.) elementary schools

BackgroundIn the United States, the number of state policies mandating recess in schools has rapidly increased over the past decade; however, few policies specify recess frequency. Informed by an ecological model of physical activity (PA) policy, this study examined and compared total amounts and intensity of PA expended during recess among children attending schools in compliance with Arizona recess policy ARS§ 15–118 mandating 2 + daily recess periods versus not.MethodsPA during recess was measured among grade three children (ages 8–10) in four randomly selected elementary schools (two complying averaging 30 daily recess minutes; two non-complying averaging 15 daily recess minutes) in Maricopa County, Arizona. Group-level PA was assessed by direct observation using the System for Observing Play and Leisure (137 observations). A subset of students (N = 134) from all schools wore ActiGraph GT3X + devices during recess to measure individual PA. General linear mixed effects models were used to analyze the impact of recess frequency on group and individual PA during recess.ResultsStudents attending complying schools spent significantly greater proportions of time in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) based on direct observation (5%) and accelerometry (15%) and less time being sedentary based on accelerometry (14%) during recess. Across the school day, this would equate to 5.1 more MVPA minutes based on systematic direct observation and 9.5 more MVPA minutes based on accelerometry, and 4.1 less minutes being sedentary based on accelerometry if students received two daily 15-minute recess periods compared to one.ConclusionsStudents attending elementary schools implementing 2 + recesses, in accordance with state policy, demonstrated greater MVPA and less sedentary time, providing preliminary evidence that recess frequency is associated with greater PA intensity among children during recess. Schools that adhere to state-level PA policies may provide a more supportive environment for PA, resulting in increased movement among students. Specifying recess frequency should be considered in statewide recess policy.

Nejstarší limnigraf na území České republiky – jeho smysl, vznik, přemístění a zánik

The aim of the present study is an insight into the history of installing the oldest limnigraph on the Czech Republic´s territory. Despite an undisputed success and progress of the Czech hydrology under the leadership of the Swiss hydrologist Andreas Rudolph Harlacher in 1870–1890, installation of limnigraphs in our country was markedly delayed, as compared to Switzerland, Germany or even within the Austrian Empire. Actually, the first limnigraphs appeared in the above countries some 10–30 years earlier. A digitization of the oldest Czech systematic water level observations and gathering of all archive materials related to the “Staroměstské mlýny” site in Prague resulted in an unexpected finding: the oldest limnigraph recording sheet was revealed, however, for an unknown limnigraph profile. Only two facts were clear, i.e., that the profile of limnigraph was situated in Prague (but unclear were exactly) and that the recording started in November 1900. Our paper answers the basic questions were the limnigraph was located, what instrumentation it included, why the recording was cancelled, and what was the further destiny of this limnigraph. Additionally, we present a brief information on the very beginnings of installation of limnigraphs in the period 1900–1914 on the territory of the present-day Czech Republic.

Colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel diseases in St. Petersburg: results of an analytical study

Introduction. Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) belong to the category of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and are one of the most pressing problems of gastroenterology worldwide, including due to the development of specific life-threatening complications. Chronic inflammation in the colon in IBD is the cause of the development of one of these complications - colorectal cancer, which requires disabling colectomies and is also one of the leading causes of death among IBD patients. In the Russian population of IBD patients the prevalence of dysplasia and cancer of the colon mucosa has not been previously studied in large epidemiological studies. The aim of the study was to assess the incidence of colorectal cancer in patients with IBD in St. Petersburg. Materials and methods. Within the framework of this publication, the results of three studies were compared: a single-center retrospective cohort study conducted on the basis of the city center of IBD in St. Petersburg (516 patients with IBD who admitted to this medical institution for the period 2020-2023); a multicenter epidemiological study aimed at assessing the clinical features of IBD among the population of St. Petersburg (1072 patients with IBD who admitted to 42 outpatient clinics and 6 city hospitals in 2018-2020); registry study based on the general statistical module of the regional IBD Register of St. Petersburg, operating on the basis of a regional fragment of the unified healthcare state information system (12,858 patients with IBD, data collection period: 2019-2022). Results. As a result of comparing data from three studies, the incidence of IBD-associated colorectal cancer in St. Petersburg was calculated, which was 15.7 cases per 10,000 patients with UC per year and 11.5 cases per 10,000 patients with CD per year. Compared to the population of St. Petersburg as a whole, the likelihood of developing colorectal cancer in patients with UC was 2.9 times higher, in patients with CD - 2.4 times higher. At the same time, in a single-center study, when assessing the prevalence of IBD-associated colorectal cancer, it was found that compared with other life-threatening complications of IBD, it was much less common: toxic dilatation of the intestine occurred 3 times more often, intestinal perforation occurred 20 times more often, decompensated bowel stricture occurred 21 times more often, and severe anemia requiring blood transfusion occurred 36 times more common. Also, as a result of a single-center study, it was found that for 1 case of IBD-associated dysplasia of the colon mucosa, there were 5 cases of sporadic dysplasia. Conclusion. The selection of the most effective therapy and systematic endoscopic examination of patients with IBD will significantly reduce the likelihood of developing colorectal cancer, and systematic observation of the patient with regular endoscopic monitoring of the colon with multifocal biopsy will allow timely detection of dysplasia of the colon mucosa in accordance with current clinical guidelines. It can be assumed that within the framework of cancer prevention measures in the first years of follow-up of a patient with IBD from the onset of the disease, it is advisable to give priority to the risk of developing not only IBD-associated dysplasia, but also sporadic dysplasia of the colon mucosa.

Multistage and diverse melt-mantle interaction in dunite-harzburgite channel systems beneath oceanic slow-ultraslow spreading centers: Evidence from the Xigaze ophiolite (Tibet)

High-porosity, melt-focusing channel systems (comprising reactive dunite and its surrounding harzburgite) reflect an essential type of melt extraction within the mantle under mid-ocean ridges, proposed mainly by investigations of ophiolites produced in fast-spreading centers. However, relevant melt-migration processes from mantle wall rocks into dunitic channels under slow-ultraslow spreading centers and their effects are less well understood. We present systematic petrographic observations and whole-rock/mineral compositional analyses of a dunite-harzburgite channel system (∼250 m in width) within the Dazhuka mantle section (∼3–4 km thick) of the Xigaze ophiolite (South Tibet), produced in a Neo-Tethyan slow-ultraslow spreading center. The harzburgites, closely surrounding a dunite-rich zone, show large variations in pyroxene/olivine ratios (0.1–0.6), whole-rock MgO (41.2–45.9 wt%), Al2O3 (0.23–1.87 wt%) and CaO (0.38–2.80 wt%), as well as spinel Cr# (molar Cr3+/(Cr3++Al3+), 0.20–0.73) and pyroxene major and trace elements, almost covering the whole ranges of the Xigaze ophiolitic mantle. The harzburgites closer to the dunite-rich zone are gradually more depleted than those further ones, and finally replaced by the most depleted dunites. Modeling of decompressional melting from a depleted-MORB-mantle (DMM) source shows that the harzburgitic compositions correspond to melt depletion degrees of ∼6.9–19.2%, requiring a ∼30-km solely decompressional distance that is much greater than the sampling size of the channel system. It suggests that the wall-rock harzburgites can be produced by the reaction between high-fluxing, silica-undersaturated melts and the least-depleted harzburgites during the formation of reactive dunite-harzburgite channels. In addition, clinopyroxenes in dunites and some harzburgites show metasomatic enrichments, reflected in higher Na2O (up to 0.32 wt%), TiO2 (up to 0.17 wt%) and concentrations of Zr, Hf, light rare earth elements (LREE) and fluid-mobile elements relative to those in other harzburgites. These distinct signatures suggest the later localized metasomatism by batches of basaltic melts (some are volatile-rich) flowing through the harzburgitic wall rocks into the dunite-rich zone. We therefore propose that the dunite-harzburgite channel system archives at least the formation of reactive channels in deep upwelling asthenosphere during the high-melt-flux stage, and the subsequent metasomatic enrichments by basaltic melts reusing the channels in the shallow asthenosphere. The multistage and diverse melt-mantle interaction styles may characterize the melt extraction processes under oceanic slow-ultraslow spreading centers.

Hydrography of the Southern Ocean fronts – The zooplankton link: A detailed study in the Indian Ocean sector

Despite its importance, zooplankton diversity, biomass and abundance are still poorly known in the remote Indian sector of the Southern Ocean (SO). Therefore, systematic observations of zooplankton and hydrography have been made in the Indian sector of the SO, with a focus on Copepoda. We collected the data along 57° E transect during austral summer and examined various oceanographic locations in the central Indian Ocean sector of the SO lying in the east of the Kerguelen Plateau. The contribution of copepod abundance was substantial (85 %) to the total zooplankton biomass across the entire study region. We observed surface stratification in the Subtropical Front (STF) and Subantarctic Front (SAF); on the other hand, subsurface stratification was encountered in the Polar Front (PF) and South of PF (S-PF). As a result, nutrients were lower in warmer waters than in colder waters. On the other hand, zooplankton abundance was higher in colder waters than in warmer waters. The highest zooplankton grazing impact was recorded in the PF zone, where zooplankton removed ∼ 81 % of the daily phytoplankton production, while north of the PF zooplankton grazing was generally low. Four copepod species were shown to be highly connected to oceanic fronts. The vertical distribution of zooplankton abundance and species composition was chiefly driven by physical and biological conditions in the Indian sector of the SO. As a result, our findings indicate that physical processes play an important role in organizing plankton diversity, which ultimately determines the fate of the foodweb structure and the biological carbon pump in the studied area.

Subsurface fluxes dominate the dissolved nitrogen losses from rice paddies in central China

Nitrogen losses in rice paddy fields pose a high risk to surrounding aquatic environment. While the surface N losses have garnered considerable attention in recent years, subsurface flux, including vertical leaching and near-ditch lateral seepage, has barely been quantified. To understand how it impacts the N run off, we collected three-year high-frequency and systematic field observations and adopted a two-dimensional quantitative model coupling water, nitrogen dynamics and crop growth. We quantified the magnitude and dynamics of subsurface N loss during rice growing season. Our results showed that subsurface N loss, reaching 6.2 kg N ha−1 and 4% of total applied N in rice growing seasons, was 2-fold larger than surface N runoff, in which lateral seepage contributed 33%. The driving factors include hydraulic gradients brought by ponded water depth and ditch water level. Based on our study, optimized irrigation management and conservation tillage were priority in mitigating subsurface N loss, with 41% and 32% reduction potential, respectively, and improved ditch-pond system combined with irrigation-drainage management could also be an effective solution. Together, these findings highlight an important role of subsurface flux including lateral seepage, which could be instrumental for future water-quality improvements in rice paddy-ditch landscape.

How can the work activity point of view inform territorial development projects?

The heuristic potential of work activity-focused territory analyses has yet to be explored in depth. Instead of viewing territories as a product of their actors, the prevailing approaches rely on statistical indicators to view them "from above". To understand how work activity acts upon a territory and transforms it, and to discuss what the main indicators used to characterize territories reveal and conceal. Case studies led on two territories, each in a different industry. One on transportation in a sparsely populated "low density" area; the other in an industrial district, focusing on its "high activity rate" cork industry. In the first case, work activity analyses were led with drivers and mobility designers, including systematic observations and interviews, in the context of an endeavour to redesign a local transport network. In the second case, work activity analyses led among cork stopper choosers were followed with an integrative literature review of indicators about the cork industry and its health impacts. This territory analysis highlights: (i) traces of bus drivers' work activity on the mitigation of inequalities in access to public transportation; (ii) "absent indicators" regarding cork choosers' work activity and its health impacts, stressing the existence of a development agenda for this territory focused on cork processing rather than on those who perform it. Our analysis of territorialization processes through the lens of work activity signposts a path for research-action seeking to associate territorial development with improvements in the working conditions of citizen workers.

Pemanfaatan Media Pembelajaran Ipa Untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar Siswa DI SD Negeri 060928 Medan

Learning media are all forms used for activities to convey information that can be seen, manipulated, heard, read or discussed. The aim of this research is to find out how to use science learning media to increase student motivation at SD Negeri 060928 Medan. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research based on observation. Observation is a systematic observation of human activities and physical settings where these activities occur continuously from natural activities in order to produce facts. The results of this research indicate that the use of learning media can significantly increase student motivation in learning science. Teachers are able to use learning media clearly and make students interested in learning.

Exploring Small-Group Reading Instruction for Students at Risk for Reading Difficulties in Kindergarten Classrooms

The purpose of this systematic observation study was to improve our understanding of small-group reading instruction for kindergarten students at risk for reading difficulties (RDs). We aimed to observe and document activity types addressed as well as instructional practices and materials employed during small-group instruction, with a particular interest in text reading instruction. We conducted 31 observations of 11 kindergarten teachers’ typical small-group reading instruction for students at risk for RDs. We also conducted semi-structured interviews with a subsample of the teachers to learn more about their instructional practices. Results revealed that teachers’ small-group reading instruction often reflected research-based recommendations regarding instruction for students at risk for RDs, but also included practices associated with less evidence of effectiveness for such students. Findings suggest there is a need to provide teachers with professional learning opportunities that build knowledge of evidence-based practices for providing reading instruction to students at risk for RDs.

ELEMENTOS CONSTITUINTES DO CUIDADO: (DES)CONEXÕES QUE DESAFIAM A INTEGRALIDADE DO CUIDADO ÀS PESSOAS INDÍGENAS COM TUBERCULOSE

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the production of care, regarding reception, bonding, resolvability, and accountability, for indigenous people with tuberculosis. Method: Qualitative study, with systematic observation, document analysis, and semi-structured interviews with health workers and indigenous health management and the municipal health department of Banzaê/Bahia - Brazil. Data triangulation was carried out from interviews, documentary records, and field observation. Results: The reception is given when the need for understanding and respect for cultural specificities is recognized, the bond is related to the health worker’s culture, the resolvability is hindered due to municipal management, and there are divergences among those responsible for indigenous health in taking responsibility for care. Conclusion: Collective actions are necessary between the municipal, state instances and the Special Indigenous Sanitary Districts, regarding the path of the health services network.

Multifaceted Approach to Addressing Problem Behaviors in Developmentally Challenged Children.

Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often encounter unique challenges when attempting to understand their children's challenging behaviors such as self-injury, aggression, noncompliance, and stereotypies. In this study, we aimed to analyze and clarify the definition of challenging behaviors in individuals with ASD, identify the variables associated with challenging behaviors, and determine the function of these behaviors. Systematic observation and data collection are crucial to understand the functions of specific behaviors exhibited by individuals with ASD based on their antecedents and consequences. Knowledge regarding these will enable clinicians to develop and implement effective interventions. Additionally, the treatment approach should aim for generalization to improve the quality of lives of both children with ASD and their caregivers.

Effect of goalkeepers' offensive participation on team performance in the women Spanish La Liga: a multinomial logistic regression analysis.

This study aimed to examine the effect of goalkeeper distribution on offensive team performance, during the 2018/2019 and 2019-2020 seasons of the Women Spanish La Liga. A total of 10,868 distributions, during 376 matches were analyzed by systematic observation. Two UEFA PRO coaches designed an ad hoc observation instrument "GOALDFOOT" and one observer coded the data after a training process. An intra-observer reliability kappa index of 0.94 was established. Results show how the offensive effectiveness of the goalkeepers was similar to outfield players, with 0.4% of possessions ending in a goal, 2.2% ending in an attempt on goal, with 79.4% ending unsuccessfully. The goalkeeper lost possession from their distribution 32.5% of the time. Multivariate analysis identified several predictors of goalkeepers' distributions. The results show that teams classified in the middle zone of the final classification of the regular league had 1.2 times more probability of being successful compared with the lowest ranked teams (p < 0.05). Goalkeeper's distribution beginning during Open play after a transition, represented an increase success rate of almost 3 times compared to being performed from a free kick (p < 0.05). Passes from outfield players to a goalkeeper made from distant zones to the own goal, decreased the probability of success (p < 0.001). The pitch location of the distribution outcome near to the opponent goal offered the best probability of success. In conclusion, the most effective offensive sequences occur with dynamic transitions initiated with short passes. This information can provide coaches and players with insights to improve the offensive performance of goalkeepers.

Sujeitos históricos e ensino sob a ótica de Eduardo Coutinho: proposta para a formação de professores de história

Abstract This paper presents reflections on the contributions made by Eduardo Coutinho’s conversation films to outline reflections associated with the concept of historical subject, to be addressed in the teaching of history. This research presents a qualitative approach, applied nature and explanation, using bibliographic analysis, document analysis and systematic observations, from an ex-post-facto perspective. Coutinho’s films feature women, the elderly, blacks, poor, peripheral and northeastern people, in order to treat their life experiences with significance. The pedagogical appropriation of these films is relevant for the construction of a training process that is guided by the approach of the historical subject from conceptions such as those of the excluded/subaltern/from below and which is aimed at teachers who teach History in Basic Education.

Street-level Bureaucrat Analysis of Indonesia’s oil palm replanting implementation program

This article analyzes the Street-Level Bureaucrat Analysis of Indonesia’s Oil Palm Replanting Implementation Program, focusing on the case in Indragiri Hilir District, Riau Province. PSR aims to renew smallholder oil palm plantations with sustainable varieties and reduce illegal land clearing. The Street Level Bureaucrat model was approved to ensure the responsibility and participation of farmers. This research analyzes Street- Level Bureaucrat Analysis of Indonesia’s Oil Palm Replanting Implementation Program. This study uses qualitative research methods with systematic literature reviews and case observation studies in Indragiri Hilir Regency, Riau Province. The results of the study show that this model has a significant effect on the implementation of PSR. The responsiveness of service providers to farmers’^ needs increases. Service providers understand farmers’ challenges and adapt programs according to field conditions. With intensive interaction between service providers and farmers, farmers’ understanding of decision-making has also increased. Overall, this analysis underscores the importance of the Street-Level Bureaucrats model in ensuring the effective implementation of the Smallholder Oil Palm Replanting Program in Indonesia. Responsiveness to community needs, farmer involvement in decision-making, and support for sustainable growth are the critical elements this model reinforces. Thus, using the Street-Level Bureaucrats model can optimize the results of PSR and its positive impact on society and the environment in Indonesia.

Sampled-Data Observer Design for Linear Kuramoto-Sivashinsky Systems with Non-Local Output

The aim of this paper is to provide a novel systematic methodology for the design of sampled-data observers for Linear Kuramoto-Sivashinsky systems (LKS) with non-local outputs. More precisely, we extend the systematic sampled-data observer design approach which is based on the use of an Inter-Sample output predictor to the class of LKS systems. By using a small-gain methodology we provide sufficient conditions ensuring the Input-to-Output Stability property of the estimation errors in the presence of measurement noise. Our Inter-Sample output predictor contains a tuning term which can enlarge significantly the Maximum Allowable Sampling Period.

Особенности разработки нормативов допустимого воздействия на малые реки Севастопольского региона

The aim of the study is the identification of uncertainties to improve information support for the standards of permissible impact (SPI) elaboration for small rivers of the Sevastopol region. Materials and methods. The initial data were the results of surface water bodies monitoring in the Sevastopol region, other materials on the Chernaya River basin, characterizing the conditions for the formation of runoff and the quality of waters of small rivers. Monitoring data has been provided by the territorial bodies of Roshydromet, Rospotrebnadzor, Rosprirodnadzor and State Unitary Enterprise of Sevastopol for Water Use (SUES "Vodokanal"). The shortcomings of information support for the elaboration of SPI are revealed. Pollutants were ranked according to their importance for the ecosystem of the Chernaya River tributaries and distribution in water bodies, the water quality standards are substantiated. The list of pollutants in descending order of importance for the ecosystem includes: phosphates, nitrites, ammonium ion, BOD5, suspended solids, iron, manganese, copper, magnesium, calcium, nickel, zinc, phenols, sulfates, surfactants, oil products. The most common pollutants (indicators of pollution) in the tributaries of the Chernaya River are BOD5, nitrites, phenols, manganese, iron and copper (excesses of standards are recorded for almost all objects). MPC for objects of fishery importance were adopted as standards for SPI elaboration. The exception was BOD5, for this indicator the hygienic standard was used. Assumptions are proposed that allow solving the problem of elaboration SPI under conditions of incomplete information. The calculations of the runoff volume for the years of 50 % and 95 % security, SPIchem for priority pollutants on the main hydrological seasons were performed. Analysis of the results showed that SPI differ significantly by hydrological seasons (up to 48 times) and by each indicator of pollution for different tributaries, which is especially pronounced (more than 10 times) for the Uzundzha and Kalenda Rivers in terms of BOD5, iron, phenols and phosphates. The results obtained confirms the need for differentiated regulation of the permissible impact on individual tributaries of the Chernaya River. When developing the SPI for the small rivers of the Sevastopol region, normative-methodological, informational, large-scale and target uncertainties were identified. The assumptions proposed in the work make it possible to solve practical problems of management in the field of use and protection of water bodies, but do not reduce the relevance of measures aimed at improving the information support for the SPI elaboration. Measures aimed at improving the information support for the SPI elaboration includes: organizing access to the monitoring data of the territorial body of Roshydromet («Crimean UGMS»), increasing the frequency of observations on tributaries of the Chernaya River, organization of systematic observations in the background sections and in the zones of influence of diffuse sources of pollution.

From Policy to Practice: Evaluating the Implementation of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) in Bangladeshi Primary Schools

This research critically examines the current state of English language teaching and learning in primary schools across Bangladesh, with a specific focus on the curriculum developed by the National Curriculum and Textbook Board (NCTB) and the textbooks used in grades 4 and 5. The study delves into the primary obstacles hindering the implementation of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), highlighting the significance of resource availability and the pervasive influence of traditional pedagogical approaches. To explore the potential gap between the intended application of CLT and its actual practice in classrooms, a qualitative study was conducted. This involved in-depth interviews with teachers and systematic observations of classroom activities. The findings reveal several contextual challenges that pose significant barriers to the successful implementation of CLT. These include overcrowded classrooms, a lack of essential educational resources, insufficient time allocated for interactive classroom activities, inadequate teacher training on CLT methodologies, and a misalignment between the curriculum's objectives and the testing framework. Moreover, the study identifies a pronounced disparity between the traditional exam-centric approach, which predominantly focuses on rote learning, and the development of practical language skills necessary for real-life communication. The reliance on reference books, particularly Model Questions, by teachers further impedes the adoption of communicative practices, thereby restricting opportunities for meaningful language use in the classroom. Despite these challenges, the analysis acknowledges that the NCTB textbooks are thoughtfully designed to support the goals of CLT. To bridge the gap between curriculum design and classroom practice, the study recommends an increase in the frequency of interactive and communicative activities within the classroom setting. Additionally, it proposes the incorporation of listening and speaking components into the assessment process, thereby ensuring a more holistic evaluation that aligns with the communicative objectives of the curriculum.