System Design Principles Research Articles

Functionally Interpreting Security

ABSTRACTThe outcomes of an exploration of what security means as an engineered function are presented, based upon principles of secure system design. The exploration was done to support an effort to formalize the syntax and semantics for the expression of security protection needs in system requirements, and to enable alignments with system safety and resilience requirements. The exploration produced a clearer interpretation of the essential aspects of security as postulated by foundational work on secure system design and was cross checked against representative classes of security requirement criteria to confirm accuracy and sufficiency of coverage of key security requirement types. The resultant perspective of what it means to be secure can be useful to inform the development of effective practices for the design of secure systems that are aligned with Future of Systems Engineering (FuSE) concepts, particularly security as a functional requirement. Further, the perspective helps to distinguish those characteristics of security (loss of “anything”) that are in common, and that contrast, with safety (loss of “specific things”) and resilience (loss of “capability”).

Design principles of control systems for self-driving unmanned ground vehicles

The self-driving unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) design problem is analyzed in this paper. Two methodological problems of UGV design are formulated. The first problem is the difference between the purpose of creating a self-driving automobile from UGV, which leads to fundamentally different systemic solutions. The second methodological problem is associated with the need for sufficiently deep knowledge and the ability to work with a number of technologies that are used in the complex to create a control system for self-driving. The joint analysis of these problems allowed us to put forward a number of control systems design principles for self-driving UGV, including the principle of upcycling, the principle of using a discrete-event model for the logical synchronization of the operation of modules and the principle of ensuring the functional safety of the UGV during autonomous movement. The principle of using the discrete-event model for synchronizing the operation of software modules is explained by the example of a Petri net. A general solution to the problem of quantitative evaluation of the safety of autonomous movement of UGV is presented. The considered principles were used during development of prototypes of self-driving control systems for various purposes.

Combining Persuasive System Design Principles and Behavior Change Techniques in Digital Interventions Supporting Long-term Weight Loss Maintenance: Design and Development of eCHANGE.

BackgroundLong-term weight maintenance after weight loss is challenging, and innovative solutions are required. Digital technologies can support behavior change and, therefore, have the potential to be an effective tool for weight loss maintenance. However, to create meaningful and effective digital behavior change interventions that support end user values and needs, a combination of persuasive system design (PSD) principles and behavior change techniques (BCTs) might be needed.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate how an evidence-informed digital behavior change intervention can be designed and developed by combining PSD principles and BCTs into design features to support end user values and needs for long-term weight loss maintenance.MethodsThis study presents a concept for how PSD principles and BCTs can be translated into design features by combining design thinking and Agile methods to develop and deliver an evidence-informed digital behavior change intervention aimed at supporting weight maintenance. Overall, 45 stakeholders participated in the systematic and iterative development process comprising co-design workshops, prototyping, Agile development, and usability testing. This included prospective end users (n=17, 38%; ie, people with obesity who had lost ≥8% of their weight), health care providers (n=9, 20%), healthy volunteers (n=4, 9%), a service designer (n=1, 2%), and stakeholders from the multidisciplinary research and development team (n=14, 31%; ie, software developers; digital designers; and eHealth, behavior change, and obesity experts). Stakeholder input on how to operationalize the design features and optimize the technology was examined through formative evaluation and qualitative analyses using rapid and in-depth analysis approaches.ResultsA total of 17 design features combining PSD principles and BCTs were identified as important to support end user values and needs based on stakeholder input during the design and development of eCHANGE, a digital intervention to support long-term weight loss maintenance. The design features were combined into 4 main intervention components: Week Plan, My Overview, Knowledge and Skills, and Virtual Coach and Smart Feedback System. To support a healthy lifestyle and continued behavior change to maintain weight, PSD principles such as tailoring, personalization, self-monitoring, reminders, rewards, rehearsal, praise, and suggestions were combined and implemented into the design features together with BCTs from the clusters of goals and planning, feedback and monitoring, social support, repetition and substitution, shaping knowledge, natural consequences, associations, antecedents, identity, and self-belief.ConclusionsCombining and implementing PSD principles and BCTs in digital interventions aimed at supporting sustainable behavior change may contribute to the design of engaging and motivating interventions in line with end user values and needs. As such, the design and development of the eCHANGE intervention can provide valuable input for future design and tailoring of evidence-informed digital interventions, even beyond digital interventions in support of health behavior change and long-term weight loss maintenance.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04537988; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04537988

User-centered design and spatially-distributed sequential electrical stimulation in cycling for individuals with paraplegia

BackgroundIn this work, we share the enhancements made in our system to take part in the CYBATHLON 2020 Global Edition Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) Bike Race. Among the main improvements, firstly an overhaul, an overhaul of the system and user interface developed with User-centered design principles with remote access to enable telerehabilitation. Secondly, the implementation and experimental comparison between the traditional single electrode stimulation (SES) and spatially distributed sequential stimulation (SDSS) applied for FES Cycling.MethodsWe report on the main aspects of the developed system. To evaluate the user perception of the system, we applied a System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire. In comparing SDSS and SES, we collected data from one subject in four sessions, each simulating one race in the CYBATHLON format.ResultsUser perception measured with SUS indicates a positive outcome in the developed system. The SDSS trials were superior in absolute and average values to SES regarding total distance covered and velocity. We successfully competed in the CYBATHLON 2020 Global Edition, finishing in 6th position in the FES Bike Race category.ConclusionsThe CYBATHLON format induced us to put the end-user in the center of our system design principle, which was well perceived. However, further improvements are required if the intention is to progress to a commercial product. FES Cycling performance in SDSS trials was superior when compared to SES trials, indicating that this technique may enable faster and possibly longer FES cycling sessions for individuals with paraplegia. More extensive studies are required to assess these aspects.

Research on the Design of Assistant Basketball Teaching System Based on Big Data.

Due to the limitations of the current teaching resources searched by the system, it is difficult to achieve good results in basketball teaching. For this reason, an auxiliary basketball teaching system based on big data is designed. On the basis of clarifying the basic principles of teaching system design, JSP (Java Server Pages) dynamic web page back-end technology and Tomcat 7.0 server are used as the system support structure. Take the big data environment as the source of teaching resources and match them to different databases according to the characteristics of the resources. And combined with real-time evaluation to achieve the assessment of teaching effects and the management of teaching resources, the test results show that the average score of the basketball technical action test under the guidance of this system is higher than 7.5 points when the experimental subjects have the same level of basketball skills. In the paired sample t-test and the independent sample t-test of the performance level test scores P=0.001 < 0.05, there is a significant difference. It shows that the system can effectively improve the teaching effect of basketball and improve students' basketball test scores.

Promoting Health Behavior Change in the Preconception Period: Combined Approach to Intervention Planning.

BackgroundHalf of women begin pregnancy above the healthy weight range, increasing the risk of complications and adversely affecting the lifelong health of their babies. Maternal obesity remains the strongest risk factor for offspring obesity across childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Previous research suggests that women should be encouraged to be within a healthy weight range before conception to improve health outcomes.ObjectiveWe outlined the intervention planning and design process to develop an evidence-informed eHealth intervention to promote weight management. The intervention, based on psychological theories and behavior change techniques, has been developed for women affected by overweight or obesity who intend to become pregnant. The Begin Better web application is part of an integrated program being evaluated in a clinical trial to assess if weight management before pregnancy can influence clinical outcomes for mothers and babies.MethodsOur intervention development process was guided by intervention mapping and person-based methods. This study documents steps 2 to 4 of a 6-step iterative intervention mapping approach informed by the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills model and the findings of a previous interview study. We defined behavior change objectives for each of the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills behavioral determinants as well as theory-based behavior change techniques and practical strategies. We also used persuasive system design principles to assist in translating these strategies into a digital environment.ResultsThe resultant intervention comprises nutritional and physical activity content along with psychological strategies, which are notably absent from mainstream weight management programs. Strategies to increase motivation, garner social support, and promote self-care are integral to maintaining engagement with the intervention, which aims to improve lifestyle behaviors and enhance well-being. Important elements include tracking mechanisms for percentage progress toward goals to enable feedback on behaviors and outcomes; in-application messages of praise on entry of goals or habits; and strategies to prompt habit formation and action planning via small, easily achievable steps toward positive change.ConclusionsDesign decisions and processes for idea generation about intervention content, format, and delivery are often not reported. In this study, we respond to this gap in the literature and outline a process that is potentially transferable to the development of other interventions.

Construction and Clinical Application Effect of General Surgery Patient-Oriented Nursing Information Platform Using Cloud Computing.

The paper aims to build a nursing information platform (NIP) for general surgery (GS) patients and explore its clinical application effect based on cloud computing (CC) technology. Specifically, the present work first analyzes and expounds on the characteristics of GS patients, the CC concept, the three-tier service mode of CC, and the cloud data center (CDC). Secondly, based on the principle of the overall system design, the evaluation indexes of medical care end, patient end, family end, and management end are constructed using Visual Studio 2010. Thirdly, the expert evaluation and user evaluation methods are selected to analyze the clinical application effect of the proposed system. Finally, SPSS is used to analyze the effect of the proposed system. The results of the first and second rounds of the expert evaluation show that the authority coefficient of experts is greater than 0.7, which indicates that the degree of expert authority is good. The proposed CC-based GS patient-oriented NIP system is universal. The evaluation results of 20 users have shown 15 doctors and nurses, 14 patients, and 18 family members, who mostly still support applying the proposed CC-based GS patient-oriented NIP system and believe that the system brings convenience and improves work efficiency. In short, more incentives should be taken to build a NIP for GS patients.

Optimization of Product Design Mode of Art Industry Based on Multiterminal Selection Algorithm of Internet of Things

This article has first presented an overview and a brief design to the system, and then analyzed the system design goal and design principle. The role of the resource representation model in the Internet of Things is more important than the significance of the database schema for the web information system. In the current “vertical” application model, the device resources of the perception layer and the application entities of the business layer are in a tightly coupled relationship. In the process of system operation, it changes flexibly as the situation changes. This article will combine the characteristics of resources in the Internet of Things, from the perspectives of resources and services, and refer to the basic structure of the traditional Internet resource reference model OWL-S to appropriately expand and tailor it, and describe the relationship between Internet of Things device resources and application services. Therefore, the resource representation model oriented to the Internet of Things service in this article is proposed and simulated and verified. To a certain extent, this model can provide support for the unified description of IoT resources and services, so as to better adapt to the development needs of diversified IoT services. Based on the application and service in the Internet of Things environment restricted by time and space correlation and limited resources, the article discusses and proposes a multiterminal selection algorithm for Internet of Things business, and converts it into a mathematical combination optimization problem. Based on the ant colony optimization algorithm, a solution is given, which can realize the optimization of equipment combination scheme under resource-constrained conditions to maximize the total benefit value of the service, and can effectively improve the utilization rate of terminal resources. In the research on the analysis of the development strategy of China's industrial design industry in the era of intelligent interconnection, the analysis of the development strategy of the industrial design industry in the era of intelligent interconnection through analysis tools of industrial strategy reveals the new trend of industrial design in the era of intelligent interconnection. The analysis and formulation of industrial strategy are complicated, and it is a systematic project involving all aspects. The rational use of corresponding strategic analysis tools can further enhance the scientificity and rationality of industrial design strategy.

Standardized evaluation of the quality and persuasiveness of mobile health applications for diabetes management

This study evaluates diabetes self-management mobile health applications available from European app stores with respect to quality, concordance with recommended self-management tasks and implementation of persuasive system design principles. The European Play Store and Apple App Store were systematically searched and relevant apps were tested. Two raters independently assessed app quality using the Mobile Application Rating Scale and conducted a content analysis of provided persuasive system design principles and self-management tasks. A total of 2,269 mobile health applications were identified and 120 could be included in the evaluation. The overall quality was rated as moderate M = 3.20 (SD = 0.39, min = 2.31, max = 4.62), with shortcomings in the subcategories of engagement (M = 2.80, SD = 0.67) and information quality (M = 2.26, SD = 0.48). Scientific evidence is available for 8% of the apps. The reviewed apps implemented a median of three persuasive system design principles (range 0–15) and targeted a median of 4.5 (range 1–8) self-management tasks, however, with a lack of information about psychosocial coping strategies. Most available diabetes self-management apps lack a scientific evidence base. Persuasive system design features are underrepresented and may form a promising tool to improve app quality. Furthermore, the interaction of physical and behavioral health should be improved in existing diabetes self-management mobile health applications.

Inverse Vulcanization of Norbornenylsilanes: Soluble Polymers with Controllable Molecular Properties via Siloxane Bonds.

The inverse vulcanization produces high sulfur content polymers from alkenes and elemental sulfur. Control over properties such as the molar mass or the solubility of polymers is not well established, and existing strategies lack predictability or require large variations of the composition. Systematic design principles are sought to allow for a targeted design of materials. Herein, we report on the inverse vulcanization of norbornenylsilanes (NBS), with a different number of hydrolysable groups at the silicon atom. Inverse vulcanization of mixtures of NBS followed by polycondensation yielded soluble high sulfur content copolymers (50 wt % S) with controllable weight average molar mass (MW), polydispersity (Đ), glass transition temperature (T G), or zero‐shear viscosity (η 0). Polycondensation was conducted in the melt with HCl as a catalyst, abolishing the need for a solvent. Purification by precipitation afforded polymers with a greatly reduced amount of low molar mass species.

Transitioning to 6G Part 1: Radio Technologies

The industry is on the cusp of yet another G transition in the cellular technology roadmap. This is a good time to pause and assess where we are and where we go next. 3G/4G/5G technologies have paved the way for data communications to a point where the wireless communications pipe is highly capable of very high data rates, relatively low latency, and high reliability. While it is expected that these fundamental key performance indicators (KPIs) will continue to evolve, the latest trends suggest that design principles for wireless communication systems need to be extended beyond the norm.

Application of persuasive systems design principles to design a self-management application user interface for Hispanic informal dementia caregivers: user preferences and perceptions.

ObjectiveWe designed an mHealth application (app) user interface (UI) prototype informed by participatory design sessions, persuasive systems design (PSD) principles, and Lorig and Holman’s self-management behavior framework to support self-management activities of Hispanic informal dementia caregivers and assessed their perceptions and preferences regarding features and functions of the app.Materials and MethodsOur observational usability study design employed qualitative methods and forced choice preference assessments to identify: (1) the relationship between user preferences for UI features and functions and PSD principles and (2) user preferences for UI design features and functions and app functionality. We evaluated 16 pairs of mHealth app UI prototype designs. Eight paper-based paired designs were used to assess the relationship between PSD principles and caregiver preferences for UI features and functions to support self-management. An Apple iPad WIFI 32GB was used to display another 8 paired designs and assess caregiver preferences for UI functions to support the self-management process.ResultsCaregivers preferred an app UI with features and functions that incorporated a greater number of PSD principles and included an infographic to facilitate self-management. Moreover, caregivers preferred a design that did not depend on manual data entry, opting instead for functions such as drop-down list, drag-and-drop, and voice query to prioritize, choose, decide, and search when performing self-management activities.ConclusionOur assessment approaches allowed us to discern which UI features, functions, and designs caregivers preferred. The targeted application of PSD principles in UI designs holds promise for supporting personalized problem identification, goal setting, decision-making, and action planning as strategies for improving caregiver self-management confidence.

Evaluation System of Smart Logistics Comprehensive Management Based on Hospital Data Fusion Technology.

With the acceleration of the informatization process, but because of the late start of the informatization construction of logistics management, the current digital system construction of logistics management has not been popularized, and the intelligent logistics integrated management evaluation system is also extremely lacking. In order to solve the lack of existing intelligent logistics comprehensive management evaluation system, this paper introduces the research of intelligent logistics comprehensive management evaluation system based on hospital data fusion technology. This paper analyzes and utilizes the Kalman filter and adaptive weighted data fusion technology in data fusion technology and then analyzes the evaluation index and system design principles of the intelligent logistics comprehensive management evaluation system and then designs the application layer from the application layer. Design the application layer from the application layer. Then design the framework of the intelligent logistics comprehensive management evaluation system at the network layer and the data layer. The system is finally tested, and the test results show that the evaluation accuracy of the system reaches 80%.

The Evaluation of Online Persuasion Criteria on E-Commerce Website using Persuasive System Design (PSD) Model

Persuasive technology in online shopping is proven to assist people while purchasing online. It is crucial to study how was the implementation of such successful persuasive technology in the e-commerce domain. Also, there are certain marketing strategies against consumers from different generational cohorts. Each generation has unique lifestyles, generational history, demographics, experiences, expectations and values that influence their buying behaviours. The persuasive design of e-commerce websites is related to the website conversion rate and is shown to support people throughout the online purchasing process. The objective of this research study is to evaluate the online persuasion criteria on two largest e-commerce websites in Malaysia; Lazada and Shopee through Persuasive System Design (PSD) principles. The four main categories of design technique applied in PSD are primary task support, dialogue support, credibility support and social support. The result shows that both selected e-commerce websites have applied 71.43% of the PSD principles. The most emphasize design technique in Lazada and Shopee is primary task support, followed by dialogue support. Most of the persuasive features in this model has implemented in both e-commerce websites. However, this research proved that the success of the e-commerce websites is related with the implemented persuasive feature which can be manipulated and implemented by other e-commerce websites.

Design of Psychological Consultation System Based on Weighted Fuzzy Hybrid Algorithm

In order to overcome the problems of low security and high message delay in traditional counseling systems, this article designs and proposes a new counseling system based on the weighted hybrid algorithm. According to the principle of system design, the system architecture diagram and system role are designed. In the hardware part of the system, the user management module, online consultation module, and knowledge base module are designed to realize the psychological consultation function of the system. In the software part, the weighted hybrid algorithm is used to divide the psychological information state of the consultants effectively. Combined with the hardware and software of the system, the overall design of the system is completed. The experimental results show that, compared with the traditional consulting system, the designed system can effectively ensure the information security of consultants and reduce the message delay of the system, which has higher practical application value.

Development of the Modularity Measure for Assembly Process Structures

This study is aimed at exploring the problem of quantification of process modularity degree. Modularity as a system design principle is apprehended here as the extent to which processes can be decomposed into modules to be executed in parallel and/or in series. For this purpose, a new method is proposed to measure relative modularity of different assembly process structures. This method is compared with other relative modularity measures, namely singular value modularity index, degree of process module, and process module independence, in order to verify its effectiveness. For this purpose, selected representative types of assembly process structures are used. This testing proved that the proposed relative modularity indicator for manufacturing and/or assembly process structures reflects the expected system property in adequate way.

Short-term Load Forecasting System for Power System Based on Big Data

Short-term load forecasting of power system is an important task of power distribution system. Accurate short-term load forecasting provides the best configuration for grid power generation and distribution, maximizing energy saving and ensuring stable operation. This paper aims to study the design of short-term load forecasting system of power system based on big data. On the basis of analyzing power system load forecasting algorithms, classification of load forecasting, characteristics of load forecasting and system design principles, each module of the system is designed in detail, and finally tested the performance of the system. The test results show that the system has no adverse reactions in the use of a large number of users and repeated operation for a long time. In the case of large throughput, the system has a satisfactory response time and relatively reliable system stability.

Theorem for the design of deployable kirigami tessellations with different topologies.

The concept of kirigami has been extensively utilized to design deployable structures and reconfigurable metamaterials. Despite heuristic utilization of classical kirigami patterns, the gap between complex kirigami tessellations and systematic design principles still needs to be filled. In this paper, we develop a unified design method for deployable quadrilateral kirigami tessellations perforated on flat sheets with different topologies. This method is based on the parametrization of kirigami patterns formulated as the solution of a linear equation system. The geometric constraints for the deployability of parameterized cutting patterns are given by a unified theorem covering different topologies of the flat sheets. As an application, we employ the design method to achieve desired shapes along the deployment path of kirigami tessellations, while preserving the topological characteristics of the flat sheets. Our approach introduces interesting perspectives for the topological design of kirigami-inspired structures and metamaterials.

The Influence of Gender and Age on the Outcomes of and Adherence to a Digital Interdisciplinary Mental Health Promotion Intervention in an Australasian Nonclinical Setting: Cohort Study.

BackgroundThe global prevalence of mental health disorders is at a crisis point, particularly in the wake of COVID-19, prompting calls for the development of digital interdisciplinary mental health promotion interventions (MHPIs) for nonclinical cohorts. However, the influence of gender and age on the outcomes of and adherence to MHPIs is not well understood.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the influence of gender and age on the outcomes of and adherence to a 10-week digital interdisciplinary MHPI that integrates strategies from positive psychology and lifestyle medicine and utilizes persuasive systems design (PSD) principles in a nonclinical setting.MethodsThis study involved 488 participants who completed the digital interdisciplinary MHPI. Participants completed a pre and postintervention questionnaire that used: (1) the “mental health” and “vitality” subscales from the Short Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey; (2) the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21); and (3) Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWL). Adherence to the digital interdisciplinary MHPI was measured by the number of educational videos the participants viewed and the extent to which they engaged in experiential challenge activities offered as part of the program.ResultsOn average, the participants (N=488; mean age 47.1 years, SD 14.1; 77.5% women) demonstrated statistically significant improvements in all mental health and well-being outcome measures, and a significant gender and age interaction was observed. Women tended to experience greater improvements than men in the mental health and well-being measures, and older men experienced greater improvements than younger men in the mental health and vitality subscales. Multiple analysis of variance results of the adherence measures indicated a significant difference for age but not gender. No statistically significant interaction between gender and age was observed for adherence measures.ConclusionsDigital interdisciplinary MHPIs that utilize PSD principles can improve the mental health and well-being of nonclinical cohorts, regardless of gender or age. Hence, there may be a benefit in utilizing PSD principles to develop universal MHPIs such as that employed in this study, which can be used across gender and age groups. Future research should examine which PSD principles optimize universal digital interdisciplinary MHPIs.Trial RegistrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12619000993190; http://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=377889 and Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12619001009101; http://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12619001009101.aspx

Programmable Self-Regulation with Wrinkled Hydrogels and Plasmonic Nanoparticle Lattices.

This paper describes a self-regulating system that combines wrinkle-patterned hydrogels with plasmonic nanoparticle (NP) lattices. In the feedback loop, the wrinkle patterns flatten in response to moisture, which then allows light to reach the NP lattice on the bottom layer. Upon light absorption, the NP lattice produces a photothermal effect that dries the hydrogel, and the system then returns to the initial wrinkled configuration. The timescale of this regulatory cycle can be programmed by tuning the degree of photothermal heating by NP size and substrate material. Time-dependent finite element analysis reveals the thermal and mechanical mechanisms of wrinkle formation. This self-regulating system couples morphological, optical, and thermo-mechanical properties of different materials components and offers promising design principles for future smart systems.